SOCIAL COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
JEROME BRUNNER
* The goal of education should be intellectual
development.
* The need for “learning how to learn”.
What are Modes or Stages of
representation?
• Storing and encoding knowledge and information in the
memory.
• Modes should be used to be actually design curriculum.
• Bruner’s stages are not strictly sequential, or based on age.
• Not strictly age-bound like Piaget’s Stages.
MODES OF REPRESENTATION
1. ENACTIVE MODE
-Based around actions and reactions.
-Performing actions, observe reactions.
Example:
An infant wants to understand the circular object, it would
touch and feel the object and its curvature.
MODES OF REPRESENTATION
2. ICONIC MODE
-Visual summarization of objects.
-Storing a mental picture of an object.
Example:
The child can now draw an image of a circular object or think
of an object.
MODES OF REPRESENTATION
3. SYMBOLIC MODE
-Information is stored in a form of a code or symbol, like a language.
-Stored, classified and manipulated..
Example:
The child can use a circle/ball as a part of a
language or as a mathematical equation.
Curriculum design to incorporate the 3 modes.
SPIRAL CURRICULUM
-Any subject of any difficulty can be
taught to a child at any stage of
development.
-A gradual increase in difficulty.
-Each learning steps should be linked
to the previous steps.
SCAFFOLDING CURRICULUM
-Students are benefited by the help and
guidance of adults to shape up their
learning.
-Teachers should build a structure to
aid the existing knowledge of students.