Solutions Manual For Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design, 2e Striebig, Ogundipe, Papadakis, Heine

Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design Second Edition BRADLEY A. STRIEBIG MARIA PAPADAKIS LAUREN G. HEINE ADEBAYO A. OGUNDIPE Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Contents Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Chapter 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 2-1 Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 3-1 Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................................................... 5-1 Chapter 6 ...................................................................................................................................... 6-1 Chapter 7 ...................................................................................................................................... 7-1 Chapter 8 ...................................................................................................................................... 8-1 Chapter 9 ...................................................................................................................................... 9-1 Chapter 10 .................................................................................................................................. 10-1 Chapter 11 .................................................................................................................................. 11-1 Chapter 12 .................................................................................................................................. 12-1 Chapter 13 .................................................................................................................................. 13-1 Chapter 14 .................................................................................................................................. 14-1 Chapter 15 .................................................................................................................................. 15-1 Chapter 16 .................................................................................................................................. 16-1 Chapter 17 .................................................................................................................................. 17-1 Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Solution and Answer Guide Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Chapter 1 End of Section Exercise Solutions 1-1 Genetically modern humans appeared on Earth about 200,000 years ago and biologically and behaviorally modern humans appeared about 70,000 years ago. The number of people and their effects upon the planet were negligible, or as Douglas Adams says, “as near nothing as makes no odds,” for most of the history of the planet. When did the planets population reach 1 billion people? If the population has grown exponentially since that time, what was the time interval required to increase by 1 billion people—for up to 7 billion people, the approximate global population in 2012? Solution From Figure 1-3 ,the planet reached 1 billion people in approximately 1800. October 31, 2011 was declared by the United Nations, as the day the world population reached 7 billion. 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 �𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� Solve for 𝑘𝑘. 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 �𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 ln 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴 ln 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 7,000,000,000 ln 1,000,000,000 (2012 − 1850) 𝑘𝑘1850−2012 = 1.95 = 0.012 = 1.2% 162 The time frame for each increment of 1 billion people can be estimated using the calculated exponential rate constant: ln 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-1 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐴𝐴 ln 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑1−2 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑2−3 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑3−4 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑4−5 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑5−6 = 1-2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑6−7 = 𝑜𝑜 2,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 ln (0.012) 3,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 ln (0.012) 4,000,000,000 3,000,000,000 ln (0.012) 5,000,000,000 4,000,000,000 ln (0.012) 6,000,000,000 5,000,000,000 ln ln (0.012) = 34 years = 24 years = 19 years = 15 years 7,000,000,000 6,000,000,000 = 13 years (0.012) List the three dimensions and four categories used to calculate the Human Development Index (HDI) for a country. Solution Dimensions: Categories 1-3 = 58 years The Life Expectancy index The Educational Index The Income Index Very High Human Development High Human Development Medium Human Development Low Human Development Calculate the HDI for Australia given the following information: life expectancy at birth = 83.1, mean years of schooling = 12.9, expected years of schooling = 22.9, GNI per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms (constant 2011 international $) = 43,560. Solution Life Expectancy (LE) at birth using the 2018 Life Expectancy Index: Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = (LE-20)/(85-20) (LEI) = (83.1-20)/(85-20) = 0.971 (1.1) The Education Index (EI) based upon the Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) and Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI), where: © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-2 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com MYSI = Mean Years of Schooling/15 = 0.860 EYSI = Expected Years of Schooling/18 = 1.272 EI = (MYSI x EYSI)/2 = (0.860 + 1.272)/2 = 1.066 (1.2) (1.3) (1.4) And the Income Index (II) which is based upon the Gross National Income (GNIpc) at purchasing power parity per capita, which is an estimate and standardization of each individuals’ income in a country: II = {ln(GNIpc) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} = 0.918 (1.5) The Human Development Index is determined from the geometric mean of the Life Expectancy, Education and the Income Index: HDI = (LEI x EI x II)1/3 = (0.971 x 1.066 x 0.918)1/3 = 0.983 1-4 (1.6) Calculate the HDI for Japan given the following information: life expectancy at birth = 83.9, mean years of schooling = 12.8, expected years of schooling = 15.2, GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2011 international $) = 38,986. Solution See Problem 1-3 for the procedure to the solution to HDI calculations Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = 0.983 MYSI = Mean Years of Schooling/15 = 0.853 EYSI = Expected Years of Schooling/18 = 0.844 EI = (MYSI x EYSI)/2 = 0.849 Income Index: II = {ln(GNIpc) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} = 0.901 HDI = (LEI x EI x II)1/3 = 0.909 1-5 Calculate the HDI for Turkey given the following information: life expectancy at birth = 76.0, mean years of schooling = 8.0, expected years of schooling = 15.2, GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2011 international $) = 24,804. Solution See Problem 1-3 for the procedure to the solution to HDI calculations Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = 0.862 MYSI = Mean Years of Schooling/15 = 0.553 EYSI = Expected Years of Schooling/18 = 0.844 EI = (MYSI x EYSI)/2 = 0.689 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-3 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters Solutions Manual/Test Bank Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Income Index: II = {ln(GNIpc) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} = 0.833 HDI = (LEI x EI x II)1/3 = 0.791 1-6 Calculate the HDI for Viet Nam given the following information: life expectancy at birth = 76.5, mean years of schooling = 8.2, expected years of schooling = 12.7, GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $) = 5,859. Solution See Problem 1-3 for the procedure to the solution to HDI calculations Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = 0.869 MYSI = Mean Years of Schooling/15 = 0.547 EYSI = Expected Years of Schooling/18 = 0.706 EI = (MYSI x EYSI)/2 = 0.626 Income Index: II = {ln(GNIpc) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} = 0.615 HDI = (LEI x EI x II)1/3 = 0.694 1-7 Calculate the HDI for Argentina given the following information: life expectancy at birth = 76.7, mean years of schooling = 9.9, expected years of schooling = 17.4, GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $) = 18,461. Solution See Problem 1-3 for the procedure to the solution to HDI calculations Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = 0.872 MYSI = Mean Years of Schooling/15 = 0.660 EYSI = Expected Years of Schooling/18 = 0.967 EI = (MYSI x EYSI)/2 = 0.813 Income Index: II = {ln(GNIpc) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} = 0.788 HDI = (LEI x EI x II)1/3 = 0.824 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-4 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1-8 Calculate the HDI for Vanuatu given the following information: life expectancy at birth = 72.3, mean years of schooling = 6.8, expected years of schooling = 10.9, GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $) = 2,995. Solution See Problem 1-3 for the procedure to the solution to HDI calculations Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = 0.805 MYSI = Mean Years of Schooling/15 = 0.453 EYSI = Expected Years of Schooling/18 = 0.606 EI = (MYSI x EYSI)/2 = 0.529 Income Index: II = {ln(GNIpc) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} = 0.514 HDI = (LEI x EI x II)1/3 = 0.603 1-9 Calculate the HDI for Niger given the following information: life expectancy at birth = 60.4, mean years of schooling = 2.0, expected years of schooling = 5.4, GNI per capita in PPP terms (constant 2005 international $) = 906. Solution See Problem 1-3 for the procedure to the solution to HDI calculations Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = 0.622 MYSI = Mean Years of Schooling/15 = 0.133 EYSI = Expected Years of Schooling/18 = 0.300 EI = (MYSI x EYSI)/2 = 0.217 Income Index: II = {ln(GNIpc) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} = 0.333 HDI = (LEI x EI x II)1/3 = 0.355 1-10 For each country listed in the accompanying table, calculate a. Life Expectancy Index b. Educational Index c. Income Index d. Human Development Index © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-5 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Solution See Problem 1-3 for the procedure to the solution to HDI calculations Country and 2011 Data Australia China Ireland Kenya South Africa 1-11 Life Expectancy Index 0.952 0.823 0.932 0.571 0.505 Educational Index Income Index 0.900 0.572 0.887 0.539 0.647 0.882 0.652 0.858 0.408 0.687 Human Development Index 0.911 0.678 0.896 0.503 0.611 For each country listed in the accompanying table, calculate a. Life Expectancy Index b. Educational Index c. Income Index d. Human Development Index © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-6 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Solution See Problem 1-3 for the procedure to the solution to HDI calculations Country and 2011 Data Canada Japan Mexico Nigeria United Kingdom 1-12 Life Expectancy Index 0.938 0.975 0.877 0.491 0.926 Educational Index Income Index 0.848 0.806 0.669 0.414 0.757 0.886 0.873 0.738 0.458 0.877 Human Development Index 0.890 0.882 0.757 0.453 0.851 For each country listed in the table, calculate a. Life Expectancy Index b. Educational Index c. Income Index d. Human Development Index © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-7 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Solution Example calculation for Benin: Life Expectancy (LE) at birth using the 2011 Life Expectancy Index: Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = (LE-20)/(85-20) (LEI) = (56.1-20)/(85-20) = 0.555 (1.1) The Education Index (EI) based upon the Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) and Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI), where: MYSI = Mean Years of Schooling/15 = 3.3/15 = 0.220 EYSI = Expected Years of Schooling/18 = 9.2/18 = 0.511 EI = (MYSI x EYSI)/2 = (0.220 + 0.511)/2 = 0.366 (1.2) (1.3) (1.4) And the Income Index (II) which is based upon the Gross National Income (GNIpc) at purchasing power parity per capita, which is an estimate and standardization of each individuals’ income in a country: II = {ln(GNIpc) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} II = {ln(1,364) - ln(100)}/{ln(75,000) - ln(100)} = 0.395 The Human Development Index is determined from the geometric mean of the Life Expectancy, Education and the Income Index: (1.5) HDI = (LEI x EI x II)1/3 = (0.555 x 0.366 x 0.395)1/3 = 0.431 (1.6) © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-8 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Country and 2011 Data Benin Costa Rica India Malta New Zealand Rwanda 1-13 Educational Index Income Index 0.366 0.602 0.433 0.730 0.917 0.418 0.395 0.703 0.536 0.811 0.826 0.367 Human Development Index 0.431 0.728 0.545 0.816 0.891 0.437 What are the HDI categories defined by the United Nations? For each of the four categories, describe what you think people may drink, eat, and wear, the type of homes they may live in, the types of school they are likely to attend, and the type of transportation they are most likely to use. Solution Categories 1-14 Life Expectancy Index 0.555 0.912 0.698 0.917 0.934 0.545 Very High Human Development High Human Development Medium Human Development Low Human Development Describe, using your own words, the purpose of human development. Solution Answers will vary. 1-15 Define the following terms: a. Urban b. Suburban c. Peri-urban d. Rural Solution Answers will vary. 1-16 What