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"What is ""Risk Assessment""?"Judgement of likelihood of events, such as future criminal acts
"What is the ""Myles Brandon Sanderson Case""?"Upbringing: physical abuse, instability, neglect, PTSD and ADHD<br>2017 - Fights, threats, assault, gunpoint robbery<br>4.5 year sentence and release<br>2022 (5 years) - Stabbing spree on James Smith Cree Nation
"What is the ""Gypsy Rose Blanchard""?"- Physical, emotional, and medical abuse <br>- Munchausen by proxy from mother - Mother makes up/forces medical symptoms onto child<br>- Met boyfriend online, and planned to kill mother, and fled with gypsy
What is the general two step understanding of risk assessment?Prediction:<br>- Probability a person will commit reoffence<br>Management:<br>- Interventions and treatments necessary to manage/reduce violence
What are probability considerations regarding predictions?- Probabilities may change across time<br>-&nbsp;Risk levels are based on:<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;- personal characteristics<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;- personal background<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;- possible future situations
What is the segway of risk assessment (beginning from right after the crime)?"<img src=""paste-e00992c5e3c3c5eff70e74aa76368c500dfe6fc8.jpg"">"
How does a decision and their outcomes create accurate/inaccurate predictions?"<img src=""paste-49502045fe89827c74134fd9072261e2dc10b8c8.jpg"">"
"What is the ""Base Rate Problem""?"&nbsp;- Base rate: percentage of people within given population who commit criminal/violent acts<br>- Predictions on base rate = more false positives
What are the four major aspects of violent behaviour?"<img src=""paste-de2e83388181ffcb861de7a1d04debef3d69167f.jpg"">"
What are&nbsp;the two major approaches to risk judgement?Unstructured Clinical Judgement:<br>- Decisions made by personal opinions and lack of guidelines<br><br>Mechanical Prediction:<br>- Predefined rules of risk factors, information collection, and information combination
What are the two subelements of mechanical prediction?Actuarial Prediction:<br>- Risk factors used have been selected and combined based on empirical/statistical assocation with a specific outcome<br>- Hard data gives <u>objective</u> predictions<br><br>Structured Professional Judgement:<br>- Predetermined risk factors selected from research<br>- Tailored evidence and research suggests <u>subjective</u> predictions
What is the 5-step process of risk assessment?"<img src=""paste-d0825ee0a45a789917b65b03e6b384c3b0354cda.jpg""><br>BFLIM - Bhalla Farted Loudly In MUSC<br>1. Background<br>2. Risk Factors<br>3. Risk Level<br>4. Interventions<br>5. Monitoring"
What kind of risk factors are there?"Static<br>- Factors that DO NOT change over time or treatment (historical)<br><br>Dynamic<br>- Factors that DO change over time and/or treatment<br>- Acute: Changes within days/hours/minutes (occurs prior to offense)<br><br><img src=""paste-5170804f7e6ee84dd8200f82e1fb715a23d6ae96.jpg"">"
What are some static risk factors?- Past behaviour<br>- Age of onset (the younger their first act of violence is, the higher the percentage of violent behavior in adulthood)<br>- Childhood History of Maltreatment
What are some contextual risk factors?- Environment can elevate risk<br>- Lack of social support (four pillars: instrumental, emotional, appraisal, information)<br>-&nbsp; Access to weapons/victims
What are some dispositional risk factors?- Reflects individuals traits, tendencies, or style<br>- Impulsivity: not being able to regulate responses to impulses
"What is the ""<i>R. v. Sterling</i> (1995)"" case?""- Case of children involved in court case<br>- Makes a point for ""fabrication""<br>- Children made up lies of what happened in a day care after being asked leading questions, with correct answers and rewards"
"What is ""Fabrication""?"The act of completely or partially creating false claims/scenarios to explain a situation
How do children commonly describe criminals?- Older children are better at describing than younger children, but not by a lot<br>- Older children look at exterior/outward facial descriptors, while younger children look at inner, general features<br>- Younger children attribute heavy and tall to age, and short/lighter with young<br>- Younger children focus on positive information more than negative in a situation
