Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : cÖv_wgK aviYv
1
2
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : cÖv_wgK aviYv
3
4
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : cÖv_wgK aviYv
5
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : cÖv_wgK aviYv
7
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : cÖv_wgK aviYv
9
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : cÖv_wgK aviYv
11
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
13
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
15
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
27
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
29
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
33
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
39
40
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
41
42
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
43
44
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
c„_Kxfeb
Kvw•ÿZ wRb
Kvw•ÿZ wRb
Kvw•ÿZ wRb
: wiKw¤^‡b›U DNA cÖhyw³i avcmg~n
wPÎwPÎ: wiKgwe‡b›U
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
47
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
55
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
57
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
59
60
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
65
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
67
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖw¶Z
69
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
72
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
73
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
77
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
79
80
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
81
82
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
83
84
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
85
86
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
87
88
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
89
90
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
91
92
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
93
94
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
95
96
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
97
98
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
99
100
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
101
102
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
103
104
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
105
106
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
107
108
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
109
110
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
111
112
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
113
114
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
115
116
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
117
118
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
119
120
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
121
122
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
123
124
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
†WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb I Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvwK©s
125
126
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
128
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq (cÖ_g Ask)
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
Number System and Digital Device
wcwiqW msL¨v : 20
wkLbdj
1. msL¨v Avwe®‹v‡ii BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2. msL¨v c×wZi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
3. msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
4. wewfbœ ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZi AvšÍtm¤úK© wbY©q
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
5. evBbvwi †hvM we‡qvM m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6. wPýhy³ msL¨vi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
7. 2 Gi cwic~iK wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
8. †Kv‡Wi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
9. wewfbœ cÖKvi †Kv‡Wi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
welqe¯‘
 msL¨v Avwe®‹v‡ii BwZnvm
(History of inventing Numbers)
 msL¨v c×wZ (Number System)
 cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Number System)
 iƒcvšÍi (Conversion of Numbers)
 evBbvwi †hvM I we‡qvM (Addition and Subtraction
in Binary System)
 wPýhy³ msL¨v (Signed Numbers)
 2Gi cwic~iK (2’s Complement)
 †KvW (Code)
 †Kv‡Wi aviYv (Concept of Code)
 BCD, EBCDIC, Alphanumeric code, ASCII,
Unicode
10. eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv I wWwRUvj wWfvBm (Boolean
Algebra and Digital Device)
11. eywjqvb Dccv`¨mg~n cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv (Boolean Algebra)
12. jwRK Acv‡iUi e¨envi K‡i eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi
 eywjqvb Dccv`¨ (Boolean Theorem)
e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 wW giM¨v‡bi Dccv`¨ (De Morgan’s Theorem)
13. eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wWwRUvj
wWfvBmmg~‡ni Kg©c×wZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 mZ¨K mviwY (Truth Table)
 †gŠwjK †MBU (AND, OR, NOT gate)
 mve©Rbxb †MBU (Universal Gate)
 we‡kl †MBU (X-OR, X-NOR gate)
 Gb‡KvWvi (Encoder)
 wW‡KvWvi (Decoder)
 A¨vWvi (Adder)
 †iwR÷vi (Register)
 KvD›Uvi (Counter)
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
129
130
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
131
132
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
133
134
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
135
136
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
137
138
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
139
140
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
141
142
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
143
144
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
145
146
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
147
148
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
149
150
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
151
152
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
153
154
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
155
156
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
157
158
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
159
160
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
161
162
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
163
164
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
166
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
167
168
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
169
170
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
171
172
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
173
174
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
175
176
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
177
178
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
179
180
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
181
182
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
183
184
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
185
186
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
187
188
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
189
190
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
191
192
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
193
194
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
195
196
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
197
198
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
199
200
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
msL¨v c×wZ I wWwRUvj wWfvBm
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`kØv`k †kªwY
216
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
I‡qe wWRvBb cwiwPwZ Ges HTML
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
258
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
cÂg Aa¨vq
†cÖvMªvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
wcwiqW msL¨v : 35
wkLbdj
welqe¯‘
1. †cÖvMÖv‡gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e  †cÖvMÖv‡gi aviYv (Concept of Program)
2. wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv eY©bv  †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv (Programming Language)
Ki‡Z cvi‡e
 wewfbœ cÖR‡b¥i †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv
 wbgœ¯Í‡ii fvlv (Low Level Language)