is the “Brundtland definition” of sustainable development? Solution “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-9 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1-17 How would you describe sustainability to a 12-year-old student at your local school? Solution Answers will vary. 1-18 Create a graph with an x-axis as a linear sustainability scale. Sort the 30 companies that make up the Dow-Jones Industrial Average from “least sustainable" to "most sustainable" and place them along this axis. Describe the characteristic units of measure on the scale of the sustainability axis you created. Solution Answers will vary. 1-19 Look up and describe one of the formative written works related to sustainable development. Research this work more and summarize its main premise in a short 500-word essay. Solution Answers will vary. 1-20 Create a sustainability indicator (similar to the HDI or the ecological footprint). What actions, processes, or goods would you measure for your indicator? How would you collect and find the data for your indicator? What are the advantages and disadvantages of your proposed indicator? Note: Useful web sites include the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), UNICEF web page, the World Bank web page, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency web page. Solution Answers will vary. 1-21 What characteristics define unsustainable development? Make a table of characteristics that might negatively affect development. Mark which of these characteristics are important in the following: a. Very High Human Development countries b. Low Human Development countries c. Both Very High and Low Human Development countries Solution Answers will vary. 1-22 Create a schematic or cartoon that communicates how the following concepts are related or the trends toward change in: a. Human population b. Resource consumption c. Educational resources d. Economic resources © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-10 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Solution Answers will vary. 1-23 List and describe in your own words the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Specifically, describe the economic, environmental, social, and technical challenges associated with meeting each of the goals within the next five years. Solution The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to transform our world (actual answers are expected to be much shorter): 1) GOAL 1: No Poverty Targets • By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day. • By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions. • Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable. • By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of 13 property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance. • By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social, and environmental shocks and disasters. • Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programs and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions. • Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional, and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions 2) GOAL 2: Zero Hunger Targets • By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all year round. • By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-11 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com • • • • • • age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older persons By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists, and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non-farm employment By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding, and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants, and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional, and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed Increase investment, including through enhanced international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing countries, in particular least developed countries Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility 3) GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being Targets • By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births • By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births • By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases, and other communicable diseases • By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being • Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-12 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters Solutions Manual/Test Bank Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com • • • • • • • • By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programs Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and noncommunicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risk 4) GOAL 4: Quality Education • • Targets • By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and Goal-4 effective learning outcomes • By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and preprimary education so that they are ready for primary education • By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational, and tertiary education, including university • By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in vulnerable situations By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com • • By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship, and appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development • Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, nonviolent, inclusive, and effective learning environments for all By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programs, in developed countries and other developing countries • By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, including through international cooperation for teacher training in developing countries, especially least developed countries and small island developing states 5) GOAL 5: Gender Equality Targets • End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere • Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation • Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation • Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate • Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic, and public life • Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Program of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences • Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources, in accordance with national laws • Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women • Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 6) GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation Targets • By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all • By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations • By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally • By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity • By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate • By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers, and lakes • By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programs, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling, and reuse technologies • Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management 7) GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Targets • By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services • By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix • By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency • By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology • By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programs of support © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 8) GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth Targets • Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries • Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and laborintensive sectors • Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity, and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services • Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-year framework of programs on sustainable consumption and production, with developed countries taking the lead • By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value • By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education, or training • Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labor in all its forms • Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment • By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products • Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance, and financial services for all • Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries • By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labor Organization 9) GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure Targets • Develop quality, reliable, sustainable, and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human wellbeing, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com • • • • • • • Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological, and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries, and small island developing States 18 Support domestic technology development, research, and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020 10) GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality Targets • By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the population at a rate higher than the national average • By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic, and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status • Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate legislation, policies, and action in this regard • Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality • Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations • Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decisionmaking in global international economic and financial institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com • • • • Facilitate orderly, safe, regular, and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in particular least developed countries, African countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their national plans and programs By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent 11) GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Targets • By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums • By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons • By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated, and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries • Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage • By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations • By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management • By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities • Support positive economic, social, and environmental links between urban, periurban, and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning • By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels • Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 12) GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Targets • Implement the 10-year framework of programs on sustainable consumption and production, all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries • By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources • By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses • By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment • By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse • Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle • Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in accordance with national policies and priorities • By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature • Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production • Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products • Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities 13) GOAL 13: Climate Action Targets • Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries • Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning • Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning • Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com • countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth, and local and marginalized communities 14) GOAL 14: Life Below Water Targets • By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution • By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans • Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels • By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics • By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international law and based on the best available scientific information • By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation • By 2030, increase the economic benefits to Small Island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism • Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity, and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries • Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and markets • Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS, which provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The Future We Want © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 15) GOAL 15: Life on Land Targets • By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains, and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements • By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally • By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought, and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world • By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development • Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species • Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed • Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products • By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species • By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts • Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems • Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate incentives to developing countries to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation • Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 16) GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions Targets • Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere. • End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children. • Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all. • By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime. • Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms. • Develop effective, accountable, and transparent institutions at all levels. • Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory, and representative decision-making at all levels. • Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance. • By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration. • Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national legislation and international agreements. • Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime. • Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for sustainable development. 17) GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal Targets Finance • Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection • Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries • Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources • Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress • Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Technology • Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism • Promote the development, transfer, dissemination, and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favorable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed • Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology, and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology Capacity building • Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacitybuilding in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the sustainable development goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation Trade • Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory, and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda • Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020 • Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access Systemic issues Policy and institutional coherence • Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence • Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development • Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development Multi-stakeholder partnerships • Enhance the global partnership for sustainable development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology, and financial resources, to support the achievement of the sustainable development goals in all countries, in particular developing countries • Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships Data, monitoring and accountability © 2023 Cengage. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com • • 1-24 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries Do you believe that sustainable products are morally superior to nonsustainable products? If so, what does this belief imply about the developed world’s largely consumer-based economic system of retail merchandise? How are technology and moral convictions woven into the fabric of our definitions of sustainable design? Solution Answers will vary. 1-25 If you had to live on $2 per day, how would you meet your basic needs for food, shelter, water, sanitation, and other requirements? a. Determine from recent utility bills how much you spend per day on i. Water ii. Sanitation (sewer or wastewater company bill) iii. Garbage collection services iv. Energy v. Heating/cooling vi. Communications (phone, cell phone, Internet, etc.) vii. Food viii. Shelter (based on rent or mortgage payment) ix. Entertainment b. Determine your total daily expenditure. c. If you were to pay 25% of your income on taxes, how much would your income need to be each year to pay for your daily expenses? d. With what level of the Human Development Index would this income be associated? Solution Answers will vary. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-24 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1-26 Imagine you are part of a company designing a school for a low-income country (based on the country’s HDI). Use online resources to help address the following questions for the design of the proposed school: a. Are parts readily available, either locally or nationally, if a component were to fail? b. Are there individuals who have the necessary skill or technical training to repair the component or system if it were to fail? c. Would members of the household readily understand how to use this system? d. What is the local availability of required infrastructures, such as electric power? Solution Answers will vary. 1-27 Compare and contrast the definitions of sustainability given by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Brundtland Commission’s Our Common Future. Solution Answers will vary. 1-28 Describe how concepts of sustainability might be applied to the fundamental canons of the National Society of Professional Engineers. Solution Answers will vary. 1-29 It took about 12 years, between 2000 and 2012, for the world population to increase from 6 billion to 7 billion people. In contrast, the world’s population was estimated to be 300 million people in the year AD 0. By the year 1500, the world’s population was estimated to be 500 million. a. Assuming exponential growth, what was the percentage of the world’s population growth rate (in percent) between 2000 and 2012? b. Assuming exponential growth, what was the percentage of the world’s population growth rate (in percent) between AD 0 and 1500? c. How many times greater was the population growth rate in the 20th century than the rate between AD 0 and 1500? Solution (a) 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 �𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� Solve for 𝑘𝑘. 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 �𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 ln 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-25 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. 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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴 ln 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 7,000,000,000 ln 6,000,000,000 (2012 − 2000) 𝑘𝑘2000−2012 = 0.154 = 0.0128 = 1.3% 12 𝑘𝑘2000−2012 = 1.3% (b) 𝑘𝑘 = 500,000,000 ln 300,000,000 (1500 − 0) 𝑘𝑘0−1500 = 0.00034 𝑘𝑘0−1500 = 0.03% (c) How many times greater is 𝑘𝑘2000−2012 compared to 𝑘𝑘0−1500 ? 