OTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL,
LEMONGRASS OIL, AND BANANA PEELS AS AN
ALTERNATIVE ECO-FRIENDLY SHOE POLISH
A Research Paper
Presented to the Senior High School Faculty
Southwestern University PHINMA
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for Research inScience, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)/Capstone
Page |1
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subjects PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2 (APP 006). This research paper entitled “THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL, LEMONGRASS OIL, AND BANANA PEEL AS AN
ALTERNATIVE ECO-FRIENDLY SHOE POLISH” prepared and submitted by
“ABEAR, SAMANTHA JASMINE, ABLAN, ALTHEA NICOLE, AGOSILA,
ARONA JANE, AGUIPO, JELO, ALCALA, GWENYTH HERZCHEN, ALFECHE,
ANGEL ANN MAE, ANCAJAS, JASMIN, ANCAO, DANA NICOLE RYN,
AYUDA, CYNTHIA MARIE, BAQUERO, RYDEL is hereby recommended for
PROPOSAL HEARING.
MELBIN A. DUCUSIN, LPT
Adviser
Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical
Research 2 (APP 006) by the Proposal Hearing Committee.
Panel
Panel
ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject
Proposal Research 2 (APP 006).
JERCIK DUABAN, LPT
SHS Principal
Date of Proposal Hearing:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .i
APPROVAL SHEET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . iii
LIST OF FIGURES …. . . . . . … ..… ..… ..… ..… ...… . . . ..… ...… ..… …....................iv
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
A. Rationale/Background of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 4
B. THE PROBLEM
i.
Statement of the Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. .5
ii. Research Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .6
C. Conceptual Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .7
D. Conceptual Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 7
E. Significance of the Study . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
F. Scope and Delimitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
G. Definition of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
H. RELATED LITERATURE REVIEW
i.
Related Legal Basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
ii. Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
iii. Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .13
iv. Justification of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.15
I.
Materials and Methods
i.
Research Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .16
ii. Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 16
iii. Equipment Apparatus/Utensils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 16
iv. Research Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 17
v.
Evaluation of the Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 18
vi. Statistical Treatment . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
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J.
Gantt Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . … . . . . . . . 21
K. Bibliography/References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . 21
L. Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 24
i.
Appendix A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. 24
ii. Appendix B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .26
M. Curriculum Vitae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: The Conceptual Framework of the Study. (IPO Model)
Figure 2.1: Improvised set up of Steam Distillation process
Figure 2.2: Flow chart of the Procedure of the Study Entitled “The Effectiveness of
Activated Charcoal, Lemongrass Oil, and Banana Peel as an Alternative Eco-Friendly
Shoe Polish
Figure 3: Timeline of the Study
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
The Rationale of the Study
In recent times, there has been a heightened global awareness of environmental
issues, necessitating a shift towards eco-friendly alternatives for common consumer
products. Conventional shoe polish products, readily available in the market, typically
comprise a mixture of synthetic chemicals and petroleum-based ingredients. This
chemical composition not only makes a substantial contribution to environmental
pollution but also poses a significant threat to ecosystems. Consequently, the research
seeks to explore natural alternatives for shoe polish, aligning closely with the broader
objective of mitigating the environmental impact associated with everyday consumer
goods. Furthermore, the well-being and safety of users hold paramount significance.
Traditional shoe polish products are recognized for emitting volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) during application, potentially posing health risks to individuals.
Thus, it is imperative to explore safer alternatives to address these concerns.
Additionally, the production and disposal of conventional shoe polish items involve
significant resource consumption and contribute to resource depletion. This
underscores the necessity to conduct research aimed at promoting and developing ecofriendly alternatives that foster responsible resource management.
The issue prompting this research is the widespread use of traditional shoe
polish, which contains synthetic chemicals and petroleum-based ingredients. This is
concerning for several reasons. Firstly, there is a significant environmental impact
associated with it, leading to pollution, resource extraction, and energy consumption.
Secondly, it poses health risks for users due to emissions of harmful VOCs during use,
highlighting the need for safer options. Lastly, the changing consumer mindset, with
a focus on environmental concerns, has created a demand for innovative products that
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address these environmental and health concerns issues. This growing demand for ecofriendly alternatives emphasizes the need to explore and create sustainable shoe polish
options.
There are important laws to consider for this study. Environmental regulations
that control the use and disposal of hazardous materials, often found in traditional shoe
polish, are essential to consider. Following the regulations is vital for the development
and marketing of eco-friendly alternatives to ensure environmental responsibility.
Additionally, there are consumer safety standards related to the safety of products,
their labels, and information provided to consumers. Ensuring that any eco-friendly
shoe polish options meet these safety standards is imperative to protect consumers and
maintain product quality and integrity.
This research supports global sustainability goals and deals with real-world
concerns about protecting the environment, keeping consumers safe, and creating
sustainable products. The credibility of this study is further enhanced by its
commitment to conducting a systematic and scientific investigation, evaluating the
effectiveness of activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel as eco-friendly
shoe polish ingredients.
