SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
☁︎ is an essential course in the General
Education curriculum for tertiary
education.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD – logical, orderly
way to solve problems :
☁︎ An interdisciplinary field of study
that seeks to explore and understand
the many ways that modern science
and technology shape modern culture,
values, and institutions, and how modern
values shape science and technology.
☁︎ STS examines how science and
technology emerge & how they enter
society.
SCIENCE - is a systematic body of
» STEPS »
1. Identifying the PROBLEM
2. Gathering INFORMATION
3. Forming HYPOTHESIS
4. Conducting EXPERIMENTATION
knowledge gained through
experimentations, observations and
research.
5. Recording RESULTS – DATA
TECHNOLOGY - science of the
application of knowledge to
practical purposes.
7. Reporting - PUBLISH
☁︎ Application of scientific knowledge.
SOCIETY - a community, nation, or
broad grouping of people having
common traditions, institutions, and
collective activities and interests.
☁︎ People who live in a definable
community and who share a culture.
What is the importance of STS subject?
☁︎ It prepares them for careers in
business, law, government, journalism,
research, and education, and it provides
a foundation for citizenship in a
globalizing, diversifying world with
rapid technological and scientific
change.
6. Drawing CONCLUSION
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
In Ancient times, people were
concerned of:
☁︎ TRANSPORTATION
☁︎ COMMUNICATION
☁︎ WEAPONS AND ARMORS
☁︎ ENGINEERING
☁︎ ARCHITECTURE
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION :
Sumerian is located in the
Southernmost tip of ancient
Mesopotamia.
☁︎ Cuneiform Writing
☁︎ Irrigation and Dikes
☁︎ Sailboats
☁︎ Wheel
☁︎ Plow
☁︎ Roads
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION :
The Babylonians were great builders,
engineers and architects.
☁︎ One of their major contribution is the
HANGING GARDEN of BABYLON –
one of the 7 Wonders of the World
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION :
Many stories tell about the engineering
feats of the Egyptians especially
regarding the infrastructures
established by the Pharaohs.
Pyramids are not the only contribution
of Egyptian civilization to the modern
world.
☁︎ Paper / Papyrus
☁︎ Ink
☁︎ Cosmetics
☁︎ Wig
☁︎ Hieroglyphics – system of writing
using symbols
☁︎ Water Clocks / Clepsydra – utilizes
gravity that affects the flow of water
from one vessel to another
GREEK CIVILIZATION :
Greece is an archipelago in the
Southeastern part of Europe. The
birthplace of Western Philosophy. Major
achievements include In-depth works on
Philosophy and Mathematics.
☁︎ Alarm Clock
☁︎ Watermills
agricultural process like milling
grains
mass production of rice, cereals,
flour
ROMAN CIVILIZATION :
The Roman Empire was perceived to be
the strongest political and social entity
in the West. It was considered to be the
cradle of politics and governance
during that period.
☁︎ Newspaper
☁︎ Bound Books / Codex – record
keeping
☁︎ Roman Architecture – continuation of
Greek architecture (resemblance)
☁︎ Roman Numerals – devised own
number system to address the need for
standard counting method to meet
increasing communication and
trade concerns
CHINESE CIVILIZATION :
Oldest civilization in Asia Middle
Kingdom.
- Samuel Kier refined petroleum
“KEROSENE” illuminating oil first to
provide lights at home.
☁︎ Silk
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS :
The Philippines contributes to the
advancement of Science and
Technology.
Remarkable - Filipino ingenuity
☁︎ Tea Production
☁︎ Great Wall of China – the only
man-made structure that can be seen
from outer space.
- largest and most extensive
infrastructure built.
☁︎ Gunpowder – developed by Chinese
Alchemists who aimed to achieve
immortality.
MEDIEVAL / MIDDLE AGES :
At the start – marred by massive
invasions and migrations
➥ WARS – prevalent during this
time
➥ trade and commerce increased
– resulted in greater demands
for transportation technology.
☁︎ Microscope
☁︎ Telescope
☁︎ War Weapons
☁︎ Printing Press – Johann Gutenberg
- addresses the need for publishing
books that would spread information to
many people at a faster rate.
MODERN TIMES :
Due to the booming world population –
19th Century – demanded More goods
to be produced at a faster rate
Development of industries.
☁︎ Calculator
☁︎ Pasteurization – food preservation
and safety
☁︎ Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell
- allow communication to be easier and
faster
☁︎ Petroleum Refinery – at first animal
oils, cannot keep up with demands to
generate light
☁︎ Salamander Amphibus Tricycle – can
cross not only flooded streets but also
rivers and lakes
- utilized to travel from island to island
☁︎ Salt Lamp – Sustainable Alternative
Lighting Lamp & safe and no risk of fire ;
emits no toxic gasses
☁︎ Medical Incubator
☁︎ Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap
System (OL Trap) - made of natural
ingredients that are lethal to mosquitoes
but safe for humans & environment
☁︎ E-Jeepney – Electric Jeepney - utilizes
electricity instead of petroleum/ diesel ;
environment friendly ; does not emit any
smoke and noise.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION :
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION :
☁︎ pertains to the period of paradigm
shifts or changes in the scientific
beliefs that have been widely embraced
and accepted by the people.