1.3% = 43 0.03% The growth rate is 43 times higher between 2000-2012 A.D. than between 0-1500 A.D. 1-30 The world population in 1850 has been estimated at about 1 billion. The world population reached 4 billion in 1975. What was the percentage of the exponential growth rate during this time? Solution 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 �𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� Solve for 𝑘𝑘. 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 �𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 ln 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴 ln 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-26 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 𝑘𝑘 = 4,000,000,000 ln 1,000,000,000 (1975 − 1850) 𝑘𝑘2000−2012 = 1-31 1.38 = 0.0111 = 1.1% 125 𝑘𝑘2000−2012 = 1.1% Tuition at a university rose from $1500/year in 1962 to $25,000/year in 2010. a. What was the exponential growth rate during that period of time? b. If that rate of growth were to continue until 2050 (when your children might be paying tuition), what would the tuition be? Solution (a) Use Equation 1.8 and solve for k 𝐴𝐴(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 exp�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� ln 𝐴𝐴(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )) 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴 ln � (𝑡𝑡)�𝐴𝐴 � 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜 = 𝑘𝑘 = 0.059 years −1 ln �25,000�1,500� 2010 − 1962 (b) 𝐴𝐴2050 = 𝐴𝐴2010 exp𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝐴𝐴2050 = $25,000 exp0.059(2050−2010) 1-32 𝐴𝐴2050 = $260,000 In 1999, tuition at a university was $1963 per semester. In 2009, tuition at the university was $3622 per semester. This increase is represented by an exponential growth rate of 6.1% if tuition rates increase exponentially, what value is closest to the university’s tuition cost predicted in 2035? Solution 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 = $1,963 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = $3,622 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-27 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 𝑘𝑘 = 6.1% ∆𝑡𝑡 = 10 Find 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡2035 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡2035 = ($1,963)e�0.061(2035−1999)� 1-33 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡2035 = $17,645 In 2007, the world’s population was estimated to be 6.7 billion. The UN forecasts the population will begin to level off at 9.2 billion in 2050. What will be the population growth rate (in percent) over this time period? Solution 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 �𝐴𝐴 = e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 = 6.7 × 109 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 9.2 × 109 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 = 2007 𝑡𝑡 = 2050 𝐴𝐴 ln � 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴 ln � 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 9 � ln �9.2 × 10 � 6.7 × 109 𝑘𝑘 = 2050 − 2007 𝑘𝑘 = 0.00737 1-34 𝑘𝑘 = 0.74% It has been estimated that 139.2 × 106 m2 of rainforest is destroyed each day. Assume that the initial area of tropical rainforest is 20 × 1012 m2. a. What is the exponential rate of rainforest destruction in units of 1/days? b. If there were 24.5 × 1012 m2 of tropical rainforest on Earth in 1975, how much tropical rainforest would be left on Earth in 2015 if the exponential rate of destruction determined in part (a) stayed constant over this time interval? c. If tropical rainforests remove 0.83 kg (of C)/m2-year from the atmosphere, how much less carbon [kg (of C)] would be removed in 2025 compared to that removed in 1975? © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-28 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com Solution 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 = 2.00 × 1013 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 = 0 𝑡𝑡 = 1 (a) 11.6 × 106 m2 24 h m2 × = 1.39 × 108 2 h d d 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 2.0 × 1013 m2 − 1.39 × 108 m2 ∆𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 �𝐴𝐴 = e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 ln � 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴 ln � 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 13 ln �2.0 × 10 − 1.39 × 108� � 2.0 × 1013 (1 − 0) 𝑘𝑘 = −6.96 × 10−6 d−1 (b) 𝐴𝐴1975 = 2.45 × 1013 m2 2015 − 1975 = 40 yr = 14,600 d 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� �−6.96 × 10−6 (14,600)� 𝐴𝐴2015 = 2.45 × 1013 e 𝐴𝐴2015 = 2.21 × 1013 m2 (c) 𝐴𝐴1975 = 2.45 × 1013 m2 2025 − 1975 = 50 yr = 18,250 d 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� �−6.96 × 10−6 (18,250)� 𝐴𝐴2015 = 2.45 × 1013 e © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-29 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant13download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 2 𝐴𝐴2015 = 2.21 × 10 m of rainforest left in 2025 Determine the change in carbon dioxide uptake: 0.83 0.83 kg (C) kg (C) × 2.45 × 1013 m2 = 2.03 × 1013 in 1975 2 yr m yr kg (C) kg (C) 13 2 13 × 2.16 × 10 m = 1.79 × 10 in 2025 yr m2 yr 2.03 × 1013 1-35 kg (C) kg (C) kg (C) − 1.79 × 1013 = 2.43 × 1012 less in 2025 yr yr yr The world’s population 10,000 years ago has been estimated at about 5 million. What exponential growth rate would have resulted in the population in 1800, which is estimated at 1 billion? Had that rate continued, what would have been the world’s population in 2010? Solution 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 10,000 years − (2010 − 1800) years = 9,800 years 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 = 5 × 106 people 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 1 × 109 people 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝑘𝑘 = ln(𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 ⁄𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 ) ln(1 × 109 people⁄5 × 106 people) = ∆𝑡𝑡 9,800 years 𝑘𝑘 = 0.00054 yr −1 = 0.054% 𝐴𝐴2010 = (1 × 109 people)e0.00054(2010−1800) 1-36 𝐴𝐴2010 = 1.12 × 109 people In 2007, the population of the world’s 50 least-developed countries was estimated to be 0.8 billion. The UN expects the population in these countries to grow exponentially at 1.75% until 2050. What is the predicted population of the least-developed countries in 2050? Solution 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 = 2007 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 = 0.8 × 109 people 𝑘𝑘 = 1.75% = 0.0175 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 1 yr © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-30 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 𝐴𝐴2050 = (0.8 × 109 people)e0.0175(2050−2007) 𝐴𝐴2050 = 1.7 × 109 people 1-37 A manure storage facility collapsed and caused manure to spill into a local pond. The nutrients from the manure caused the algae in the lake to grow exponentially. What is the constant value (in day-1) that describes