MAPEH REVIEWER Music Music of Mindanao: Moro/Islamic Music The Islamic community in the Philippines consists of ethnolinguistic groups: Maguindanao of Cotabato Maranao of Lanao and Cotabato The Samal and Jama Mapun of the Sulu Island of sibutu and Cagayan De Sulu The Tausug of the Sulu Islands of Jolo, Siasi, and Tawi-tawi Yakan of Basilan and Zamboanga The uniqueness of the cultures and his/her musical performance practices that make up the larger Islamic society in Mindanao and Sulu belongs to one single tradition. Similarities do exist in some vocal styles within the large society, but theoretical concepts, functions, aesthetics, and repertoires differ from culture to culture, and even from village to village belonging to one language group. Vocal Music of Mindanao Yakans do his/her chanting through solo and counter or group singing. Chants is a repeated rhythmic phrase, typically one shouted or sung in union by a crowd. Lugu – chants that they use in reading his/her Qur’an and other books they use in Islam religion. Kalangan – songs that they use for serenading his/her loved ones. Sail/Lunsey – an important chant to be sung by the wife-to-be during the ceremony that talk about married life. Maranaos have an extensive vocal repertoire such as: Dikker – sacred song highlighted by quotations from Qur’an. Bayok – semi-generic term for a lyrical rendition of different improvised text. Lullaby – a chant-style or chant formula use in rocking a baby to sleep. Ya-ya – is a song of the Yakans to put the baby to sleep, sung in a relax/slow manner, soft and soothing while rocking the baby. Bayok – is also a Maranao term for lullaby. Instrumental Music Kulintang Ensemble - Gong-based ensemble used by the Maguindanao and Maranao of western Mindanao, the Tausug, the Yakan, and the Sama-Bajao of the Sulu archipelago. They have varied functions but are mostly used for celebrations/rituals and are mainly divided into two types. Kulintangan/Kwintangan - Ensembles of 6-8 hanging melody gongs in a row, hung on ropes in pyramidal order, with the smaller and higher-pitched gongs near the top. Tahunggo, Agung, Salmagi, BlowonSemagi - Suspended gongs ensembles (9-11 gongs, played a melody and drone player) in various names according to each tribe; ensemble maybe completed with 1 or 2 drums. Kulintangan Ensemble Instruments - Is an important social property. This instrument of the ensemble is a highly valued priceless heirloom that can command a high price as dowries. The ownership of these instruments indicates high social status and cultivated taste KULINTANG. Agung – a large, deep-rimmed gong, vertically suspended, hanged in wooden frames. Gandingan – a set of four large hanging gongs used by the Maguindanao as part of their kulintang ensemble. Dabakan – single-headed Philippine drum, primarily used as a supportive instrument in the kulintang ensemble. Babendil – a narrow-rimmed gong of Filipino origin, used singly to provide a rhythm in a kulintang ensemble. Bamboo Ensemble - According to the Philippine legends, the first man and woman are born out of bamboo. Bamboo is also considered among early Filipinos as spiritual connection from our physical world to the spiritual. Many bamboo instruments were made for this purpose while some were also used for entertainment and personal expression. The different manners in playing bamboo instruments include blowing (aerophones), shaking or hitting (idiophones), and plucking (chordophones). Bamboo Ensemble Instruments Gabbang - - A native xylophone in sulu, a bamboo keyboard on top, constructed out of wood. Ordinarily, its main body is shaped like a coffin; keys are struck with 2 mallets, each with a strip of rubber fastened to its underside. Seronggagandi A guitar-like made of bamboo. --Solo Instruments— Kudyapi - A two-string plucked lute instruments made of wood which resembles an elongated guitar usually having 2 strings. Varies in size. Normally one and a half meters. - - Held in performer’s lap like a guitar. Left hand slides back and forth along the melody string between the frets. Middle finger of the right-hand plucks both melody and drone strings with a rattan plectrum or kubit. Suling It is made mainly of tamiang bamboo. A long thin-walled bamboo tube. The mouthpiece of suling is circled with a this made of rattan near a small hole. Physical Education Folk Dance Folk dance refers to the dances created and performed collectively by the ordinary people. Is defined as a traditional dance of a given group of people. Folk dance may also be divided into two: 1. Regional – refers to dances particular to one locale or area. 2. National – refers to those performed all over the country. Philippine folk dance is diverse, and includes religious, ceremonial courtship, funeral, combative, exorcism, torture, comic, and game dance. They have been named after saints, heroes, teachers, foreign steps, a combination of steps, activities such as rice production, broom making, gold panning, fetching of water, pot making, corn planting, and communal work have been reflected in Philippine folk dances. Forms of Philippine Folk Dances Rural - Best known and close to the Filipino heart, these dances are from the rural Christian lowlands, it also illustrates the fiesta spirit and demonstrates a love of life. Examples are Bakya-Salakot, Sayaw sa Bangko, at Bulaklakan. Spanish Influence Dance - The coming of the Spaniards in the 16th century brought a new influence in the Philippine life. They are named after the legendary Maria Clara. Examples are Pandango, Lanceros, Rigodon, Carinosa, Curacha Mindanao Dance - Mindanao and Sulu were never conquered by Spain, The dances in Muslim however predated the Muslim influence. Singkil was introduced after the 14th century; it was based on the epic legend of Darangan of the Maranao. Examples are Singkil, Pangalay, Sagayan, Maglangka, and Kappa Malong. Cordillera Dances - These are the dances of mountain tribe in Northern Luzon, such as those of the Kalinga and Ifugao people. “Cordillera” a name given by the Spanish Conquistadors when they first saw the mountain rangers. Examples are Banga, Bendayan, Manmanok, Turayen, and Uyaoy/Uyauy. Ethnic/Tribal Dance - The cultural minorities that live in the hills and mountains throughout the Philippine Archipelago considered dances as a basic part of their lives. Examples are Binanog, Inagong, Tinambol, Binaylan, Pinagkabula, at Talupak. Fundamental Position of Arms & Feet 1st position - Heels together, toes apart with ang angle of 45 degrees. Encircle both arms in front of chest with the fingertips about an inch apart. 2nd position - Astride sideward of about a pace or 1 foot distance. Both arms raised sideward with a graceful curve. 3rd position - Heel of one foot close to the in-step of the other foot. One arm raised sideward, the other arm overhead. 4th position - One foot in front of other about a pace distance. One arm in a half circle in front, other raised overhead. 5th position - Heel of front foot close to the big toe of the rear foot. Both hands raised overhead. Dance Steps in 2/4 Time Signature Touch Step - Point, close Blecking Step - Heel place, close Close Step - Step, close Slide Step - Slide, step Swing Step - Step, swing Cross Step - Cross, step, close, step Hop Step - Step, hop Habanera - Step, close, step Mincing - With feet in 5th position, raise heels and take as many tiny slides sideward. Shuffling Step - With both feet flat on the floor, make tiny slides forward. Dance Steps in ¾ Time Signature Waltz – step, close, step Cross Waltz – cross-step, close, step Waltz-Balance – step, close-raise heels, heels down Mazurka – Slide, cut, hop Redoba – slide, cut, cut Sangig – Step R, close L, circle (in air) R (L) Sway Balance (with a point) – step R (L), cross-step L (R)/step R (L), point L (R) (with a brush) – step R (L), cross-step L (R)/step R (L), brush L (R) (with a hop) – step R (L), cross-step L (R)/step R (L), raise L (R) Kuradang – step, close, step, cross/ step, close, step, point Hands and Arms Movement 1. Kumintang – to turn the hand from the wrist either clockwise or counter-clockwise (outward or inward). 2. Palpaltik – with fist closed and thumb sticking out lower and raise the wrist. 3. Masiwak – turn hand half clockwise, raise and lower the wrist twice. 4. Bilao – with elbows close to waist and forearms parallel, turn hand up and down. 5. Kewet – with fist closed and thumb sticking out turn hand outward or inward. 6. Arms in Lateral – to bring both arms either R or L, this could be done in 3 levels namely (shoulder, chest, and waist). 7. Salok – to scoop down with slight bending of the trunk and finish upward with R or L arm overhead. 8. Sarok – to cross R hand over the L or vice versa. 9. Hayon-hayon – to bring one forearm infront and the other in rear, waist level slight twisting of the trunk. 10. Tumba-tumba – with arms in 4th position, fist closed move elbows up and down. 11. Inside Foot – the foot nearer the partner when partners stand side by side. 12. Outside Foot – the foot away from one’s partner when partner stand side by side. 13. Free Foot – the foot not wearing the weight of the body. 14. Hapay – to offer something to a guest. Tinikling A traditional Philippine folk dance which originated during the Spanish colonial era. The dance involves two people beating, tapping, and sliding bamboo poles on the ground and against each other in coordination with one or more dancers who step over and in between the poles in a dance. The name “tinikling” is a reference to birds locally known as tikling. The term tinikling literally means “to perform it ‘tikling-like”. The dance originated in Leyte, Islands in Visayas. It imitates the movement of the tikling birds as they walk between grass stems, run, over tree branches, or dodge bamboo traps set by rice farmers. Dancers imitate the tikling bird’s legendary grace and speed by skillfully maneuvering between large bamboo poles. Costume - Girls wear “balintawak” or “patadiong”. Boys wear “barong tagalog” and long red trousers with one leg rolled up. They dance barefoot. Music - Music is divided into two parts: A and B. Count - Count one, two, three to a measure. Formation - Dancers stand at the left side of the bamboo poles, girls in front, facing the audience. Arts Arts And Crafts of Mindanao Mindanao, referred to as “The Land of Promises”, is the second largest and southernmost island in the Philippine archipelago. Mindanao also has the largest concentration of ethno-linguistic groups and culturally diverse islands. Muslim - These groups are mostly Muslims from the Badjao, Iranun, Hama Mapun, Kalagan, Kalibugan, Manobo, Maguindanao, Sama Bangingi, Sama Pangutaran, Samal, Sangi, Tausug, and Yakan group. Lumads - Other groups are the Lumads, or those who have maintained their indigenous beliefs and traditions instead of converting to Islam or Christianity. Attire, Textile, and Tapestries Traditional Clothing of The B’laan Bilaan or B’laan is an ethnolinguistic group that inhabit some parts of South Cotabato, North Cotabato, and Davao del sur. Bila means house and an means people. They are known for embroidery, brass ornaments and beadwork that are integrated in their traditional clothing. B’laan wear clothes woven from abaca embellished with embroidery, buttons, and beads. B’laan woman wear heavy brass belt with numerous tiny bells that hang around their waistline. These produce pleasing charming sounds when they move. They also cut mother-of-pearl into small shapes that looks like sequins called takmun to form geometric pattern. B’laans, like the Bagobos and the T’bolis, weave highly-polished abaca textiles using the ikat process. Ikat is a process of dyeing the fabric where the yarns are tightly wrapped with strings and dyed before weaving. The textile usually contains three colors: Shades of black or brown. Red or ochre (darker shade of orange), and Ecru (the color of the undyed abaca). The B’laans put high value on their textiles, For example, blankets are considered as in important part of the bride’s dowry. Traditional Clothing of The Bagobo and The T’boli The Bagobos are a group of people that live in Davao. According to anthropologist, the name of this ethnolinguistic group comes from the words “bago” (new) and “obo” (growth). This is because they are believed to have come from the mixture of the native population with the population with the Hindu migrants that entered Mindanao during the Sri Vijayan and Majapahit empires. T’nalak The ceremonial attire of the Bagobos is elaborate. They make these clothes from a special textile woven from abaca fibers called t’nalak. Their T’nalak is woven from deep brown abaca treated in the ikat process to obtain intricate designs. Only the woman are allowed to weave this fabric. The men wear t’nalak shorts, an undershirt, and a t’nalak coat. The bagani (hero/warrior) wear blood-res clothes and a head kerchief called tangkulu. These articles of clothing represent their courage. The woman wears wrap-around t’nalak skirts and blouses. Their blouses are adorned with floral patterns, checkers, or paisley prints. It has short bell sleeves and the waist area that falls right above the abdomen. The more elaborate blouses are made from t’nalak. They also wear rows of bells around their waist and ankles that produce sounds when they walk. For T’boli, t’nalak is sacred. Traditional wedding rituals involve the exchange of this textiles. During births, it is used as a cover. The weavers believe that their gods and ancestor visit them in their dreams to teach them the design and patterns that they have to weave. Lang Dulay The most famous T’boli dream weaver is Lang Dulay who received the national living treasures – Gamaba and NCCA in 1998. Men are not allowed to touch the materials used in the weaving process. The weaver is forbidden to mate with her husband during the time that the cloth is being woven They believe that if they break these rules, the fiber will snap and the design will be ruined. Traditional Clothing of Maranao Maranao means “people of the lake” referring to people who occupy the lands surrounding lake Lanao. They are famous for their artworks, intricate weaving, wood carving, metal craft, and their epics. Malong - The Maranaos are known for their malong. The malong is a traditional Filipino tube skirt that is made of hand-woven or machine-made multi-colored cotton cloth, bearing a variety of geomatric or floral designs. It can be used in many ways. Women wear it ad a skirt, a dress, a blouse, or a gown. Depending on how it is folded, it can also be used as a hammock, a basket, a sleeping bag, a bathrobe, or a baby carriage. The malong is an important part of Maranao life. A newborn is wrapped in it and, as he or she grows, it becomes a part of his or her daily life as clothing and as material for everyday use. When a person dies, he or she is once again wrapped in a malong. Even in areas where people wear contemporary clothing during the day, the malong is commonly used as sleepwear. A traditional dance called Kapa Malong or Sambisa Malong, demonstrates the various ways of wearing a malong ang its uses. Traditional Clothing of Yakans Basilan is the home to the Yakans. They are popular for their skills in weaving. The weave very intricate designs in their textiles, which they use for their clothes and other accessories. Yakan fabrics are traditionally used as garments. Seputangan – square cloth used by the yakans women as a head cover or as belt. Badju lapi – is a tight blouse with long sleeves. Sawal – tight fitting trousers made of Yakan fabric characterized by its vertical stripes. Pinalantupan – a type of skirt, is layered over the trousers. Crafts, Accessories, and Body Ornaments ARTS & CRAFTS Sarimanok - A legendary bird of the Maranao which symbolizes good fortune. It comes from the word “sari” meaning cloth or garment and “manok” for chicken. The head is profusely decorated with scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs. It is said to be a symbol of good fortune. It has become a significant symbol of Maranao art. It is depicted as a fowl with colorful wings and feathered tail, holding a fish in its beak or talons. Okir - It refers to traditional and unique carving and prominent to any design among the Moro ethnolinguistic communities. The name comes from an old Malayan word which means carve or “ukit” in Filipino. It is referred to as okir in Maranao while okkil in Maguindanao. A new pattern now known as the okir motif has evolved from the Indian stylized bird-like and naga themes and the Islamic tradition of using flowing flowers, vines, and geometric patterns as well as local artisan styles. FACE MAKEUP A distinct form of visual arts of the Yakan is the facial make-up applied on brides and grooms. After applying a foundation of white powder, dots and lines are painted in various patterns on the faces, creating the effect of formal and elaborate masks which match the ornate costumes of the couple. The bride and groom wear different accessories. Male Pis – hand-woven head cloth (protection from spears or knives) Kandit – 15-meter belt (red cloth) Shirts – that are believed to be bullet proof with Arabic script. Female Both Short skirts over trouser Saruk – hat worn to add elegance. BODY ORNAMENTS Ornaments Crocodile tooth necklace for fortune Triangular amulets with symbols wrapped in black cloth (anting anting) against bullets. Snake bone belts to guard from pain Maniktegiyas – a neacklace or bracelet of beads from fried fruit seeds to protect from illness caused by evil spirit. Maniksembulan – necklace or bracelets made of bamboo stems cut into short pieces; serves as added protection. FUNCTIONAL ARTICLES Pegupaan – a bamboo container for