What should you avoid when interviewing children (5)?- Leading questions (aim for free narrative)<br>- Approving/disapproving responses<br>- Repeated interviewing close to time of event<br>- Yes/no questions (Waterman et al. (2004))<br>- Too much information
"What was the ""Waterman et al. (2004)"" case?"- 5-9 year olds<br>- 10 minute discussion, 2 pics of food, 2 pics of pets<br>- Yes/no questions and wh- (e.g., what, why, etc.) were asked<br>- Half of each type were unknown to children
Why are children seen as highly suggestible?- Social compliance<br>- Changes to cognitive system
What are four viable interviewing techniques when interviewing children as bystanders/viewers?- Anatomically Detailed Dolls<br>- Statement Validity Analysis (SVA)<br>- Criterion-Based Content Analysis (CBCA)<br>- Narrative Elaboration
What are Anatomically Detailed Dolls (Interviewing Techniques)?- Anatomically accurate dolls that are used to describe where assault, harm, or any physical descriptors related to the case<br>- Mixed results<br>- Could be associated with adverse effects<br>- Not much consistency in use or structure
What is a SVA (Interviewing Techniques)?"- Statement Validity Analysis<br>- Distinguishes truthful/false statements by children<br>- Structured interview&nbsp;→ Systematic analysis of verbal content&nbsp;→ Statement validity checklist<br><img src=""paste-cfe215b3c8185d72e4041a39e2d9bb1f37625862.jpg"">"
What is a CBCA (Interviewing Techniques)?- Criterion-Based Content Analysis<br>- Uses criteria to distinguish true/false statements<br>- Underlying assumption made that real event descriptions differ in quality/content from fabricated memories
What are the common criticisms surrounding a CBCA?"- May be less effective for younger children<br>- Inconsistencies with what is considered ""truthful""<br>- Highly subjective"
What are 3 criteria in CBCA?"<img src=""paste-6a6fc9c7387d0d4b9bc9dd91186d607925cdee4a.jpg""><br>- General Characteristics<br>- Specific Contents<br>- Motivattion-Related Contents"
What is Narrative Elaboration (Interview Techniques)?Procedure where children learn to organize story into relevant categories
"What is ""False Memory Syndrome""?"Childhood memories that are traumatic and thus repressed/buried until therapy&nbsp;
"What is the ""Michael Kliman (<i>R. v. Kliman</i> (1998))"" case?"- Teacher accused for sexual abuse by two former students<br>- One recovered memories through admission for eating disorder<br>- One recovered when questioned by police
How does someone forget traumatic memories?- Some consciously force memories from minds (e.g., adults with sexual abuse) (42/74 women with childhood sexual abuse report forgetting abuse)<br>- Subjective forgetting does NOT interfere with objective memory
What are the five points in the Lindsay &amp; Read Criteria for Traumatic Memory Loss?(M)otivation<br>(A)ge of onset<br>(T)echniques of recovery<br>(E)lapsed time<br>(R)eports across time
What are the differences between lineup procedures regarding adults and children?- In adults, lineup has issues with false-positive responses<br>- In children, these issues are increased
"What is the ""two-judgement theory"" of identification accuracy?"- Witnesses conduct both absolute and relative judgements<br>1. Witnesses scan lineup and search for person who looks most like perpetrator<br>2. Witnesses compare the most similar lineup member to their memory of the perpetrator
"What is an ""Elimination Lineup""?"- Made for kids<br>- Incorporates relative/absolute judgement<br>1. All lineup photos shown to child, and one is selected<br>2. Child is asked to compare their memory to the photo, and decide if its the same
"What is a ""Competency Inquiry""?"Questions to witness determing whether they:<br>- Communicate with evidence<br>- Understand the truths and lies<br>- Feel compelled to tell the truth<br>- Understand an oath
What is the YOA?"Youth Offenders Act (1984)<br><img src=""paste-d9d4911119e6ce6beb2c49a3970fc249a52f18ee.jpg""><br>- 12 years+<br>- Same rights as adult criminals<br>- Same public view as adult criminals<br>- Held partial extent accountable to adults"
"What is the ""YCJA""?""Youth Criminal Justice Act<br><img src=""paste-25843be6045164b939122892207f755c0bc9bf6c.jpg""><br>- Less violence should mean less punishment/trial<br>- Greater focus on prevention/reintegration<br>- More acts of service outside of court<br>- No transfer from youth to adult courts<br>- Interests/needs of victims are recognized"
What are some facts of youth crime?- Crimes have decreased<br>- Probation is most common sentence<br>- 15% guilty youth sentenced to custody<br>- Most that are tried, found guilty
What are six negative externalizing behaviors found in children?AUDDIO<br>- (A)ntisocial<br>- (U)ndercontrolled<br>- (D)elinquent<br>- (D)isruptive<br>- (I)mpulsive<br>- (O)ppositional
What are the Four Childhood Development Stages associated with Negative Behaviours?"<img src=""paste-a5bd069a020f3783f23e50e63621f0cdb7897545.jpg""><br>- Toddlerhood<br>- Preschool<br>- Middle Childhood<br>- Adolesce"
What are four factors to Negative Childhood Behaviour?- The child themselves<br>- Family/familial issues<br>- School<br>- Neighbourhood + Societal
What are some examples of Negative Child Behavior?- Impulsivity<br>- Early Aggression<br>- Hyperactivity when behaviour is disruptive
What are four Family Factors that affect Negative Child Behaviour?- Poor child-rearing<br>- Parental antisocial behavior<br>- Low socio-economic status (SES)<br>- Neglect + Abuse
What are two School Factors that affect Negative Child Behaviour?- Peer rejection<br>- Associating with deviant peers
What are some Neighbourhood + Societal Factors that affect Negative Child Behavior?- Neighbourhood violence<br>- Access to weapons<br>- Poverty<br>- Portrayal of violence in the media
What are some symptoms of ODD (Oppositional Defiant Disorder)?- Angry/Irritable Mood<br>- Argumentative/Defiant Behavior<br>- Vindictiveness (wishing harm as revenge)<br>- Refuses compliance<br>- Blames others for own mistakes or behavior<br>- Spiteful or vindictive
What are some symptoms of Conduct Disorder?- Aggression towards living beings<br>- Property destruction<br>- Deceitfulness or theft<br>- Serious violation of rule
What are the two major age-ranges of onset?- Childhood<br>- Adolescent
How does Childhood onset compare to Adolescent onset?- Tend to exhibit more stability in conduct issues<br>- Less common<br>- More likely to experience other issues<br>- Quality of conduct problems will change
How does Adolscent onset compare to Childhood onset?- Tend to exhibit less stability in conduct issues<br>- More common<br>- Offenses are less aggresive<br>- May still experience negative outcomes
What are the biological theories of Antisocial Behavior?- Some genetic component<br>- Youth with conduct disorder have slover hear rate<br>- Mostly effects prefrontol cortex<br>- Prefrontal cortex is responsible for: Inhibition, working memory, and executive functions with rewards
What is an example of a cognitive theory of Antisocial Behavior?"Social Information Processing Theory<br>- Explains how children perceive, interpret, and respond to people<br>Six processes (EICRRB) (Elves Integrate Caps Really Really Beautifully)<br>- Encoding<br>- Interpretation<br>- Clarification<br>- Response construction<br>- Response decision<br>- Behavioral enactment<br><img src=""paste-148f026fb691d43e87125a834f71bf4c805fd317.jpg"">"
What are three response construction children elicit?&nbsp; (Social Information Processing Theory)Competent:<br>- Problem-solving&nbsp;<br>- Involving authority figure<br><br>Aggressive:<br>- Physical reactions<br>- Verbal aggression<br><br>Inept:<br>- Emotional reactions<br>- Ignoring the issue
What is an example of a social theory of Antisocial Behavior?Social Learning Theory:<br>- Behavior emerges from observing other behavior in social settings<br>- Mirror-mirror on the wall
"What are ""callous unemotional traits""?"- Low empathy and guilty<br>- Uncaring interpersonal style<br>- Less sensisitve to negative emotional stimuli<br>- Less sensitive to punishment cues<br>- More positive outcome expectations in aggresive situations<br>- Relatively stable, decreases throughout development<br>- Appears to be genetic
What is Pscyhopathy?Disorder characterized by:<br>- lack of empathy<br>- manipulative behavior<br>- impulsivity<br>- antisocial actions
What is APD (Antisocial Personality Disorder)?Characterized by a pattern of disregard or violation regarding others
How would you describe a Sociopath?A person with psychopathic tendencies caused by environmental factors
What assessments are available for Psychopathy?- Hare Psychopathy Checklist<br>- Self-Report Measures
