IMPERIALISM IN EAST ASIAWeek 3 - Lesson 1 (4th Quarter) LESSON OBJECTIVES •EXAMINE THE REASONS BEHIND AND THE METHODS OF WESTERN COLONIALISM AND IMPERIALISM IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA. •ANALYZE THE EFFECTS OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM IN EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA. TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE A period of unhindered peace in Japan. “Sakoku” - which means “locked country.” Anchored on the isolationist foreign policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate, when Japan almost became a hermit state (1639 to 1853) THE US OPENED JAPAN In 1853, the United States started to become interested in Japan. US President Millard Filmore ordered US Commodore Perry to sail and hand a letter intended to request the Tokugawa to open its port for foreign trade. In 1854, Perry with his huge fleet of ten ships and much dreadful warfare went back to Japan to ask for the reply of the Shogunate. Threatened, the Japanese consented on the request of the US. The signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF KANAGAWA Japan opened two ports where American ships could take on supplies. An embassy was set up by the United States in Japan. Japan granted foreigners the permission to trade at their treaty ports. Japan had to extend exterritorial rights to other foreign nations. MODERNIZATION & WESTERNIZATION UNDER THE MEIJI ERA The grants stipulated by the Kanagawa Treaty to the foreigners angered the Japanese. Fearing the continued intervention of foreigners to the country, the Japanese gathered to request emperor Mutsuhito to take charge of the government in place of the shogunate. In 1867, the Japanese demanded the Tokugawa Shogun to give up the government and let the emperor manage it. The fifteen-year-old Mutsuhito founded a new government carrying the name Meiji for his reign. Meiji means “enlightened rule” MODERNIZATION & THE MEIJI ERA WESTERNIZATION UNDER THE MEIJI ERA It was the Meiji Era that did major changes in Japan. Japan’s survival depended on the implementation of new ways. This paved the way to modernization and westernization - that it would be best to adapt new ways instead of opposing Western imperialism. MODERNIZATION & WESTERNIZATION UNDER THE MEIJI ERA THE MEIJI ERA The emperor insisted on the adaptation of western ways and technologies. The ways adapted by the Japanese are the following: MODERNIZATION & WESTERNIZATION UNDER THE MEIJI ERA THE MEIJI ERA Feudal lords are to give up their lands and allow all subjects to benefit from it. Leaders and scholars were sent to Europe and North America to study foreign ways to help reorganize the country. Iwa-kura ordered the constitution of Japan to be patterned with that of Germany. MODERNIZATION & WESTERNIZATION UNDER THE MEIJI ERA THE MEIJI ERA The development of the army’s skills based on the British navy, adopted the American system of universal public education and required all Japanese children to attend school with teachers who were foreign experts. Students were also allowed to go abroad and study. Varied motivational efforts developed the Japanese youth in public schools INDUSTRIALIZATION OF JAPAN The country made several infrastructures. The country built its first railroad line in 1872. By 1913, the Japanese had built a 7000-mile network of railroad transporting millions of coal to different ports. In the later years, thousands of factories were built in the country. These factories processed or manufactured products made from traditional Japanese raw materials like tea and silk. However, it was shipbuilding and production of weapons that developed Japan as an industrialized nation. THE GROWTH OF JAPANESE IMPERIALISM By 1890, Japan already had several dozen of warships and 500,000 well trained soldiers. It had become the strongest military power in Asia. Having gained military, political, and economic strength, the Japanese sought to eliminate the extraterritorial rights of foreigners. The Japanese foreign minister assured foreigners that they could rely on fair treatment in Japan. As Japan grew into an industrial power, it also started to sense its equal putting with other powerful western countries. Thus, Britain and other foreign nations ended their ETR in Japan in 1894 and started to implement its imperialistic goals. Having implemented their planned modernization, Japan became aggressive and ready to demonstrate their prowess to the world. Japan forced Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade. Korea was deemed important both as a trading partner and military outpost. China and Japan both vowed not to send their armies into Korea under a hands-off treaty signed in 1855. SINO-JAPANESE WAR (1894-1895) In 1894, the agreed hands-off treaty over Korea was broken. This incident was triggered by the request of Korea to the king of China for military support. The king sent troops to Korea immediately opposed by Japan who in turn sent its own troops to Korea. Victorious over the Chinese troops, Japan took over Manchuria. This event ended with the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, compelling China to recognize the independence of Korea. Russia, envious of this strategic piece of terrain, persuaded Germany and France to join in forcing Japan to leave the peninsula. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904) The Boxer Rebellion had an indirect effect on the Russo-Japanese War. When most foreign troops were withdrawn from China, the Russians lingered on Manchuria. Japan considered Manchuria as a future sphere of influence. In 1904, Japan demanded the withdrawal of the Russian troops from Manchuria. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904) With the reluctance of the Russians, Japan launched a surprise attack without declaration of war. The Japanese victory changed the world’s balance of power and Russia abandoned its expansionist program in East Asia. In 1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed. Russia turned over half of Sakhalin island and gave Japan special fishing rights. KOREA UNDER JAPANESE OCCUPATION Japan made Korea its protectorate. The king of Korea gave up his control over the country with Japan finally controlling the country in 1910. Japan shut down Korean media, put Korean schools under their control, and taught the language and history of Japan throughout the land. They also grabbed and granted Korean farmers land to Japanese settlers. Japanese opened businesses in Korea but forbade Koreans to go into business in their own country. Japan made Korea its protectorate. The king of Korea gave up his control over the country with Japan finally controlling the country in 1910. Japan shut down Korean media, put Korean schools under their control, and taught the language and history of Japan throughout the land. They also grabbed and granted Korean farmers land to Japanese settlers. Japanese opened businesses in Korea but forbade Koreans to go into business in their own country.