chewing betel nut. Lutuan – A small bronze box with engravings carried at the waist. ACCESSORIES Hilot – A heavy brass belt worn by women during festivals. The T’boli nobility wear it with bracelets and anklets, furnished with ball-bearings that make a sound as the wearer walks. The bells that are hung from the distinctive brass or beaded belts signal the approach of a woman. Suwaltmimotis – A wooden comb with colores glass beads hanging from it, worn toward the back of the head. BRASS MAKING KULINTANG Architecture Torogan - The torogan is the ancestral house of the upper-class Maranao. It is the dwelling place of the datu along with his wives and children. There could not be any house larger than torogan of the datu within the sultanate, for this signifies rank, prestige, and wealth. The National Museum has declared the Maranao torogan, specially the kawayan torogan as one of the National Cultural Treasures. Panolong - A wing-like ornament of a torogan flaring out from the beams. This okir carving usually features the naga or serpent, pakorabong or stylized fern, as well as floral and star-and-bud motifs. Sama-Badjao - The Bajau, also known as Sama-Bajau, are the “Sea Gypsies” or nomads of the Sulu Sea. - Their main source of livelihood is fishing and hunting, thus, most of them live in boat houses or houses on stilts around the Sulu archipelago. Other Architectures Grand Mosque of Cotabato - Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid The largest mosque in the Philippines, the Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid sitting near the idle banks or Tamontaka River. Founded by the Philippine Government and the Sultan of Brunei, for whom the masjid was named. Fort Pilar of Zamboanga - The historical Fort Pilar, also called Real Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Zaragoza. Was founded in 1635 and still stand strong until today. It was engineered by Fr. Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit priest. It was built to protect the people from pirates of the Sulu Sea. Monastery of the Transfiguration of Bukidnon - The monastery is located atop of the hill of Malaybalay, Bukidnon, founded by Fr. Abbot Eduardo Africa and run by the Benedectine Monks. The pyramid-like structure was designed by the National Artist for Architecture, Leonardo Locsin. It is one of his last design and considered as one of his best, aside from CCP and Davao International Airport. Santa Rosario Church of Camiguin - The church is located at the town of Sagay, Camiguin Island. The original church was built in 1882 using coral stones, but the old infrastructure was too weak. It was retrofitted with steel bars with modern building techniques. The unique things you can find in the church are the driftwood chandeliers and altar. The builders used local materials particularly woven bamboo skin which highlights the local tradition of the island. Sculptures Maitum Jar - An earthenware vessel of secondary province. These artifacts were first discovered in 1991 and are now in the protection of the National Museum. Some experts argue that their jars are not only artistically significant, but they also hold key information of historical and anthropological importance. T’boli Wood Carving and Brass Casting and Pottery - Artisans use the lost-wax casting method to produce more copies of sculpture with intricate designs such as bells, boxes, and figures. The mold is made from wax then using this mold, covers it with clay. Molten brass is then poured into the clay cast which melts and replaces the wax to form the finished product. Wood carvers get their inspiration from wildlife in their local area. Maranao Wood Carving and Metal Casting Rarub-A-Klong - A metallic armor made of brass plates, carabao horn and interlocking ringlets. It is a protective armor of Moro warriors as a counterpart to the vest used by the Spanish soldier. Kampilan - A single-edged steel sword with a handle made of hand carved ivory in a form of the head naga or a serpent, handcrafter gold, and hanged horsehair at the bottom of the handle. Kendi - An heirloom teapot or kettle used for hot water, coffee, or tea. Gador - A large intricate decorated white metal tobacco container. It has become an item of interior decoration in proper Maranao households. Functional Arts Balanghay - The Balanghai, also known as Balangay or Butuan Boat, is a large wooden boat used by the pre-colonial Filipinos to traverse