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
This research aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for
shoe polish, utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil,
and Activated Charcoal. By repurposing banana peel waste, it addresses an
environmental concern while striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
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1. How efficient is the alternative eco-friendly shoe polish (activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peel) in terms of:
1.1 pH value
1.2 Longevity
1.3 Shine
2. How efficient is the commercial shoe polish in terms of:
2.1 pH value
2.2 Longevity
2.3 Shine
3. Is there a significant difference between the use of eco-friendly shoe polish and
commercial shoe polish in terms of pH value, longevity, and shine?
Research Hypotheses
1. Ho: There is no significant difference in the overall effectiveness of the ecofriendly (activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel) shoe polish.
Ha: There is a significant difference in the overall effectiveness of the ecofriendly (activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel) shoe polish.
2. Ho: There is no significant difference in the overall effectiveness of the
commercial shoe polish.
Ha: There is a significant difference in the overall effectiveness of the
commercial shoe polish.
3. Ho: There is no significant difference between the use of eco-friendly shoe
polish and commercial shoe polish.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the use of eco-friendly shoe
polish and commercial shoe polish.
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Conceptual Framework
The Effectiveness of Activated Charcoal, Lemongrass
Oil, and Banana Peel as an Alternative Eco-Friendly
Shoe Polish
- Experimentation and
-Activated Charcoal
-Lemongrass Oil
-Banana Peel
- Leather &
Synthetic Shoes
Testing



Shine assessment
Longevity test
pH Value
- Observational log
checklist
- One-way ANOVA
comparisons
Level of
Effectiveness of
Alternative EcoFriendly Shoe Polish
using Activated
Charcoal,
Lemongrass Oil, and
Banana Peel
Figure 1.1 The Conceptual Framework of the Study. (IPO Model)
Conceptual Background
The first process is to test the performance of the eco-friendly shoe polish and
a commercially produced shoe polish. Depending on the outcomes, the researchers
will determine the effectiveness of the alternative eco-friendly shoe polish and the
commercial shoe polish.
Figure 1.1 shows the tests that both groups will go through. The shine,
longevity, and pH values of both will be examined. The results of the tests that both
shoe polish will go through lead to the understanding of the difference between the
effectiveness as a shoe care product.
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Significance of the Study
Through the combination of nature-derived elements, this research contributes
to the following:
Consumers. They use shoe polish as a part of our grooming routine. Hence,
individuals can benefit from this study as they gain knowledge and make informed
choices about eco-friendly alternatives, such as our study, and minimize the ecological
footprint.
Manufacturers. Using Eco-friendly shoe polish alternatives makes the job
easier for manufacturers as these ingredients are nature-derived elements and are not
harmful to both the environment and human health. Many shoe polishes contain
harmful chemicals that can irritate the skin, cause respiratory problems, and even cause
cancer.
Environment. Often shoe polish products include harmful chemicals and nonbiodegradable elements such as petroleum distillates, dyes, synthetic fragrances,
silicone, waxes, etc., contributing to pollution and disrupting ecosystems. Integrating
banana peel into shoe polish formulation contributes to waste reduction. Through the
innovative utilization of discarded materials to develop another usable, safe, and nontoxic product thereby minimizing organic waste.
Scope & Limitations of the Study
The study focuses on determining the effectiveness of activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peels as an alternative eco-friendly shoe polish. Activated
charcoal, known for its absorbent properties, helps remove stains and restores color.
Lemongrass oil contributes a fresh citrus fragrance, antibacterial attributes, and a
natural shine enhancement. Banana peels offer natural conditioning, and a costeffective, eco-friendly recycling ingredient. The gathered data will be limited to testing
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the visible characteristics of the shoe polish such as the color, shine, longevity, and pH
value. To collect the necessary data to test its effectiveness, it mainly focuses on the
production process of shoe polish making and test trials; and the results of the overall
efficiency of activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel as an alternative ecofriendly shoe polish in terms of shine, longevity, and pH value.
The limitation of this research would be confined to the specific ingredients
mentioned and their potential applications in shoe polishing. Our research will
concentrate on decreasing the rate of solid waste that is very rampant in our country.
However, the study will address the environmental benefits of the said study, but will
not conduct a thorough cycle assessment of the materials, including their carbon
footprint during disposal and extraction. The study will only take into account the
necessary ingredients that make this product sustainable and resourceful. Finally, we
will not fully explore the long-term effects of shoe polish. The study aims to provide
valuable insights into eco-friendly shoe polish within the parameter.
Definition of Terms
Shoe Polish. A substance made by researchers with Lemongrass oil, Activated
Charcoal, and Banana Peel to add shine and color to shoes.
Alternative. Refers to clear and specific descriptions of how the activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peel were used as potential substitutes for traditional shoe
polish. This could include details about their preparation, application methods, and
effectiveness in providing shine and protection to shoes.
Banana Peel. A primary ingredient in shoe polish. Potassium and oils can be found in
Bananas, resulting in a powerful natural shoe polish. Containing natural oils helps
shoes last longer.
P a g e | 10
Activated charcoal. Refers to finely powdered, porous carbon material derived from
natural sources, which is activated to increase its adsorption properties. This activated
charcoal is mixed with banana peel and lemongrass oil and applied to shoe surfaces,
aiming to assess its ability to provide shine and protection as an eco-friendly shoe
polish alternative.