☁︎ It’s the time period when
advancements of Science & Technology
changed people’s perceptions and
beliefs.
☁︎ Scientists in all periods of time are
driven by their curiosity, critical
thinking and creativity to explore the
physical and natural world. Their love
for science is driven by their deep
passion to know and to discover.
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION :
☁︎ Copernicus is an Astronomer who
contradicts the geocentric model and
proposed the Heliocentric Theory
where planets revolve around the sun.
☁︎ NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ❀ Born in 1473 of German parents in
Torun, Prussia-now Poland-about 100
miles south of Gdansk.
❀ Went to study at University of Cracow.
Studied medicine, but discovered
ancient classics of math and
astronomy.
❀ While revolving around the sun, Earth,
he argued, spins on its axis daily. Earth
takes one year to orbit the sun and
during this time wobbles gradually on its
axis, which accounts for the precession
of the equinoxes.
☁︎ Charles Darwin is famous for his
Theory of Evolution. He changed our
concept of the world’s creation and
evolution.
☁︎ This revolution provided a different
than the "theory of Creation". The
Darwinian revolution started when
Charles Darwin published his book
"The Origin of Species" in 1589 thaT
emphasizes that HUMANS ARE THE
RESULT OF AN EVOLUTION.
☁︎ Charles Darwin's theory of evolution
through natural selection brought about
one of the greatest intellectual and
cultural revolutions in the modern era.
❀ Charles Darwin was born in England
to a well-to-do family in 1809. His
father was a doctor, and his
mother—who died when he was only
eight years old—was the daughter of a
successful 18th-century industrialist.
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION :
☁︎ Sigmund Freud was the first
psychoanalyst and a true pioneer in the
recognition of the importance of
unconscious mental activity.
☁︎ The three aspects of Freudian
revolution are Id, Ego, and Superego.
Freud proposed that the mind is divided
into three components: id, ego, and
superego.
❀ born May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Moravia
Austrian Empire [now Příbor, Czech
Republic]—died September 23, 1939,
London, England), Austrian neurologist
and the founder of PSYCHOANALYSIS.
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The most revolutionary changes are
changes in man’s basic beliefs about
himself. Three such revolutions have
occurred in Western thought in the past
five hundred years — the Copernican,
the Darwinian, and the Freudian — and
they have successively dealt shattering
blows to man’s pride.
☁︎ Copernicus dethroned man from the
center of the universe.
☁︎ Darwin challenged his sense of
divinity by tracing his descent to the
animal kingdom.
☁︎ Sigmund Freud, the first
cartographer of the unconscious,
punctured his conviction that the
conscious mind was master of man’s
fate.
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1. Nicolaus Copernicus:
Contribution: He is famously known
for his heliocentric theory, which
proposed that the Sun, rather than the
Earth, was at the center of the universe,
and that the Earth and other planets
revolve around it. This theory challenged
the prevailing geocentric model, which
placed the Earth at the center of the
universe. Copernicus's work laid the
foundation for modern astronomy and
revolutionized our understanding of
the cosmos.
❀ His book "De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium" ("On the Revolutions of the
Celestial Spheres") published in 1543,
presented his heliocentric model,
although it was met with resistance
initially.
2. Charles Darwin:
Contribution: He is best known for his
theory of evolution by natural
selection. His groundbreaking work,
most notably presented in his book "On
the Origin of Species" published in 1859,
proposed that species evolve over time
through the process of natural selection,
where organisms with advantageous
traits are more likely to survive and
reproduce, thus passing on those traits
to future generations. Darwin's theory
revolutionized biology and our
understanding of the diversity of life on
Earth. It provided a unifying framework
for understanding the processes driving
the development and adaptation of
species, and it remains one of the most
influential scientific theories in history.
3. Sigmund Freud:
Contribution: He is considered the
father of psychoanalysis, a method for
treating mental illness and
understanding human behavior. Freud's
work emphasized the role of the
unconscious mind and the significance
of early childhood experiences in
shaping personality and behavior. He
developed key concepts such as the id,
ego, and superego, as well as defense
mechanisms like repression and
projection. Freud's theories have had a
profound impact on psychology,
psychiatry, and cultural studies,
influencing fields such as literature, art,
and popular culture. While some
aspects of his theories have been
criticized and revised over time, Freud's
contributions to the understanding of
the human mind and behavior remain
significant.