the seas for trade or migration. It was first mentioned in the 16th century in the Chronicles of Pigafetta and is known as the oldest pre-Hispanic watercraft found in the Philippines. Archeologist found parts of the balangay in Butuan City in 1976. These artifacts are dated from CE. They are estimated to measure fifteen meters long and three to four meters wide, propelled by sail or burl or nipa fiber or padding, and holds 60 to 90 people. It was used for cargo and raiding purposes, serving as evidence that Butuan played a central role in trade. The finely built boat, constructed without the use of blueprints was taught from one generation to another. This technique is still used by boat makers of Sibutu Island. Vinta - This boat is traditionally made by the Badjaos who live in the Sulu archipelago. The sail called vinta, consists of several colors and geometric shapes, representing the colorful culture and history of the Muslim people. These boats are small and not meant to use for long travel. They are used for livelihood activities such as fishing and diving for pearls and transportation around the archipelago. Health Managing Stress Instead of dwelling on negativity, having good stress management is everybody’s need. - From time-to-time people experience stress and anxiety. The causes of stress and anxiety trigger more when we are thinking of negative thoughts that make us dwell in harmful decision making. But with good management of our mental health, we can easily overcome what challenges us from our daily difficulties and trials. We must know what are the coping skills that can help us grow and have good mental health. STRESS - A physical and emotional response to a significant or unexpected change or disruption in one’s life. STRESSORS - It refers to the things that caused an individual to be stressed. Two Kinds of Stress Eustress - Pertains to a healthy and positive response of the body from a stressor. It has a good impact on a person’s well-being. Distress - Relates to a negative reaction of the body to a given stressor. It can cause health problems, impair mood and emotion, and even affect a person’s way of thinking. Anxiety - A feeling of fear, worry, or unease. This could be a reaction to stress, or it can happen to anyone who is unable to identify stressors in their life. It is a normal emotion but when a person continually feels uneven level of anxiety, it can lead to a serious mental disorder. Stress and anxiety are not always bad. In a short period of time, they can help you overcome a challenge or dangerous situation. General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm Stage - A stage when a person feels like doing the things that he/she does not usually do. It activates to release the stress hormones like adrenaline. Initial stage wherein the body prepares to attack either psychological or physical. Resistance Stage - A stage when the body has already responded to the stressor. A person is stressed in this stage, but the strong feeling is less than the previous stage. The body uses a great amount of energy to prepare for the stressor. Exhaustion Stage - A stage when a person slowly loses energy to manage stress. This is also known as the gate toward burnout or stress overload. The Body’s Response to Stress Alarm Stage - Heart rate increases, breathing increases, muscle tense. Resistance Stage - Pulse and breathing return to normal, muscle relax, sometimes feels irritability, frustration, and poor concentration. Exhaustion Stage - Body fatigue from overwork, burnout, depression, and anxiety. Stress management. - Is the action we do when experiencing stress, anxiety, problems, or any uncomfortable situation or emotion. Actions in Managing/Coping up With Stress Avoid - Avoid people/things that make you feel stressed. Learn to say no if you don’t feel like doing it. Think of the things that are right and important. Alter - If something or someone causes you to stress, communicate it. Adapt - If you cannot avoid or alter what stresses you, change your expectations and attitude. Try to look on the brighter side. Consider readjusting your standard. Accept - Try not to worry about things you have no control over. Examples of Healthy Coping Strategies: Breathe (the right way) Call a good friend. Exercise Play with a pet. Meditate Listening to music. Take time off work. Watch a comedy. Spend time with nature. Get a massage. Examples of Unhealthy