Effectiveness. Refers to the ability of the product – containing activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peel – to visibly enhance the shine and color of shoes,
demonstrating results that are comparable to or better than traditional shoe polish.
Longevity. Duration of the eco-friendly shoe polish. It may relate to the shine,
protection, or other properties of the shoe polish that persist over time.
pH value. Measure the acidity or alkalinity of the product using a pH meter.
Shine. The visual brilliance imparted by the eco-friendly shoe polish. Its ability to
enhance and maintain the glossy appearance of different types of shoes.
Eco-Friendly. It means being designed to have little or no damaging effect on the
environment. (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
P a g e | 11
Related Literature Review
In this section, the researchers will explore and synthesize existing literature
and studies that are relevant to the research, providing a comprehensive understanding
of the background and context surrounding the study.
Related Legal Basis
Republic Act No. 6969, also known as “Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990”, implemented by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), emphasizes the importance of
management and control of toxic substances and hazardous waste activities. An
example of a product that uses toxic chemicals is shoe polish, which may contain
organic solvents, naphtha, turpentine, ethylene glycol, and other chemicals, that can
cause symptoms if left on the skin or inhaled into the lungs. By exploring alternative
materials, our research contributes to the objectives of Republic Act No. 6969,
promoting a more sustainable approach in the footwear industry.
Republic Act. No 7394, “Consumer Act of the Philippines”, was enacted to
protect the interest of the consumer, provision of information, and safe quality
products. By exploring alternative ingredients in shoe polish, this study aligns with the
Consumer Act’s objectives of protecting consumers against hazards to health and
safety
Further supporting this research is Republic Act No. 9003, the "Ecological
Solid Waste Management Act of 2000", which mandates proper waste segregation
emphasizing the reduction, recycling, and proper disposal of solid waste to minimize
environmental impact. Aligned with Republic Act No. 9003, this study assesses their
effectiveness and contributes to reducing non-biodegradable waste from traditional
shoe polish, promoting waste reduction and environmentally responsible practices in
the footwear industry.
P a g e | 12
Related Literature
Eco-Friendly Product Development. In today’s era, creating products in a way
that helps the environment has become imperative to address modern environmental
concerns. With consumers increasingly valuing eco-friendly options, researchers have
been exploring ways to develop products that are both effective and environmentally
responsible. The study found that these natural ingredients can be used to create a
compelling and environmentally friendly shoe polish that is safe for both people and
the planet (JETIR, 2018). Eco-friendly shoe polish alternatives not only deliver a
durable shine but also safeguard the environment and promote well-being. The
advancement of such eco-friendly shoe polish alternatives is an important step towards
creating a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future, especially for the
fashion industry.
Banana Peel Extracts as a Polishing Alternative. Banana peels, often
considered a mere waste, have accumulated attention due to their rich content of
nutrients and antioxidants. According to a study published in PMC (2021), banana
peels are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants, making them a valuable
source of natural compounds with potential health benefits. These compounds exhibit
free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, which could be
advantageous for skin care and other applications. The inclusion of banana peel
extracts aligns with the growing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable consumer
products. In their study, Hikal et al., (2022) emphasize the importance of utilizing
agricultural waste materials, such as banana peels, for value-added applications. This
approach resonates with the study's aim of repurposing natural waste products to
develop eco-friendly alternatives to traditional shoe polish.
Lemongrass oil as natural polish. Lemongrass oil is renowned for its
antimicrobial and fragrant attributes, making it a potential candidate for natural shoe
P a g e | 13
polish, as it can help maintain hygiene in shoes. Research indicates that as lemongrass
oil possesses antibacterial and antifungal properties, it can be effective against a
variety of bacteria. Lemongrass oil's antimicrobial and fragrant attributes make it a
suitable natural alternative for maintaining shoe hygiene (Schulman, 2019).
Activated charcoal in shoe polish. Activated charcoal is a form of carbon that
has been treated with oxygen to make it highly porous and able to adsorb toxins and
chemicals (Huizen, 2022). Activated charcoal has also been used in skincare products
to help absorb excess oil and impurities from the skin (Petre, 2021). In the context of
shoe polish, activated charcoal offers intriguing possibilities. Traditional shoe polishes
often contain petroleum-based ingredients and harmful chemicals that can affect both
human health and the environment. Activated charcoal’s ability to give color and
remove dirt, toxins, and odors from surfaces makes it an effective and eco-friendly
alternative to traditional shoe polish products.
Impact of traditional shoe polish on the environment. It has been revealed that
the footwear industry accounts for 1.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions (Quantis,
2018). Therefore, as the footwear industry experiences ongoing growth, unless there
is a greater shift towards sustainability, the repercussion for the environment is only
set to get worse.
Related Studies
Banana peels are excellent at polishing leather. Bananas are naturally filled
with potassium. Combiths (2021) also stated that potassium happens to be a key
ingredient in commercial shoe polish to clean and shine leather. Balanon (2014)
explores the use of banana peel extract as an ingredient in shoe polish, focusing on the
maintenance of leather shoes. Banana peels contain tannin, which is used for tanning
leather. Proper care and maintenance are essential for maintaining shiny, new-looking
P a g e | 14
shoes and prolonging their life. The product offers numerous benefits, making it a
promising addition to the shoe polish industry.