the exponential rate of growth of algae in the pond? a. Prior to the spill there were 12 mg of algae per liter of pond water. After 5 days there were 470 mg/L of algae. b. Prior to the spill there were 5 mg of algae per liter of pond water. After 7 days there were 500 mg/L of algae. c. Prior to the spill there were 10 mg of algae per liter of pond water. After 3 days there were 1000 mg/L of algae. d. Prior to the spill there were 20 mg of algae per liter of pond water. After 2 days there were 800 mg/L of algae. Solution 𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 �𝐴𝐴 = e�𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )� 𝑜𝑜 𝐴𝐴 ln � 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴 ln � 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) a) 𝑘𝑘 = b) 𝑘𝑘 = c) 𝑘𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴 ln� 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝐴𝐴 ln� 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � = = 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝐴𝐴 ln� 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � d) 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) = 𝐴𝐴 ln� 𝑡𝑡�𝐴𝐴 � 𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 ) 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙�470�12� 5 = 0.734 day −1 7 = 0.658 day−1 3 = 1.54 day −1 2 = 1.84 day −1 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙�500�5� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙�1,000�10� = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙�800�20� © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-31 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1-38 What must engineers hold paramount in their designs according to most professional ethics codes? Solution The engineer shall hold paramount the health, safety, and welfare of the public. 1-39 Describe quantitatively (use numeric values) the differences between access to improved drinking water supplies in the United States and access in the countries in Africa or the Caribbean. Solution Answers will vary. 1-40 List the UN Millennium Development Goals and describe briefly how they might relate to access to drinking water. Solution Answers will vary. 1-41 What mathematical expression defines the term biocapacity? Solution Biocapacity = (Area for land use type) x Yield x (Equivalence Factor) 1-42 What mathematical expression defines the global ecological footprint (when comparing it to biocapacity)? Solution Ecological Footprint = 𝑃𝑃� 𝑌𝑌𝑁𝑁 × 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 Where 𝑃𝑃� = the amount harvested, or the carbon dioxide emitted 𝑌𝑌𝑁𝑁 = the average yield for the product or the carbon dioxide uptake 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 = yield factor 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = equivalency factor 1-43 Using a mathematical expression, describe how overshoot (related to global resource consumption) is related to biocapacity and the global ecological footprint. Solution Overshoot = Ecological Footprint – Biocapacity © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-32 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1-44 Describe how affluence contributes to environmental impact. Solution Data shows that in general, individuals and societies tend to consume and use more resources as their affluence and sense of wellbeing increase. The reasons for this increase include the desire for more conveniences (wants vs. needs), social prestige and sometimes greed. It can also be argued that more resources are usually needed to maintain the systems that generated affluence in the first place. 1-45 If the population of a country in 2010 was 72 million and the projected exponential rate of increase is 6.3 per 1000, what total percentage reduction of environmental impact per GDP will be required by 2050 to keep the environmental impact at the 2010 levels if the GDP per capita is predicted to increase at a rate of 5% per year between 2010 and 2050? Solution Using the IPAT equation, 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝐼𝐼2010 = 𝑃𝑃2010 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2010 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2010 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐼𝐼2050 = 𝑃𝑃2050 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2050 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2050 GDP per capita can be used as a measure of Affluence (A) while environmental impact per GDP is used as a measure of Technology (T) % 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑇𝑇2010− 𝑇𝑇2050 ∗ 100 𝑇𝑇2010 % 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = �1 − Given 𝑇𝑇2050 � ∗ 100 𝑇𝑇2010 𝑃𝑃2010 = 72 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃0 𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟∆𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃2050 = 𝑃𝑃2010 𝑒𝑒 0.0063∗40 𝐴𝐴2050 = (1.05)40 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2010 If 𝐼𝐼2010 = 𝐼𝐼2050 then substituting 𝑃𝑃2010 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2010 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2010 = 𝑃𝑃2050 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2050 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2050 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-33 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at40 etutorsource@gmail.com 0.0063∗40 𝑃𝑃2010 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2010 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2010 = 𝑃𝑃2010 𝑒𝑒 ∗ (1.05) ∗ 𝐴𝐴2010 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2050 𝑇𝑇2010 = 𝑒𝑒 0.0063∗40 ∗ (1.05)40 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2050 1 𝑇𝑇2050 = 0.0063∗40 𝑇𝑇2010 𝑒𝑒 ∗ (1.05)40 % 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = �1 − 1-46 𝑇𝑇2050 1 � ∗ 100 = �1 − 0.0063∗40 � ∗ 100 = 0.8896 ∗ 100 𝑇𝑇2010 ∗ (1.05)40 𝑒𝑒 % 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ≈ 89% In 2012, the population of a country was 65 million and the projected exponential rate of increase is 5.2 per 1000. If the environmental impact per GDP is reduced by 15% by 2040, how will this affect the GDP per capita assuming the total environmental impact in 2040 is maintained at the 2012 levels? Solution Using the IPAT equation, 𝐼𝐼2012 = 𝑃𝑃2012 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2012 𝐼𝐼2040 = 𝑃𝑃2040 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2040 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2040 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 GDP per capita can be used as a measure of Affluence (A) while environmental impact per GDP is used as a measure of Technology (T) Given: 𝑃𝑃2012 = 65 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡 = 𝑃𝑃0 𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟∆𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃2040 = 𝑃𝑃2012 𝑒𝑒 0.0052∗28 𝑇𝑇2040 = 0.85𝑇𝑇2012 If 𝐼𝐼2012 = 𝐼𝐼2040 then substituting 𝑃𝑃2012 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2012 = 𝑃𝑃2040 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2040 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2040 𝑃𝑃2012 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2012 = 𝑃𝑃2012 𝑒𝑒 0.0052∗28 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2040 ∗ 0.85𝑇𝑇2012 𝐴𝐴2012 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑒𝑒 0.0052∗28 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2040 𝐴𝐴2012 = 0.98𝐴𝐴2040 𝐴𝐴2040− 𝐴𝐴2012 % 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = ∗ 100 𝐴𝐴2012 𝐴𝐴2040 − 1� ∗ 100 % 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = � 𝐴𝐴2012 % 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = � 1 − 1� ∗ 100 ≈ 2% 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 0.98 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-34 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters Solutions Manual/Test Bank Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name. Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1-47 The annual exponential population growth rate is estimated to be 11.9 per 1000 persons from 2012 to 2030 and 12.1 per 1000 persons from 2030 to 2060. If the GDP per capita is estimated to increase at a yearly rate of 2.5% from 2012 to 2030 and 1.5% from 2030 to 2060, calculate the annual rate of emissions reductions from 2012 to 2060 needed to keep impact levels in 2060 at the 2012 values. Solution Using the IPAT equation, 𝐼𝐼2012 = 𝑃𝑃2012 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2012 𝐼𝐼2060 = 𝑃𝑃2060 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2060 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2060 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ∗ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 ∗ 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 Given: 𝑃𝑃2030 = 𝑃𝑃2012 𝑒𝑒 0.0119∗18 𝑃𝑃2060 = 𝑃𝑃2030 𝑒𝑒 0.0121∗30 𝐴𝐴2030 = (1.025)18 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 𝐴𝐴2060 = (1.015)30 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2030 So 𝑃𝑃2060 = 𝑃𝑃2012 𝑒𝑒 0.0119∗18 𝑒𝑒 0.0121∗30 𝐴𝐴2060 = (1.015)30 ∗ (1.025)18 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 If 𝐼𝐼2012 = 𝐼𝐼2060 Then Substituting yields: 𝑃𝑃2012 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2012 = 𝑃𝑃2060 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2060 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2060 𝑃𝑃2012 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2012 = 𝑃𝑃2012 𝑒𝑒 0.0119∗18 𝑒𝑒 0.0121∗30 ∗ (1.015)30 ∗ (1.025)18 ∗ 𝐴𝐴2012 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2060 𝑇𝑇2012 = 𝑒𝑒 0.0119∗18 ∗ 𝑒𝑒 0.0121∗30 ∗ (1.015)30 ∗ (1.025)18 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2060 𝑇𝑇2012 = 4.3421 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2060 If annual rate of emission reduction is 𝑦𝑦, then 𝑇𝑇2060 = (1 − 𝑦𝑦)48 ∗ 𝑇𝑇2012 So, the emissions reduction required can be calculated from: 1 (1 − 𝑦𝑦)48 = 4.3421 1 1 𝑦𝑦 = 1 − ( )48 = 0.03 4.3421 Therefore, a 3% annual rate of emissions reduction is needed. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-35 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1-48 Energy derived from nuclear power has grown since 1970 according to the data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration that is summarized in the table below. a. Plot the energy production from nuclear power between 1970 and 1990. b. Find the best-fit curve for the plot (use a linear fit, polynomial fit, or power function). What is the equation for this best-fit curve? c. Take the mathematical or graphical derivative of the function from the plot and graph the rate of change (first derivative) of energy derived from nuclear power between 1970 and 1990 in Excel or a similar spreadsheet program. Solution Year Billions kW-hrs 1970 21.8 1972 54.1 1974 114.0 1976 191.1 1978 276.4 1980 251.1 1982 282.8 1984 327.6 1986 414.0 1988 527.0 © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1990 576.9 1-36 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 70 - 72 72 - 74 74 - 76 76 - 78 78 - 80 80 - 82 82 - 84 84 - 86 86 - 88 88 - 90 16.15 29.95 38.55 42.65 -12.65 15.85 22.4 43.2 56.5 24.95 Annualized Change in Nuclear Energy Production in Billions of Kilowatt-hours 𝚫𝚫 year 𝚫𝚫 Billions of Kilowatthours 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 70 - 72 72 - 74 74 - 76 76 - 78 78 - 80 80 - 82 82 - 84 84 - 86 86 - 88 88 - 90 Range in years 1-49 Thomas Malthus described a situation in which the population could overcome the available supply of natural resources near the year 1800. Over 200 years later, scientists, policymakers, and demographers fear the same situation may be occurring—we may exceed the biocapacity of the planet. Malthus’s original arguments have been reworked in modern writings such as “The Tragedy of the Commons” and The Population Bomb theorized by Ehrlich (2009). What role do scientists and engineers play in the debate about the likelihood that humans, based on our current lifestyle, will exceed the planet’s biocapacity? Base your essay on economic, environmental, social, and technical parameters. Solution Answers will vary. 1-50 Describe which of the grand challenges of engineering most interests you. Frame the problems that must be overcome associated with the challenge you’have selected in terms of the variables in the IPAT equation. Solution Answers will vary. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-37 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com 1-51 Sustainable development is extremely difficult, since the environmental footprint of a nation generally increases with increasing development. Use the IPAT equation and determine whether each variable is likely to increase, decrease, or remain unchanged if the HDI of a country increases. What must the response of each variable in the IPAT equation be (increase, decrease, or no change) if development is to be truly sustainable? Solution Answers will vary. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-38 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Solution and Answer Guide: Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e, 9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design Get all Chapter’s Instant download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Downloaded by: tutorsection | sectiontutor@gmail.com Distribution of this document is illegal 1-39 Want to earn $1.236 extra per year? We Don’t reply in this website, you need to contact by email for all chapters Instant download. Just send email and get all chapters download. Get all Chapters Solutions Manual/Test Bank Instant Download by email at etutorsource@gmail.com You can also order by WhatsApp https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=%2B447507735190&text&type=ph one_number&app_absent=0 Send email or WhatsApp with complete Book title, Edition Number and Author Name.

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