Each of these personalities made enduring
contributions to their respective fields,
fundamentally altering the way we perceive
the universe, the natural world, and the
workings of the human mind.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND
NATION - BUILDING :
☁︎ Science and Technology hold the key
to the progress and development of
any nation.
☁︎ Technology plays a Fundamental
role in wealth creation, improvement of
the quality of life and real economic
growth and transformation in any
society.
☁︎ Improvement of the quality of life is
main role of science and technology in
Philippine national building.
COLONIAL PERIOD :
The Spanish colonial period of the
Philippines began when explorer
Ferdinand Magellan came to the
islands in 1521 and claimed it as a
colony for the Spanish Empire. The
period lasted until the Philippine
Revolution in 1898.
☁︎ Spain controlled the Philippines so
early and for so long, they were a
massive influence to the modern
Filipino culture.
☁︎ The colonization of the Philippines
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD :
According to these sources, the early
Filipinos had attained a generally
simple level of technological
development, compared with those of
the Chinese and Japanese, but this was
sufficient of their needs at that period of
time.
contributed to growth of science and
technology in the archipelago.
☁︎ They implemented farming and
field of engineering in the islands.
animal-raising systems. They
developed different modes of
transportation (terrestrial or maritime).
☁︎ Science during the American period
☁︎ The Spanish introduced formal
education and founded scientific
institution. Sanitation and more
advanced methods of agriculture were
taught to the natives.
☁︎ The Spanish also contributed to the
☁︎ Filipinos used plants and herbs as
was inclined towards agriculture, food
processing, forestry, medicine and
pharmacy.
medicines.
☁︎ Science and technology in the
☁︎ Cordillera natives built rice terraces
Philippines advanced rapidly during the
American regime. In 1947, the Bureau of
Science was reorganized into an
Institute of Science. In the same year, an
incorporating complicated irrigation
systems.
Institute of Nutrition, and in 1952, the Science
Foundation of the Philippines (SFP) were created
and placed (along with the Institute of Science)
under the Office of the President.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD :
Development of science and technology
continued after the country had finally
reached independence. There is
however, one president whose policies
became a catalyst in transforming
science and technology as an integral
part of the government by
institutionalizing and formalizing the
establishment of a science and
technology office in the country.
☁︎ Under Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration
(PAG-ASA) was established which
replaced the Weather Bureau. The
Philippine Science High School was also
established under Republic Act 3661
otherwise known as the PSHS.
☁︎ During Ferdinand Marcos'
presidency, the importance given to
science grew. In the amended 1973
Philippine Constitution, Article XV,
Section 9 (1), he declared that the
‘’advancement of science and
technology shall have priority in the
national development.’’
☁︎ In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
administration, the science and
technology sector of the Philippines
was dubbed as the "golden age" of
science and technology by then
secretary Estrella Albastro.
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Science and technology in the Philippines describes scientific and
technological progress made by the Philippines and
analyses related policy issues. Science and
technology have facilitated human life and made
us feel comfortable and enabled us to live in a
modern way of life. With the help of things like
microwaves, fans, smartphones, and cars, science
and technology have made cooking, and
communicating and transportation easier and faster.
Science and technology make life easier and more
comfortable for humans.
➥
Science and technology enable us to
save both time and money.
➥
Science and technology open up new
perspectives of understanding.
➥
Science and technology aid in the
advancement of the field of education.
What are the contributions of the :
➥
☁︎ In 1986, during Corazon Aquino’ s
presidency, the National Science and
Technology Authority was replaced by
the Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and
technology a representation in the
cabinet.
➥
☁︎ Fidel V. Ramos believes that science
and technology was one of the means
wherein the Philippines could attain the
status of new industrialized country
(NIC). During his term, he was able to
establish programs that were significant
to the field of S&T. In 1993, the Science
and Technology Agenda for National
Development (STAND) was established.
☁︎ In President Joseph Estrada’s term,
two major legislations that he signed
were Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
and Electronic Commerce Act of 2000.
➥
(google)
PRE COLONIAL society and the
government created a strong base
for agriculture, small-scale
industries, handicraft industries,
trade, and fisheries. It was the era of
pre-colonial government when
military power was increased.
Political power was enlarged as well
which has a strong effect till today.
During the COLONIAL PERIOD,
there were several contributions in
the fields of science, technology, and
nation-building: science and
medicine, technology,
nation-building, education,
industrialization and more.
POST-COLONIAL establishes
intellectual spaces for subaltern
peoples to speak for themselves, in
their own voices, and thus produce
cultural discourses of philosophy,
language, society, and economy,
balancing the imbalanced
us-and-them binary
power-relationship between the
colonist and the colonial subjects. /
Science and Technology, Space
Exploration, Cultural Revival,
Democratic Governance and more.