One of the most popular fruits farmed in the Philippines and a reliable top cash
maker is the banana. Bananas are plentiful in our nation due to the tropical
environment. Our country has more than 50 different varieties of banana. (Aguirre,
2022).
The analytic result of the study conducted revealed that the lacatan banana
peeling, a kind of banana found in the Philippines, has the potential to replace shoe
polish cream. The banana has a wide range of applications, including the use of huge
leaves as umbrellas. She suggested conducting further research or using a more exact
ratio of banana peel extract to maximize its effectiveness (Crisostomo, J. A., 2013).
In Akter and Parvin's (2018) study, their research into the effectiveness of
different shoe polish samples revealed valuable insights into the significance of
parameters such as melting point, pH levels, and moisture content. The analysis
indicated that Sample-3, containing 15g of banana peel extract, 1 ml of lemongrass
oil, and 20g of beeswax, with its lower melting point and neutral pH range, emerged
as the best option for shoe polish formulation. Furthermore, Akter and Parvin's
findings stated the potential of banana peel as a sustainable ingredient for shoe polish
production, offering natural cleaning and shining properties while contributing to
waste reduction and environmental sustainability. The absence of harmful chemicals
in the experiment highlighted the potential for safer and healthier shoe polish
alternatives.
Although shoe polish comes in a variety of colors, including brown, black is
the most popular. When handled improperly, shoe polish may be poisonous,
flammable, and discolored skin. Based on its qualities that can serve as the primary
P a g e | 15
source or ingredients of shoe polish, the researchers came up with a concept that can
be combined as a substitute colorant. Since charcoal has a dark gray or black hue,
which is one of the characteristics of shoe polish, it was determined that the most
prevalent color feature of shoe polish can be found in charcoal. As a result, the
researcher created a shoe polish manufactured from charcoal (Vez, J.,2015).
A study by Luzande (2019) aims to reduce harmful chemicals in shoe polish
production by using Dalandan peel shoe polish. The process involves boiling Dalandan
peel, grilling it, pounding it, melting paraffin wax, petroleum jelly, and essential oil,
mixing it with powdered charcoal, and applying it to shoes. 25 ml of extract, 4 tsp of
charcoal, 4 tsp of paraffin wax, and 1/2 tsp of petroleum jelly are all used in the project.
The outcome is more pleasing because it develops a soft and silky texture and
resembles the professional shoe polish sold in stores almost perfectly.
A study by Derbe et al. (2021) stated that the prepared shoe polish using
charcoal exhibited excellent gloss, dust adsorption, fading, and rub resistance after
three wearing days, making it a viable alternative to commercially available shoe
polishes.
Justification of the Proposed Study
Traditional shoe polish often contains a mixture of synthetic chemicals and
petroleum-based ingredients, which poses a significant threat to not just ecosystems,
but also human health. The issue prompting this research is the widespread use of
traditional shoe polish, which contains synthetic chemicals and petroleum-based
ingredients. This is concerning for several reasons. Firstly, there is a significant
environmental impact associated with it, leading to pollution, resource extraction, and
energy consumption. Secondly, it poses health risks for users due to emissions of
harmful VOCs during use, highlighting the need for safer options. Lastly, the changing
consumer mindset, with a focus on environmental concerns, has created a demand for
P a g e | 16
innovative products that address these environmental and health concerns issues. This
growing demand for eco-friendly alternatives emphasizes the need to explore and
create sustainable shoe polish options. Activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana
peel are all environmentally friendly, unlike commercial ones. The aforementioned
natural ingredients can be found in our homes, such as coconut shells and lemon as
raw materials for making activated charcoal, the oil of lemongrass, and banana peels,
and are cost-effective and safe.
This research supports global sustainability goals and deals with real-world
concerns about protecting the environment, keeping consumers safe, and creating
sustainable products. The credibility of this study is further enhanced by its
commitment to conducting a systematic and scientific investigation, evaluating the
effectiveness of activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel as an alternative
eco-friendly shoe polish.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Method
This study employs a two-group design to compare the efficacy of
commercialized shoe polish and alternative eco-friendly shoe polish. The first group
utilizes commercially available shoe polish commonly found in markets, while the
second group focuses on alternative eco-friendly specifically comprising Banana
(Musa paradisiaca) peel, activated charcoal, and lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon
citratus).
P a g e | 17
Materials
The materials to be used in this study are 25ml of banana peel, 25 ml of coconut
oil, 5 pcs. of lemongrass plant, and 4 tsp. of beeswax.
Table 1.1 Table of the materials
Qt.
2 tbsp.
Banana peels
100 g
Lemongrass oil
20 g
Beeswax
Material
Table 1.2 Materials used in preparation for making activated charcoal
Qt
Material
2
Coconut shells
5 pcs
Lemon
Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils
Equipment and utensils that the researchers will utilize in this study are
mortar and pestle, digital scale, strainer, and etc. Table 2 shows the equipment and
utensils used in the extracting of the lemongrass oil.