What is the Hare-Psychopathy Checklist?"- Semi-structured interview<br>- 20 items, scale 0-2, out of 40<br>- Different features (interpersonal, affective, behavioral)<br><img src=""paste-8123dad056ea9644aeb38ae1aa9d93a26310efd3.jpg"">"
What kinds of self-report measures are there?- Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revise (PPI-R)<br>- Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRP)
What are some downsides to self-reporting?- Psychopaths often lie<br>- Psychopaths may not have sufficient insight<br>- Psychopaths may not be able to report on specific emotions
What is the purpose of validity Scales of Self-Reports?- Can detect faking<br>- Can check for careless responses<br>- Can check for positive/negative response styles
What are some causes of Psychopathy?- Twins (genetic variability of 29-69%)<br>- Lower level of parental warmth and attachment<br>- Mother/father has criminal past<br>- Low family income<br>- Family distribution<br>- Physical neglect and/or abuse<br>- Sons with absent fathers
How would you identify psychopaths in workplaces?- Unwarranted rumors<br>- Gets information on others<br>- Don't pull their weight<br>- Manipulates and blame others for failures<br>- Causes toxic work environments (e.g., bullying)<br>- Creative, strategic, strong communicators regardless
"What was the ""Wheeler, Book and Costello"" case?"- Univeristy students self-reported previous victimization<br>- Second set rated vulnerability<br>- Higher SRP participants more accurate at detecting victim vulnerability
"What is the ""Book et al. (2015)"" case."- Uni students with high PPI-R recorded to describe when they'd done something without generally assumed remorse<br>- Other students rated them on genuinity<br>- Higher Factor 1 trait scores = more genuine ratings
How do psychopaths act during an interrogation?- Try to outwit interrogator<br>- Enjoy being focus of attention<br>- Attempt to control the room<br>- Not fooled by bluffs<br>- Attempt to shock
What are some ways to interrogate a Psychopath?- Ensure case familiarity<br>- Convey experience and confidence<br>- Show liking or admiration<br>- Avoid criticism<br>- Avoid conveying emotions
How do we check for psychopathy in youth?- Measures have been developed for children (Antisocial Process Screening Device) and adolescents (Hare Psychopathy Checklist Youth Version)<br>- High scores = more police contact, criminal behaviors, and violence engagement
How do interventions affect youth with psychopathy?- More responsive to treatment than adults<br>- Children with callous-unemotional traits<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;- More likely to reject affection from mothers<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;- More likely to avoid eye contact<br>- Parent-Child Interaction Therapy<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;- Positive parenting strategies<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;- Appears to increase empathy<br>&nbsp; &nbsp;- Decreases conduct problems
What is the theory behind the Cognitive Model of Psychopathy?Response Modulation Deficit Theory:<br>- Fail to use contextual cues<br>- Cannot create dominant response
What is the Lexical-Decision Task?Measures how fast people classify stimuli as words/non-words
What are the three types of homicide?- First degree (intentional killing, planned and deliberate)<br>- Second degree (intetional killing, not planned/deliberate)<br>- Manslaughter (unintentional killing, not planned/deliberate)
What are the bimodal classifications of homicides?- Reactive Aggression (Affective)<br>- Instrumental Aggression (Predatory)
"What is Social Learning (in the context of ""Theories of Homicidal Aggression"")"- Aggressive behavior learned through proccess of reinforcement
What is Evolutionary Theory (in the context of theories of Homicidal Aggression)- Crime can be thought of as adaptive behavior used to survive and pass on genes<br>- Killed other humans to compete with limited resources
What is the General Aggression Model (Theories of Homicidal Aggression)?"- Integrates several theories<br><img src=""paste-f2046349c3da57f34437d5099eacc454f9c9498d.jpg"">"
"What defines a ""Serial Murder""?"- More than two murders regardless of cooling-off period (inactive time interval between murders)
"What defines a ""Mass Murder""?"Killing of multiple victims at single location/event