Coping Strategies: Smoking Procrastination Drinking too much alcohol. Taking out your stress on others. Overeating or undereating. Turning attention to things that can help avoid facing problems. Sleeping too much. Hour long breakdown in front of the TV or computer. Coping Skills in Loss & Grief and Management of Mental Disorders Death - Is the one great inevitability in life. Some of us will die in ways out of control, and most of us will be unconscious at the moment of our deaths. This can be done in a healthy way. Understanding that people differ in how they think about death and dying, and respecting those differences, can promote a peaceful death and a healthy manner of dying. Death refers to the end of the physical being of a person that is caused by an illness, ageing, or an accident. Loss - Loss occurs when someone dies, or a life situation changes or ends. Grief - Refers to the emotional suffering caused by a loss, disaster, or misfortune. A natural response to loss. It is the emotional suffering you feel when something or someone you love is taken away. It is most often associated with death only. Suffering caused by three factors: a) Loss b) Disaster c) Misfortune People may also grieve after experiencing: Natural tragedies - These people may have lost their properties and other important things needed for everyday life. Misfortune - Such as losing any valued material, getting robbed, or failure in an examination. Experiences - Such as separation from friends and conflict with others. Coping with Stress and Grief 1) Support Team a) Call a friend or a family member. - They care about you. - Draw loved ones near rather than pushing them away. - You need a shoulder to cry on. b) Keep your Faith. - Praying, meditation, going to church, or talking to a trusted member of a religious committee can help you embrace your purpose in life. c) Join a Support Group - Share your worries with others who have experienced similar losses. d) Talk to a therapist. - If grief is much harder to bear, seek the help of an experienced therapist to help you overcome it. 2) Take Care of Yourself a) Face emotions. - Recognize the pain and try to avoid feelings of sadness and loss. - It will only extend your stress and grieving. b) Be Creative - Write your stress or grief in a journal or a letter of things you wanted to say to your lost loved ones. - c) Look After Your Body Fight stress and exhaustion by getting enough sleep, eating the right foods, and exercising. If you feel good physically, you will feel better emotionally.] d) Plan Ahead Your Triggers Gatherings can rekindle memories and feelings. Talk to your family or relatives ahead of time about their expectations and agree on strategies. If stress is prolonged, it will develop a mental disorder. These disorders may be caused by sustained stress, mental and emotional suffering due to various triggers. Triggers are conditions that may stimulate a person’s tendency to experience symptoms of mental disorders. Types of Disorder Major Depressive Disorder - Depression is on a daily basis, characterized by persistent sadness, despair, and hopelessness. Symptoms: Lack or loss of motivation. Over thinking Lack or loss of energy. Slow to react. Difficulty in concentrating and remembering. Loss of appetite. Withdrawal from others/feeling alone. Bipolar Disorder - Also called manic-depressive disorder. For of depression alternating manis and depression. May at times feel very happy, then at an instant may feel utmost sadness. Symptoms: Rapid speech and racing thoughts. Difficulty in decision-making Difficulty in concentrating. Extreme irritability. Agitation Recklessness and Impulsiveness Schizophrenia - With biological origins that are characterized by irrational behavior, severe alterations of the senses. Symptoms: May experience hallucinations or the feeling of being detached and away from reality. He or she may lose the functions of the sense organs and think and imagine very differently than that of a normal person. Post-traumatic stress disorder - A person may have this disorder when he or she experienced a traumatic situation such as being abused, raped, or involved in an accident. Symptoms: Spaced out (tulala) Extreme sadness or frustration. Irritability Avoidance to people or isolation. Remember! - Not because a person experience one or two of the symptoms at one time, it does not mean that he/she is already diagnosed with that illness.