Table 2.1. Equipment to be used
Qt.
Measurement
1
-
3
300 ml
1
Milligram scale
1
-
2
Various
Equipment/Apparatus
Mortar and Pestle
Beaker
Digital Scale
Heating apparatus/stove
Mixing containers
2
Strainer
1
pH meter
P a g e | 18
Table 2.2 Equipment to be used in preparation for making activated charcoal
Qt
Measurement
Equipment/Apparatus
2
100 ml
Drinking glass
2
100 ml
Food container (with cover)
1
18 x 18
Used cloth/cheesecloth
1
-
Hammer
Research Procedure
The researchers start by looking into how to make activated charcoal out of
coconut shells. By utilizing dried-out coconut shells and then burning them to create
charcoal for 30 minutes. Rinse the charcoal to remove the ashes, and then add calcium
chloride (lemon juice as an alternative) and water, do this in a 1:3 ratio. Mix it with
the charcoal coconut shell combination and let sit for 24 hours covered. Once 24 hours
is up, drain out the water using the cloth filtration method. Heat the filtered charcoal
on a low heat for 2 hours to activate it. Finally, to make sure that there are no charcoal
chunks left, the researchers will use a blender (or mortar and pestle) to further
pulverize the charcoal, and you now have your activated charcoal.
The extraction process of the lemongrass oil will be done through a steam
distillation process. The researchers intend to use improvised apparatus such as a big
pot with a curve cover, a strainer, and an oven-safe small container. Figure 2 will show
the improvised setup of the steam distillation process.
P a g e | 19
Figure 2.1. Improvised setup of Steam Distillation Process
Firstly, prepare the materials and equipment to be used. Put the strainer above
the pot. Next, fill the big pot with purified water, enough to not reach the (bottom of
the) strainer. Put the lemongrass, still intact with its roots, on each side of the strainer.
Place the oven-safe container on the center of the strainer as this will serve as the
receiving vessel. Position the lid of the big pot inside out and fill this with ice as much
as it can hold. Lastly, turn on the heat to begin the steam distillation process and you
will have your lemongrass oil extraction.
This marks the last step process of the polish product-- To extract potassium
from banana peels, we used a bunch of banana peelings as our main raw material. After
a good rinse with distilled water, it will be chopped into pieces. Boil the banana peels
for 30 minutes and grind this. The double boiler method will be used by the
researchers. The double boiler method involves placing a heatproof bowl containing
ingredients over a pot of simmering water. This indirect heat melts or heats ingredients
slowly and evenly without scorching or overheating them. It ensures precise control
and helps maintain the desired texture and consistency of the ingredients being heated
or melted.
P a g e | 20
Fill the big pot with tap water, enough to not go over the oven-safe bowl
(placed in the middle of the big pot) and turn on the heat (low). 1/16 teaspoon of
Beeswax will be placed into the oven safe bowl, followed by the boiled banana peels,
and 4 tsp. of the extracted lemongrass oil. Mix and stir these together r slowly until a
creamy consistency. Lastly, add the activated charcoal made from coconut shells
gradually until a satisfied color. Remove the oven safe bowl and allow it to cool but
not solidify and pour this into a clean, dry, glass jar. Let it cool and store in a dry place.
Figure 2.2 Flow chart of the Procedure of the Study Entitled “The Effectiveness of
Activated Charcoal, Lemongrass Oil, and Banana Peel as an Alternative Eco-Friendly
Shoe Polish”
Evaluation of the Products
The key element we strive to attain in creating the product is its efficacy. The
researchers will use the Likert scale to determine the effectiveness of Activated
Charcoal, Lemongrass Oil, and Banana Peel as an alternative shoe polish. Table 3
shows the different levels and what they represent.
P a g e | 21
Scale and Verbal Interpretation of the Likert Scale
1- Very Poor
2- Poor
3- Average
4- Good
5- Excellent
Table 3. Rating scale: 5 as the highest rating (Excellent) and 1 as the lowest (Very
Poor) will represent the effectiveness of the alternative shoe polish.
Black (synthetic) Shoes
Shoe Polish Formulations
Physical Properties
Shine
Longevity
Commercial
Alternative
Commercial: Brand X
Alternative: Activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peel
pH value
Statistical Treatment
To determine the level of effectiveness of the Banana (Musa paradisiaca)
peel, activated charcoal, and lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus), the researchers
compared and analyzed the actual means of the experimental group (Banana
((Musa paradisiaca) peel, activated charcoal, and lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon
citratus)) and the control group (commercial shoe polish). For the effectiveness level
of using alternative eco-friendly shoe polish and commercial shoe polish, the mean
will apply.
P a g e | 22
Mean. To analyze the mean scores of the items in the effectiveness level of
using alternative eco-friendly shoe polish and commercial shoe polish, this formula
is to be used:
Where:
X = The sum of scores
n = number of observations
T-test. This compares the means of the alternative eco-friendly shoe polish
and the commercial shoe polish for the researchers to determine whether there is
statistical evidence that the population means are significantly different.