"What defines a ""Spree Murder""?"Killing of 2+ victims in 1 continuous event at 2+ locations
What are some common traits of a serial murderer?- 93% male<br>- 52% white<br>- Kill for enjoyment<br>- Victims are generally white young females<br>- Shooting is most common method
What are the gender/sex comparisons with Serial Murderers?"<img src=""paste-117d355893fc506d1c747f815b24653ec3c6734d.jpg""><br>Six points of comparison:<br>- Prior criminal history<br>- Accomplice<br>- Murder method<br>- Murder motive<br>- Victim type<br>- Geographic type"
What are four typologies of Serial Murderers?- Visionary (kills in respose to voices/visions)<br>- Mission orientated (targetting from undesirable groups)<br>- Hedonistic (self-gratification)<br>- Power/control (dominance over victims)
What are some possible reasons for mass murder?- Depressed/angry/frustrated<br>- Inability to succeed<br>- Socially isolated/feel rejected<br>- Sometimes motivated by perceived injustice
"What is ""Criminal Profiling""?"- Identifies major personality/behavior traits of indiviudal based on crime analysis<br>- Most commonly used for violent serial crimes<br>- Helps set traps<br>- Determining severity of threats (e.g., notes)<br>- Advises on how best to interrogate a suspect<br>- Tells prosecutors how to break down defendants in cross-examination
"What was the ""New York City's Mad Bomber"" Case?""- Bombing planting bombs throughout 17 years<br>- Dr. James Brussel created profile to-a-tee of offender<br>- Beginning of ""Criminal Profiling"""
What are linkage blindness?Inability to link geographically dispersed serial crimes committed by the same offender
What are the two major criminal profiling methods?- Deductive Criminal Profiling<br>- Inductive Criminal Profiling
How does deductive criminal profiling work (Profiling Methods)?- Predicting background based on crime scene<br>- Relies on logical reasoning and flexible approach
How does inductive criminal profiling work (Profiling Methods)?- Prediction of offenders background based on solved cases<br>- If similar crimes are commited by different people, they may share traits<br>- More objective than deductive
"What was the ""Goodwill, Lehmann, Beauregard &amp; Andrei (2016)"" case?"Used previously solved cases of sexual assult to develop framework for related cases (cluster analysis)
What common search strategies do murderers use/have? (Common Characteristics of Murderers)- Hunters<br>- Poachers<br>- Trollers<br>- Trappers
What common victim-selection strategies do murderers use/have? (Common Characteristics of Murderers)- Telio-Specific&nbsp;<br>- Pedo/Hebe Specific<br>- Non-Specific
What murder common approach behaviors do murderers have? (Common Characteristics of Murderers)- Opportunistic cons/tricksters<br>- Home intruder<br>- Persuasion
What common forms of assault do murders use/have? (Common Characteristics of Murderers)- Violence + Control<br>- Attempt<br>- Persuasion + Sexual
What are some common background characteristics to murderers? (Common Characteristics of Murderers)- Socially competent offender<br>- Antisocial generalist<br>- Sexually deviant offender
Is there any kind of validity to Criminal Profiling?- Many techniques lack strong empirical support<br>- Core psychological assumptions lack strong empirical support<br>- Many profiles are vague and ambiguous<br>- Professional profilers may be no better than an average person
"What is ""Geographic Profiling""?""- Using crime scene locations to predict most-likely-area where an offender resides<br>- Gegraphic Profiling Systems: mathematical models on computers that create predictive areas<br><img src=""paste-7aaf207c77f62bdf313016c8d636ee19a07be921.jpg"">"
"What is the ""Classic Trait Model""?"Assumes primary determinants of behavior are stable or internal
What are the 4 Pillars of Social Support (Contextual Risk Factors)?- instrumental<br>- emotional<br>- appraisal<br>- information
Toddlerhood (Child Development + Negative Behaviors)- Tantrums<br>- Noncompliance<br>- Whining
Preschool (Child Development + Negative Behaviors)- Hitting<br>- Kicking<br>- Biting
Middle Childhood (Child Development + Negative Behaviors)- Relationial aggression<br>- Overt/covert bullying<br>- Impulsivity<br>- Lying
Adolescents (Child Development + Negative Behaviors)- Delinquency<br>- Substance use<br>- High-risk sexual behavior<br>- Disorders (e.g., eating, depression, anxiety, etc.