Sand | Density, Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity 1 of 7 https://material-properties.org/sand-density-heat-capacity-thermal-conductivity/ Main Menu Search … Sand – Density – Heat Capacity – Thermal Conductivity About Sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz. Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as synthetic product. Summary Name Sand 4/1/24, 11:41 Sand | Density, Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity 2 of 7 https://material-properties.org/sand-density-heat-capacity-thermal-conductivity/ Phase at STP solid Density 1500 kg/m3 Ultimate Tensile Strength N/A Yield Strength N/A Young’s Modulus of Elasticity N/A Brinell Hardness N/A Melting Point 1577 °C Thermal Conductivity 0.25 W/mK Heat Capacity 830 J/g K Price 0.03 $/kg Density of Sand Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume: ρ = m/V In words, the density (ρ) of a substance is the total mass (m) of that substance divided by the total volume (V) occupied by that substance. The standard SI unit is kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). The Standard English unit is pounds mass per cubic foot (lbm/ft3). Density of Sand is 1500 kg/m3. Example: Density Calculate the height of a cube made of Sand, which weighs one metric ton. Solution: Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. It is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume: ρ = m/V As the volume of a cube is the third power of its sides (V = a3), the height of this cube can be calculated: 4/1/24, 11:41 Sand | Density, Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity 3 of 7 https://material-properties.org/sand-density-heat-capacity-thermal-conductivity/ The height of this cube is then a = 0.874 m. Density of Materials Thermal Properties of Sand Sand – Melting Point Melting point of Sand is 1577 °C. Note that, these points are associated with the standard atmospheric pressure. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. The melting point also defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. For various chemical compounds and alloys, it is difficult to define the melting point, since they are usually a mixture of various chemical elements. Sand – Thermal Conductivity Thermal conductivity of Sand is 0.25 W/(m·K). The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or λ), measured in W/m.K. It is a measure of a substance’s ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Note that Fourier’s law applies for all matter, regardless of its state (solid, liquid, or gas), therefore, it is also defined for liquids and gases. The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. For vapors, it also depends upon pressure. In general: Most materials are very nearly homogeneous, therefore we can usually write k = k (T). Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of 4/1/24, 11:41 Sand | Density, Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity 4 of 7 https://material-properties.org/sand-density-heat-capacity-thermal-conductivity/ transfer, kx = ky = kz = k. Sand – Specific Heat Specific heat of Sand is 830 J/g K. Specific heat, or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics. The intensive properties cv and cp are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u(T, v) and enthalpy h(T, p), respectively: where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation. The properties cv and cp are referred to as specific heats (or heat capacities) because under certain special conditions they relate the temperature change of a system to the amount of energy added by heat transfer. Their SI units are J/kg K or J/mol K. Example: Heat transfer calculation Thermal conductivity is defined as the amount of heat (in watts) transferred through a square area of material of given thickness (in metres) due to a difference in temperature. The lower the thermal conductivity of the material the greater the material’s ability to resist heat transfer. Calculate the rate of heat flux through a wall 3 m x 10 m in area (A = 30 m2). The wall is 15 cm thick (L1) and it is made of Sand with the thermal conductivity of k1 = 0.25 W/m.K (poor thermal insulator). Assume that, the indoor and the outdoor temperatures are 22°C and -8°C, and the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and the outer sides are h1 = 10 W/m2K and h2 = 30 W/m2K, respectively. Note that, these convection coefficients strongly depend especially on ambient and interior conditions (wind, humidity, etc.). Calculate the heat flux (heat loss) through this wall. Solution: As was written, many of the heat transfer processes involve composite systems and even involve a combination of both conduction and convection. With these composite systems, it is often convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient, known as a U-factor. The U-factor is defined by an expression analogous to Newton’s law of cooling: 4/1/24, 11:41 Sand | Density, Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity 5 of 7 https://material-properties.org/sand-density-heat-capacity-thermal-conductivity/ The overall heat transfer coefficient is related to the total thermal resistance and depends on the geometry of the problem. Assuming one-dimensional heat transfer through the plane wall and disregarding radiation, the overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated as: The overall heat transfer coefficient is then: U = 1 / (1/10 + 0.15/0.25 + 1/30) = 1.36 W/m2K The heat flux can be then calculated simply as: q = 1.36 [W/m2K] x 30 [K] = 40.91 W/m2 The total heat loss through this wall will be: qloss = q . A = 40.91 [W/m2] x 30 [m2] = 1227.27 W Melting Point of Materials Thermal Conductivity of Materials Heat Capacity of Materials 4/1/24, 11:41 Sand | Density, Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity 6 of 7 https://material-properties.org/sand-density-heat-capacity-thermal-conductivity/ Strength of Materials Elasticity of Materials Hardness of Materials Material Properties Porcelain – Density – Heat Capacity – Thermal Conductivity Limestone – Density – Heat Capacity – Thermal Conductivity Editiorial note Copyright Notice Privacy Policy The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. Its simple: Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. 1) You may use almost everything for noncommercial and educational use. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. See: Copyright Notice Contact us If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Visit our Privacy Policy page. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. About Main purpose of this project is to help the public to learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements and many common materials. We realize that the basics in the materials science can help people to understand many common problems. Anyone can be able to come here, learn the basics of materials science, material properties and to compare these properties. Feel free to ask a question, leave feedback or take a look at one of our articles. info@nuclear-power.net 4/1/24, 11:41 Sand | Density, Heat Capacity, Thermal Conductivity 7 of 7 https://material-properties.org/sand-density-heat-capacity-thermal-conductivity/ Copyright 2024 Periodic Table | All Rights Reserved | Nuclear Power | Thermal Engineering | Radiation Dosimetry 4/1/24, 11:41