CHAPTER 2
P a g e | 23
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter contains a detailed presentation and discussion of data analysis,
findings, and results of this study. The effectiveness of activated charcoal, lemongrass
oil, and banana peel as an alternative eco-friendly shoe polish will be assessed through
multiple trials, testing the pH value, longevity, and shine along with a commercial
shoe polish, too, to see the difference.
Presentation of Data
This section rejects or accepts the null and alternative hypotheses of the
research study. Data used during the testing of pH value, longevity, and shine of the
alternative eco-friendly shoe polish was compared to a commercial shoe polish.
Ho: There is no significant difference in the overall effectiveness of the eco-friendly
(activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel) shoe polish.
Ha: There is a significant difference in the overall effectiveness of the eco-friendly
(activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel) shoe polish.
Ho: There is no significant difference in the overall effectiveness of the commercial
shoe polish.
Ha: There is a significant difference in the overall effectiveness of the commercial
shoe polish.
Table 2.1 pH Value Testing of the Two Shoe Polish
Shoe Polish
Alternative
Trial 1
7.57
Trial 2
7.64
Trial 3
7.51
x̄
7.57
s
0.065
Rating
5
Commercial
6.60
6.87
7.10
6.85
0.25
5
Figure 2.1 pH Value Testing Rating Scale
P a g e | 24
pH Value
Level of Effectiveness Rating
Rating Interpretation
6.5 – 8
5
Excellent
5 – 6.5 / 8 – 9
4
Good
4 - 5 / 9 – 11.5
3
Average
2.5 – 4 / 11.5 – 12.5
2
Poor
0 – 2.5 / 12.5 – 14
1
Very poor
Table 2.1 shows the pH value testing performed by the alternative eco-friendly
shoe polish using activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel, and the
commercial shoe polish after melting the waxes and measured using a pH meter. After
three consecutive pH value trials, the overall mean value of the alternative eco-friendly
shoe polish is 7 .57 and 6.85 for the commercial shoe polish. Based on the results, the
Ho is accepted and true.
Table 2.2 Longevity Testing on the Two Shoe Polish
Shoe Polish
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
x̄
s
Rating
Alternative
24+
19
24+
22
2.89
5
Commercial
20
23
23
22
1.73
5
Figure 2.2 Longevity Testing Rating Scale
More than 24 hours
5
Excellent
18 – 24 hours
4
Good
9 - 18 hours
3
Average
5 – 8 hours
2
Poor
0 – 4 hours
1
Very poor
According to Table 2.2, the longevity testing of the alternative ecofriendly shoe polish and the commercial shoe polish was conducted. As shown in the
P a g e | 25
table, a mean value of 22 and 20 for the alternative and commercial shoe polish was
computed in hours. As a result, the standard deviation of each shoe polish was found
to be 2.89 for alternative eco-friendly shoe polish and 1.73 for the commercial shoe
polish. Based on the obtained data, the alternative shoe polish has comparable average
number of hours to commercial shoe polish.
Table 2.3 Shine Assessment on the Two Shoe Polish Using the Likert Scale
SHINE ASSESSMENT
Respondents
Alternative
Commercial
1
5
2
2
4
2
3
5
3.5
4
5
4
5
4
2
6
5
3
7
5
3
8
5
3
9
5
3
10
5
2
Total
48
27.5
Mean
4.8
2.75
Shine Level
96%
55%
Standard Deviation
0.42
0.72
Figure 2.3 Shine Assessment Rating Scale
P a g e | 26
Rating
4.1 - 5
Shine Level
Rating Interpretation
Very High – Intensely glossy, exhibiting maximum shine
81-100%
3.1 - 4
61-80%
High – Glossy appearance with significant shine
2.1 - 3
41-60%
Moderate – Noticeable with some reflection
1.1 - 2
21-40%
Low – Slight luster but not reflective
0.1 - 1
0-20%
Very Low – No noticeable shine
Table 2.3 above shows the level of effectiveness of the alternative eco-friendly
shoe polish and the commercial shoe polish in terms of shine assessment. Using the
Likert Scale to determine the shine level of the tested shoe polish and respondents, it
was determined that the alternative eco-friendly shoe polish achieved a calculated
mean of 4.8 and a standard deviation of 0.42 and the commercial shoe polish with 2.75
for mean and a standard deviation of 0.72. Interpretations of “intensely glossy,
exhibiting maximum shine” for the alternative shoe polish and “noticeable with some
reflection” for the commercial shoe polish show that the alternative eco-friendly shoe
polish performed better in the shine assessment.
Ho: There is no significant difference between the use of eco-friendly shoe polish and
commercial shoe polish in terms of pH value, longevity, and shine.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the use of eco-friendly shoe polish and
commercial shoe polish in terms of pH value, longevity, and shine.
Table 2.4 Differences between using activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana
peel as an alternative eco-friendly shoe polish and a commercial shoe polish.
DF
Alternative
3
Commercial
3
pH
Value
Longevity Shine
Mean
SD
F-
T-
Value
Value
P a g e | 27
The table above presents the differences between using activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peel as an alternative eco-friendly shoe polish and
commercial shoe polish. According to the analysis done through T-test, there is –
significant difference in the pH values of the shoe polishes. The result also reveals that
there is no significant difference between the longevity testing of the shoe polishes.