†gwkb fvlv (Machine Language)

A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv (Assembly Language)
 ga¨g ¯Í‡ii fvlv (Mid Level Language)
 D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlv (High Level Language)
 A¨vjMj (Algol)
 wm (C)
 †dviUªvb (Fortran)
 wm ++ (C++)
 cvB_b (Python)
 Rvfv (Java)
 wfRyqvj †ewmK (Visual Basic)
 IivKj (Oracle)
th
 PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i fvlv (4 Generation Language-4GL)

Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg (Translator Program)
e¨envwiK
- K¤úvBjvi (Compiler)
3. †cÖvMÖv‡gi msMVb cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z
- B›UviwcÖUvi (Interpreter)
cvi‡e
4. †cÖvMÖvg A¨vjMwi`g I †d¬v PvU©
- A¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler)
cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e
 †cÖvMÖv‡gi msMVb (Program Organization)
 †cÖvMÖvg Dbœq‡bi avcmg~n (Steps of Developing a Program)
- A¨vjMwi`g (Algorithm)
- †d¬vPvU© (Flow Chart)
 †cÖvMÖvg wWRvBb g‡Wj (Program Design Model)
5. ÔwmÕ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e¨envi K‡i
 ÔwmÕ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (‘C’ Programming Language)
†cÖvMÖvg cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡e
- cÖv_wgK aviYv (Concept of C programming)
- ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of C programming)
- wm †cÖvMÖvg K¤úvBwjs (Compling of C Programs)
- wm †cÖvMÖv‡gi MVb (Structure of C Programs)
- †WUv UvBc (Types of Data)
 aªæeK (Constant)
 PjK (Variables)
- Acv‡iUi (Operator)
- eY©bv (Expressions) - Kx IqvW© (Key word)
- BbcyU AvDUcyU †÷U‡g›U (Input Output Statements)
- KbwWkbvj †÷U‡g›U (Conditional Statement)
- jyc †÷U‡g›U (Loop Statement) -A¨v‡i (Array) -dvskb (Function)
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
259
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
261
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
263
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
265
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
267
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
269
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
271
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
273
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
275
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
277
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
279
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
281
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
283
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
285
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
287
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
291
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
293
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
295
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
297
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
299
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
301
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
303
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
305
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
307
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
309
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
311
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
313
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
315
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
317
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
319
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
321
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
327
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
329
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
331
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv (Programming Language)
333
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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
336
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
lô Aa¨vq
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
Database Management System
wcwiqW msL¨v : 35
wkLbdj
1. †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡e
2. †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U Gi Kvh©vewj we‡kølY Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
3. wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi aviYv
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
4. wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi ˆewkó¨
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
5. wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g eY©bv
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
welqe¯‘
 †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui aviYv
(Concept of Database Management)
 †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
(Database Management System)
 DBMS Gi KvR (Functions of DBMS)
 RDBMS
(Relational Database Management System)
 RDBMS Gi ˆewkó¨
(Characteristics of RDBMS)
 RDBMS Gi e¨envi (Uses of RDBMS)
 †WUv‡eR ˆZwi (Creating Database)
 Kz‡qwi (Query)
 mwU©s (Sorting)
 Bb‡Ww·s (Indexing)
e¨envwiK
6. †WUv‡eR ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
7. †WUv wmwKDwiwUi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
8. †WUv wmwKDwiwUi ¸iæZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
9. †WUv Gbwµck‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
10. †WUv Gbwµck‡bi Dcvqmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 †WUv‡eR wi‡jkb (Database Relation)
 K‡c©v‡iU †WUv‡eR (Corporate Database)
 miKvwi cÖwZôv‡b †WUv‡eR
(Database in Government Organization)
 †WUv wmwKDwiwU (Data Security)
 †WUv Gbwµckb (Data Encryption)
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
337
338
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
339
340
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
341
342
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
343
344
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
345
346
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
347
348
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
349
350
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
351
352
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
353
354
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
355
356
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
357
358
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
359
360
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
361
362
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
363
364
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
365
366
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
367
368
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
369
370
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
371
372
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
373
374
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
375
376
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
377
378
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
379
380
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
381
382
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
383
384
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
385
386
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
387
388
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
389
390
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
391
392
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
393
394
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
395
396
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
397
398
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
399
400
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
401
402
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
403
404
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
405
406
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
407
408
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ : GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY