03/04/2024
OUTLINE
CHAPTER 5
Planning and Design of
Municipal Solid Waste Management
System for Mumbai City
BACKGROUND
•
Background
•
Objectives
•
Mumbai Municipal Corporation Set-up
•
Legal Framework Related to SWM in India
•
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
•
Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
•
Application of Developed Model
•
Output from the System
•
GIS-USMS for Optimizing Solid Waste Management in T Ward
•
Conclusions
•
Recommendations
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of the study are:
•
Urban population in India was 27.8% in 2001
•
By 2020, 50% population will be staying in urban areas
•
For clean and healthy environment, MSW management is essential
•
Unavailability of land for disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
•
High cost involved in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM)
•
Need of optimized and engineered MSWM system in urban areas
To study the existing solid waste management system of Mumbai city
•
To develop GIS based Urban Solid Waste Management System (GISUSMS)
•
To implement the developed model for a representative ward of the city
of Mumbai
•
To use the implemented model for optimizing solid waste management
in the ward
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF MCGM
R/N
STUDY AREA
•
R/C
R/S
P/N
T
P/S
K/W
S
K/E
L
N
H/E
H/W
M/W
G/N
M/E
F/N
G/S
F/S
E
D
B
C
A
• Population = 13 million
• Floating population = 3 million
• Population density = 27,250 / km2
• Most densely populated city in India
• Total area = 438 km2
• City area = 70 km2
• Suburbs area = 368 km2
• Road Network = 1,800 km
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LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELATED TO SWM
•
… Legal Framework Related to SWM (contd.)
Obligatory duty of municipal bodies to arrange for daily street sweeping
•
•
•
MCGM Initiatives
–
Guidelines for implementation of MSW 2000 Rules
–
Municipal C & D Rules, 2005 (for construction and demolition waste)
Three important notifications issued by ministry of Environment and
–
Municipal Rules, 2006 (for prohibition of littering)
Forest, Government of India
–
Preparation of Greater Mumbai Cleanliness & Sanitation Byelaws
and collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste
–
Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, July, 1998
–
Recycled Plastics Manufacturer and Usage Rules, Sept. 1999
–
Municipal solid waste (Management and Handling) Rules, Sept., 2000
2006 is under progress
Experts committee constituted in 1998 to study SWM in Class I cities
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
Solid Waste Management Department
•
Total staff of the SWM Department is 26,637
•
The budget for the year 2006-2007 is 9030 Million Rupees
I. Solid Waste Generation
(A) General Data
Parameter
Unit
Solid Waste generation rate
0.475 kg / capita / day
Total Quantity of MSW generated
≈ 6000 tons per day
Construction and demolition waste
≈ 2400 tons per day
Biomedical waste
≈ 25 tons per day
(Source : SWM Dept., MCGM)
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
… Solid Waste Generation (contd.)
… Solid Waste Generation (contd.)
(B) Physical Characteristics
S. No.
A
B
Parameter
(C) Chemical Characteristics
% Composition
Deonar
Gorai
Mulund
Kitchen waste
39.24
39.95
41.48
Deonar
Gorai
Mulund
Other wet organic waste
12.88
14.08
15.31
1
Organic Carbon (%)
19.50
16.09
14.37
52.12
54.03
56.79
2
Nitrogen as N (%)
0.65
0.64
0.64
3
Phosphorous as P (%)
0.65
0.67
0.65
4
C/ N ratio
29.98
25.13
22.71
Total Wet Organic Material (kg)
Total Dry Organic Material (kg)
S.N.
Parameter
13.60
15.99
15.57
Plastic
10.14
8.62
9.00
5
Lower Calorific Value (kCal/kg)
905.19
940.05
948.38
Paper
7.52
6.09
7.38
6
Moisture (%)
66.66
68.44
69.45
Others
2.28
2.84
2.00
7
Volatile Matter (%)
23.69
23.57
23.85
8
Iron (ppm)
1.60
0.34
1.10
9
Pb (ppm)
0.46
0.39
0.48
C
Total Recyclable Material (kg)
19.94
17.55
18.38
D
Total Inert Material (kg)
14.34
12.43
9.26
(Source : IL&FS Studies, 2005)
(Source : IL&FS Studies, 2005)
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Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
… Solid Waste Generation (contd.)
II Storage
(D) Comparison for 1994 and 2005
Constituent
HIG
LIG
Commercial
1994
2005
1994
2005
1994
2005
Biodegradable
44.46
58.23
34.10
53.44
41.02
37.43
Plastic
6.13
12.00
4.55
10.75
4.40
16.42
Metal, Glass,
Bio-resistant,
Inert, Others
41.56
21.19
55.10
26.56
46.27
27.40
Moisture
57.69
49.81
52.34
49.43
53.77
50.80
C/N Ratio
30.86
32.87
34.56
36.75
35.52
39.97
Lower Cal. Value
(kcal/kg)
630.71
999.25
529.8
991.6
582.9
1040.92
(Source : NEERI, 1994 and IL&FS, 2005)
Area
Dumper placer
containers
Compactor
containers
Litter
bins
Refuse
shades
City
349
515
35
78
Western Suburbs
153
1278
411
205
Eastern Suburbs
154
1024
292
200
Total
656
2817
738
483
(Source: SWM Dept., MCGM,2006)
HIG = High Income Group, LIG = Low Income Group
Dumper placer
•
Storage Containers Used
Dumper placer containers of 5.2 cu. m. size is used for collection of
waste from commercial places, markets or high waste generation
points (Hauled Container System)
Compactor container
•
Compactor container of 1.1 cum. capacity is the most common type of
storage bin used for solid waste collection (Stationary Container
System)
Litter bins
Fixed storage points
•
•
Litter bins are provided on pavements or near the bus stops to collect
the waste from the street
Fixed storage points (refuse shades) are constructed to avoid theft of
storage bins
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Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
III. Collection
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
IV. Transfer and Transport
• Community bin system
– Responsibility of the house owner to carry the waste to the
community bin
Vehicles Used
– 78% waste is collected by this system
S. No.
• House to house collection
– Conservancy staff collects the waste from individual premises
– 22% solid waste is collected by this method
Private
Compactors
Type of Vehicle
138
340
2
Dumper Placers
1064
--
3
Refuse Vehicle a
50
50
4
Open Dumpers b
38
283
a – used for transportation of MSW only
b – used for transportation of MSW as well as construction & demolition
waste
• Collection of waste from street
– 1800 km public roads are swept every day
(Source: SWM Dept., MCGM)
– Street sweeping is done in beat system
– 50 km major roads are swept with mechanical sweeping
Municipal
1
•
1,100 to 1,300 vehicle trips are required everyday for transportation of
solid waste to dumping grounds
… Transfer and Transport (contd.)
… Transfer and Transport (contd.)
• Hydraulically operated refuse removal vehicle
• 6 labors and 1 headman are deployed on each refuse vehicle
Compactor (10 to 12 cu. m.)
Dumper Placer
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
… Transfer and Transport (contd.)
… Transfer and Transport (contd.)
• Collection and transportation of construction and demolition waste
Open Top Dumper
Bio-Medical Waste Collection Vehicle
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Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
Typical Dumping Site
V. Disposal
•
Majority of the solid waste (about 95%) is disposed off by open
dumping
•
5 to 10% of total waste generated is passed to recycling industry
through large informal sector of rag pickers
Deonar
Mulund
Total area (hectares)
132
25
Gorai
19.6
Date of establishment
1927
1968
1972
MSW received (Tons Per Day)
4100
600
1200
Debris received (Tons Per Day)
1000
200
1200
(Source : SWM Dept., MCGM)
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
Existing Solid Waste Management System of Mumbai city
VI. Operational Problems being Faced
VII. Community Participation
•
People usually expect that the community garbage bins should be
•
kept far away from their houses (NIMBY Syndrome)
•
People do not deposit garbage in the community bins, but throw
Solid Waste Management cannot be successful without the involvement
of all stakeholders
•
around and away from the community bins
Civic citizen partnership has led to the birth of the concept of Advance
Locality Management (ALM)/Area Locality Citizen Group (ALCG)
•
Nuisance of stray cattle, birds and rag pickers
•
At present, there are about 377 active ALMs in the city
•
Collection of waste from slum area
•
At Colaba Sewage Pumping Station in ‘A’ ward, 4 to 5 tons of waste is
composted with cooperation of an NGO
•
As a public private partnership, 30 to 40 tons of waste is supplied to Excel
Industries, Mumbai, where it is treated by aerobic composting
Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
I. Preparation of Basemap
II. Preparation of Geodatabase
•
1. Development of GIS Data Formats
Different layers devised for storing data in AutoCAD
•
Description
Layer Name
Administrative Boundaries
Admin
Bit Boundaries
Bit_Bound
Road Network
Roads
Integrated MCGM GIS System
ROOT DIRECTORY
Road Annotations
Road_Annot
Annotations
Annotati
Landmarks
Landmark
Railways
Railways
Water Courses
Water
MCGM
SWM
A WARD
WATER
B WARD
SEWERAGE
STORM WATER
HEALTH
ROADS
•
T WARD
Validation of Map using Google Earth images and physical survey
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Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
…. Preparation of Geodatabase (Contd.)
… Development of GIS Data Formats (contd.)
2. Development of Data Collection Formats
Coverages
Details
Boundary
Administrative and bit boundaries
Road_Network
Road center line and house to house collection
Appurtenances
Office, Garage, Transfer Station, Dumping Ground
Community_Bin
All types of community bins
Public_Participation
Community collection, Community disposal
Basemap
Road network, Railways, Water bodies
Landmarks
Localities, Slums, Landmarks
Annotations
Road and landmark names
Form-A1
Form-A3
Five different data collection formats (Forms)
•
Community Bin information sheet (Form - A1)
•
House to House collection information sheet (Form – A2)
•
Community collection (Slum Adoption Scheme) (Form – A3)
•
Solid waste management system appurtenances
•
Community participation in solid waste disposal
(Form – A4)
(Form – A5)
Form-A2
Form-A4
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Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
Form-A5
…. Preparation of Geodatabase (Contd.)
3. Unique Numbering System
Unique number assigned to entity by virtue of its position on the map and gives
idea about the type and location of the node in particular area. The number is
defined as follows
PP QQ R SS (e.g. T002B05)
PP – The first two digits define the name of the ward in which the node lies
QQ – The next two digits denote the bit in the ward
R
– This digit denotes type of the node. It can be A, B, C, D or H;
A- Appurtenance,
B- Bin,
C-Community Collection (Dattak Vasti),
D- Community Disposal,
H- House to House Collection
SS – Last two digits denote serial number of the node in the bit
Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
III.
•
Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
Topographical Survey
Main aim is to collect spatial as well as attribute data of various elements
of solid waste management system
IV. Digitization and Data Entry
•
•
The survey is carried out in bitwise fashion
Information
collection
and
validation
of
base
map
is
done
simultaneously
Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
Development of GIS Based Urban SW Management System (GIS-USMS)
BOUNDARY COVERAGE
OBJECTID
ID. NO.
ZONE
WARD
BIT
AREA NAME
PROPERTIES
POPULATION
LITTER BIN
SURVEY DATE
REMARKS
OFFICE INCHARGE
PUBLI TOILETS
VEHICLES
MAJOR RD AREA
MINOR RD AREA
MAJOR RD LENGTH
MINOR RD LENGTH
ROAD NAME
V. Data Validation
ROAD COVERAGE
OBJECTID
ID. NO.
ZONE
WARD
BIT
ROAD TYPE
ROAD WIDTH
ROAD LENGTH
SURVEY DATE
REMARKS
•
Validation is a part of Quality Control and Quality Assurance
•
Involves
BIN COVERAGE
ID. NO.
ZONE
LOCATION
OBJECTID
ROAD NAME
BIN TYPE
BIN CAPACITY
BIN QTY
BIN MATERIAL
I SHIFT
VEHICLE
I SHIFT SW QTY
II SHIFT
VEHICLE
II SHIFT SW QTY
WARD
III SHIFT VEHICLE
BIT
COLLECTION TYPE
III SHIFT SW QTY
ROUTE NO
SURVEY DATE
REMARKS
MANNING SHIFT
PHOTOGRAPH
CARDINAL POINT
correcting
base
map
as
per
survey
observations,
addition/updation of annotations
APPURTANANCES COVERAGE
OBJECTID
ID. NO.
ZONE
WARD
BIT
APPURTANENCE TYPE
LOCATION
ROAD NAME
SUP. STAFF
LAB. STAFF
WORKING SHIFT
OFFICE INCHARGE
SW QTY RECVD
VEHICLES
SURVEY DATE
REMARKS
PARTICIPATION TYPE
•
Checking position of nodes on the map and cross referencing the data
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION COVERAGE
OBJECTID
ID. NO.
ZONE
WARD
BIT
AGENCY NAME
AGENCY STAFF
LOCATION
PROPERTIES
POPULATION
SW COLLECTED
SW TREATED
SW DISOSAL
VEHICLE USED
REMARKS
SURVEY DATE
TREATMENT METHOD
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Application of Developed Model
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Geo referenced map of MCGM
General Data of T ward
Sr. No.
Description
Unit
1
Area
45.42 km2
2
Population
3,30,195
3
Total Number of Households 73540
4
Total Solid Waste Generated
200 Tons/day
(Source: www.mcgm.gov.in)
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Bit Boundaries
Preparation of Basemap
Description
Layer Name
Bit Boundaries
Bit_Bound
Road Network
Roads
Annotations
Annotati
Landmarks
Landmark
Water Courses
Water
Road Networks
Annotations
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Landmarks
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Water supply lines and drains
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Basemap of T Ward Showing All Bit Boundaries, Road Network and Landmarks
Validation of Basemap
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Preparation of Geodatabase
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
… Preparation of Geodatabase (contd.)
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Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Coverage for Bit and Bit Boundaries
Coverage for Road Network
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Coverage for Appurtenances
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Coverage for Community Bins
Implementation of GIS USMS Model for T Ward
Data Entry
Coverage for Public Participation
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Output from the System
Output from the System
Categorization of Solid Waste Collection Spots Based on Bin Type
Categorization of Solid Waste Collection Spots Based on Bin Type
Bit No.
Total number of
Collection Spots
Compactor
Containers
Dumper
Placers
Round
Bins
Refuse
Shades
Plastic
Bins
1
16
14
2
33
30
3
31
18
01
--
01
--
02
01
--
--
--
04
09
4
24
--
15
02
02
05
5
--
22
21
01
--
--
6
--
20
18
01
--
--
01
7
19
18
--
--
--
01
Total
165
134
07
07
15
02
Output from the System
Output from the System
Overflowing Bin Locations
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VANDANA CHOWKY NO VI
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VANDANA
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Municipal and Contractual Services Used for Collection and Transportation
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MULUND
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Legend
Output from the System
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PRIVATE
Solid Waste Collection Points Not Attended in Morning Shift
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MUNICIPAL
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Output from the System
Collection Frequencies of Solid Waste Collection Points
VANDANA CHOWKY NO VI
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VANDANA CHOWKY NO VI
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MULUND
COLONY
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Legend
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11
03/04/2024
Output from the System
GIS-USMS for Optimizing Solid Waste Management in T Ward
Restructuring of Bit Boundaries
Roads Having House to House Collection Services
Existing Bit Boundaries
VANDANA CHOWKY NO VI
VANDANA CHOWKY NO V
MULUND COLONY
MULUND STATION WEST
PATRA CHAWL NO II
APANA BAZAR
PATRA CHAWL NO I
Proposed Bit Boundaries
Legend
House to House SW Collection
GIS-USMS for Optimizing Solid Waste Management in T Ward
GIS-USMS for Optimizing Solid Waste Management in T Ward
Developing Optimum Routes
Existing SW Collection Routes
Per Shift Expenses of Collection Vehicles
Hire Charges
per shift (Rs)
No. of
Laborers per
vehicle
Labor Charges/
head/shift
(Rs)
Compactor (6 T)
2500
6
200
3700
Mini
Compactor (2.5 T)
2000
4
200
2800
Autorickshaw
Tempo (1 T)
1500
2
200
1900
Vehicle Type
Total
Expenses/
Shift (Rs)
Proposed SW Collection
GIS-USMS for Optimizing Solid Waste Management in T Ward
GIS-USMS for Optimizing Solid Waste Management in T Ward
Daily Online Reporting System
Existing and proposed schedule of SW collection in Bit No. VI and VII
Shift
Existing Schedule
Proposed Schedule
Comp
actors
Dumper
Placers
Closed
Dumpers
(TMB)
Tempo
Comp
actors
Mini
Comp
actors
AutoRicks
haw
I (6 am to 2 pm)
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
II (2 pm to 10 pm)
2
1
-
-
2
--
--
III (10 pm to 6 am)
1
-
-
1
--
--
Total Vehicle Shifts
5
2
1
2
6
1
1
12
03/04/2024
Querying and Viewing
Querying and Viewing
Querying and Viewing
Querying and Viewing
Querying and Viewing
Querying and Viewing
13
03/04/2024
CONCLUSIONS
… Conclusions (contd.)
• Increasing generation rate, scarcity of land for disposal and stringent
legal compulsions
•
• Strong structural, financial and legal framework is required for
successful public participation in solid waste management
• At 60 % locations of the T ward, capacity of the bins is inadequate,
hence need to be provided with more number of bins
• The GIS-USMS Model has been successfully implemented for T Ward
and its use has been demonstrated
•
House to house collection is being carried out on about 25 % roads
which need to be increased as per guidelines of MSW Rules 2000
•
For effective administrative management of the system, six bits
based on electoral wards are proposed
Daily reports about solid waste management operations like quantity
of waste collected, collection points attended, transportation and
disposal of SWM can be generated
Guidelines for data updation are proposed which will give latest data
about all components of the system.
In the proposed model (GIS-USMS), a unique numbering system will
enable users to identify location and type of node
… Conclusions (contd.)
• In T ward, at present 15% of the containers are of refuse shades and
round bin type which are to be replaced with compactor container
as per MSW Rules 2000. Higher size vehicles (Compactors) should
be used to maximum capacity for minimizing the cost of collection.
• Better planning and scheduling of collection vehicles is possible
with proposed specific fleet of vehicles instead of mismatched
vehicle fleet used at present.
RECOMMENDATIONS
• The present system has been implemented only for T ward. Hence, it is
recommended to be extended to cover all wards in Mumbai. However, this
will require extensive topographic and field survey of each ward to collect
all system information.
•
Present solid waste collection system highly relies on community bins,
which is not permitted as per MSW Rules 2000. Hence community bins are
to be abolished and individual household container based door to door
collection system is to be implemented by MCGM
However, community bins will be required at market and community places.
For slums, MCGM can get waste collected in domestic type of bins and
delivered it to main service roads with the help of NGOs.
Recommendations……
• For contractor billing and daily progress reports generation highly
expensive GPS based system is not required. The present system
has to be updated to receive online data entry provision at check
point and dumping ground
•
Presently the routes are based on community bins. For house to
house system optimal routes has to be determined to meet the
optimal vehicle requirement
• It is recommended to provide incentives to housing societies to
divert their biodegradable solid waste to composting/ biocomposting practices
• Dry and wet waste must be collected separately by separate set of
vehicles on separate days on priority and mandatory basis.
14