Moreover, the shine assessment indicates that there is – significant difference between
the alternative eco-friendly shoe polish and commercial shoe polish.
P a g e | 28
CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance an ecofriendly alternative that included activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel
with a commercial shoe polish in terms of longevity, shine, and pH value with an ecofriendly alternative that included activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel.
The null hypothesis (Ho) stated there is no significant difference in effectiveness
between the two types of shoe polish, while the alternative hypothesis (Ha) suggested
a significant difference.
The researchers conducted the pH value testing through a pH meter and the
results can be seen on table 2.1. The commercial shoe polish and the eco-friendly
alternative shoe polish were tested for pH levels. The pH level is crucial as it can have
an effect on the longevity of shoes as well as their material qualities. The alternative
shoe polish had a mean pH of 7.57 but the mean pH of the commercial shoe polish
was 6.85, Statistical analysis, which could involve techniques like a t-test or ANOVA,
was conducted to compare the pH values of the two polishes. The outcome of this
analysis led to rejecting the null hypothesis (Ho), indicating whether there was no
significant difference in pH values between the two types of shoe polish.
The alternative shoe polish had a mean pH of 7.57 but the mean pH of the
commercial shoe polish was 6.85, The purpose of the longevity tests, as shown in
Table 2.1, was to ascertain how long each shoe polish's protective qualities and shine
persisted. The commercial shoe polish had a mean lifetime of 20 hours, but the ecofriendly alternative showed a mean longevity of 22 hours. Compared to the
commercial shoe polish, the alternative polish showed preeminent longevity.
P a g e | 29
A Likert scale was utilized to evaluate the shine of each polish, where
respondents rated the shine level of each polish, on table 2.13. The eco-friendly option
got a mean shine level of 4.8, but the commercial shoe polish had a mean shine level
of 2.75. Standard deviations were provided for both polishes, indicating the variability
in shine level ratings. The interpretations of shine levels provided insight into the
quality of shine achieved by each polish, with the alternative eco-friendly polish
performing significantly better according to the ratings.
In summary, the study's findings suggest that the alternative eco-friendly shoe
polish, composed of activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel, exhibits
superior characteristics compared to the commercial shoe polish in terms of pH value,
longevity, and shine. These conclusions were drawn based on statistical analyses that
compared means, standard deviations, and potentially other relevant metrics to
determine the significance of differences between the two types of shoe polish.
Conclusions
Based on the study’s findings, the researchers accept the null hypothesis, which
stated that there is no significant difference between the use of eco-friendly shoe polish
and commercial shoe polish in terms of pH value, longevity, ands shine testing. The
alternative eco-friendly shoe polish composed of actuvated charcoal, lemongrass oil,
and banana peel outperformed the commercial shoe polish by examining the pH value
testing through a pH meter and significant differences between the alternative ecofriendly shoe polish that included activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel
and the commercial shoe polish. It can be incurred out of the results gathered that the
eco-friendly shoe polish stands on the neutral range and this range is considered as a
better shoe polish.
P a g e | 30
By having the difference in longevity tests between the alternative eco-friendly
shoe polish activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana peel having a mean of 22
hours and the commercial shoe polish having a mean of 20 hours. With the alternative
eco-friendly shoe polish performing good in longevity performance.
Based on the conducted test, the alternative eco-friendly shoe polish performs
better than the commercial shoe polish in terms of shine through visual observations.
Overall, the study's conclusions indicate that the alternative eco-friendly shoe
polish made of lemongrass oil, banana peel, and activated charcoal showcases superior
performance compared to the commercial shoe polish. Based on the conductive tests,
alternative eco-friendly shoe polish reflects effectiveness in terms of pH value,
longevity, and shine.
Recommendations
For further studies concerning the sustainability of activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peel as an alternative eco-friendly shoe polish, it is
recommended to test the effectiveness of the shoe polish. As to the improvement of
the shoe polish, it is suggested to keep enhancing the quality of the alternative shoe
polish while also maintaining its title “eco-friendly” for a wider acceptability rate from
potential users.
Following the study in determining the effectiveness of activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peel as an alternative eco-friendly shoe polish, from the
conclusions based on the findings, it is recommended that:

To utilize other apparatus, materials, and techniques to improve the quality
and testing of the alternative eco-friendly shoe polish.
P a g e | 31

Conduct a feasibility study on the availability of waste materials in the
community that can be repurposed to create an alternative eco-friendly
shoe polish.

To experiment with using activated charcoal, lemongrass oil, and banana
peel as an alternative eco-friendly shoe polish for polish other than black
shoes, such as boots, (other color) leather shoes, and loafers.

To have more financial support and to extend the study period by carrying
out further research.
P a g e | 32
Gantt Chart
Figure 3. Timeline of the Study
Bibliography/References
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viscosity https://frontiersrj.com/journals/ijfetr/
Aguirre,
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(2020).
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ZoA-XP3Xp6LCwUmCOEiIuP-EWZqJBUaHyqjWMS15iic
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APPENDICES
Appendix A
DATA INSTRUMENT
The Effectiveness of Activated Charcoal, Lemongrass Oil, and Banana Peel as
an Alternative Eco-Friendly Shoe Polish
Name:
Address:
Occupation:
Date:
Instructions: Please answer each item carefully by rating (1-5) the boxes that you
think best reflect the alternative eco-friendly shoe polish and commercially produced
shoe polish’s effectiveness in terms of their shine and longevity. On the pH value,
please provide the value shown by the meter.
Scale and Verbal Interpretation of the Likert Scale
1- Very Poor
2- Poor
Page |2
3- Average
4- Good
5- Excellent
Table 3. Rating Scale
Black (synthetic and leather) Shoes
Shoe Polish Formulations
Physical Properties
Shine
Longevity
Commercial
Alternative
Commercial: Brand X
Alternative: Activated charcoal,
lemongrass oil, and banana peel
pH value
Page |3
Appendix B
Laboratory Permission Letter
Page |4
CURRICULUM VITAE
Samantha Jasmine Abear
Luray II, Drilling, Toledo City
09158472090
jasmineabear1010@gmail.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful
alternative for shoe polish, utilizing readily available
materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable
and sustainable product accessible to a wide range
of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Teamwork
Active Listening Skills
Adaptability
Goal Oriented
Education
Consolatrix College of Toledo City
2011-2013
Consolatrix College of Toledo City
2013-2022
Southwestern University PHINMA
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
Page |5
Althea Nicole Ablan
B24 L31 Grand Terrace Heights Subdivision, Casili,
Consolacion 6001
0908 865 1694
altheanicoleablan.ana@gmail.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Time management
Strategic Thinking
Ability to work under pressure
Goal Oriented
Leadership
Education
Evangelical Theological College of the Philippines
Nazarene Christian Learning Center
2011-2013
2013-2018
Evangelical Theological College of the Philippines
2019-2022
Southwestern University PHINMA
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
Page |6
Arona Jane Agosila
Sitio Langub, Kalunasan, Cebu City
09159456563
aronajane@gmail.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Goal-oriented
Active Listening Skills
Critical Thinking
Oral Communication
Collaboration Skills
Education
Guadalupe Elementary School (2011-2018)
Abellana National School
Southwestern University PHINMA
2011-2013
2013-2022
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
Page |7
Jelo D. Aguipo
J. Labra Street Guadalupe Cebu City
09420440907
jeloaguipo09@gmail.con
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Teamwork
Active Listening Skills
Critical Thinking
Adaptability
Goal Oriented
Education
Guadalupe Elementary School (2011-2018)
Abellana National School
Southwestern University PHINMA
2011-2013
2013-2022
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
Page |8
Gwenyth Herzchen P. Alcala
Sitio Tugasan Guadalupe Cebu City
09164156969
gwenythherzchenalcala@gmail.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Teamwork
Active Listening Skills
Critical Thinking
Adaptability
Goal Oriented
Education
Guadalupe Elementary School (2011-2018)
Abellana National School
Southwestern University PHINMA
2011-2013
2013-2022
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
Page |9
Angel Ann Mae L. Alfeche
St. Inaad Gaas Balamban Cebu City
09287356452
alfecheangelannmae@gmail.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Teamwork
Adaptability
Education
Camputhaw Elementary School
Cantipla Integrated School
Southwestern University PHINMA
2011-2013
2013-2022
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
P a g e | 10
Jasmin S. Ancajas
Lower Cashra Nivel Hills Lahug Cebu City
09661752405
jasa.ancajas.swu@phinmaed.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Creativity
Teamwork
Adaptability
Education
City Central School
Junior High: Abellana National School
Southwestern University PHINMA
2011-2018
2018-2022
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
P a g e | 11
Dana Nicole Ryn D. Ancao
Paknaan Mandaue City, 6014
09398316358
dananicoleryn@gmail.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Time management
Strategic Thinking
Ability to work under pressure
Goal Oriented
Leadership
Education
Marc Agape Christian School
2011-2013
Mount Olives School of the Philippines
2013-2018
Benevolent Christian Children Academy
2019-2022
Southwestern University PHINMA
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
P a g e | 12
Cynthia Marie Ayuda
Tipolo Mandaue City
09686551060
cyco.ayuda.swu@phinmaed.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Teamwork
Active Listening Skills
Critical Thinking
Adaptability
Goal Oriented
Education
Tipolo Elementary School
2011-2013
Mandaue City Comprehensive National High-school
2013-2022
Southwestern University PHINMA
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.
P a g e | 13
Rydel L. Baquero
434 LL P.del Rosario Ext. Cebu City
09309816386
ryla.baquero.swu@phinmaed.com
Objective
aims to introduce an eco-friendly and resourceful alternative for shoe polish,
utilizing readily available materials such as Banana Peel, Lemongrass Oil, and
Activated Charcoal. Striving to create an affordable and sustainable product
accessible to a wide range of users within the community.
Skills & Abilities
Teamwork
Adaptability
Education
Cebu City Central School
Junior High: Abellana National School
Southwestern University PHINMA
2011-2013
2013-2022
2023-2024
Communication
Reminded the whole team to do and revise the papers to be passed on a
specific date and time, asked the leader about the clarifications for the
research papers, followed instructions for the letter and other appendices.