HLT First Aid - Student Manual
HLT - FIRST AID
STUDENT TRAINING MANUAL
IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This learning resource contains
the information for the theory
required to complete:
START Training GROUP

(03) 9756 0244
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bookings@starttraining.com.au
HLT – First Aid Manual
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• HLTAID009 - PROVIDE
CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
• HLTAID011 - PROVIDE FIRST
AID
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HLT First Aid - Student Manual
Start Training has developed this s t u d e n t m a n u a l specifically for the HLTFAID011 - Provide First Aid course
to assist you to complete your Level 2 First Aid certificate. The content also provides all necessary information to
complete HLTFAID009 - Provide Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
This student manual includes:
• Information about this course and how it will be conducted;
• Learning outcomes, you will achieve at the end of the course;
• First aid materials for some of the essential skills and knowledge you are required to meet the
performance criteria of this unit of competency;
This participant’s guide is designed to help you acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to:•
•
•
•
•
Recognise and apply workplace safety procedures for using chainsaws
Perform routine checks and maintenance on a chainsaw prior to use
Operate a chainsaw safely
Record and report any damage, malfunctions or irregular performance of the chainsaw
Clean, maintain and store chainsaw
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ...................................................................................................................................... 3
2.
HOW DOES THIS LEARNING MANUAL WORK? ............................................................................................................. 4
3.
WHAT IS FIRST AID? .................................................................................................................................................... 5
4.
DRSABCD..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.
DANGER ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.
AIRWAY....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7.
BREATHING ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
8.
RECOVERY POSITION ................................................................................................................................................. 10
9.
MOVING PATIENTS.................................................................................................................................................... 13
10.
SHOCK ................................................................................................................................................................... 14
11.
WOUNDS & BLEEDING .......................................................................................................................................... 15
12.
EMBEDDED OBJECTS ............................................................................................................................................. 16
13.
BANDAGING TECHNIQUES .................................................................................................................................... 17
14.
ASTHMA................................................................................................................................................................ 18
15.
ALLERGIC REACTIONS (INC ANAPHYLAXIS) ............................................................................................................ 19
16.
HEART DISORDERS ................................................................................................................................................ 20
17.
DIABETES .........................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
18.
STROKE ................................................................................................................................................................. 22
19.
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES ............................................................................................................................................... 23
20.
HYPERVENTILATION .............................................................................................................................................. 24
21.
FEBRILE CONVULSIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 25
22.
FRACTURES ..................................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
23.
DISLOCATION ........................................................................................................................................................ 27
24.
HEAD INJURIES ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
25.
PENETRATING CHEST INJURIES.............................................................................................................................. 30
26.
ABDOMINAL INJURIES........................................................................................................................................... 31
27.
BURNS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
28.
POISONS ............................................................................................................................................................... 33
29.
BITES & STINGS ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
30.
EXPOSURE TO HEAT ............................................................................................................................................. 36
31.
EXPOSURE TO COLD ................................................................................................................................................. 37
32.
FROSTBITE............................................................................................................................................................. 38
33.
FIRST AID KITS ..............................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
34.
REPORTING FIRST AID INCIDENTS ......................................................................................................................... 47
35.
SAMPLE CONFIDENTIAL CASUALTY REPORT .......................................................................................................... 48
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1.
THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW
It is important that you read the Terms and Conditions of your Booking Confirmation email that was sent
together with this pack. We recommend that you familiarise yourself with the Terms and Conditions
especially the training sections highlighted below:
Training
The training offered by Start Training provides skills and knowledge in first aid management but does NOT
constitute a medical q u alification . Start Training accepts no responsibility for the subsequent actions of
participants.
Training of this nature involves moderate physical activity, including kneeling and bending. Start Training does
not accept any responsibility for any harm suffered by you as a result of your participation in the sessions.
If you have any special need s (including those in relation to language, literacy or numeracy), a relevant
disability or condition, adverse reactions to the sight of blood or any other concerns, you should raise these
at the time of booking or before commencing this course.
Start Training reserves the right to end your involvement in a course if you fail to follow the directions, policies
or procedures communicated to you by the trainer.
Recognition of prior learning
Start Training recognises accredited first aid training by other Registered T r a i n i n g Organisations.
Applications for recognition should be made to the Training Manager prior to the commencement of the
course.
Assessment Criteria
For participants to gain accreditation, they must fulfil all the following criteria:
1.
Participants must attend all sessions and complete all assessments to a standard deemed to be competent by
the assessor.
2.
The assessment is based on interactive involvement and participation of discussion questions in all aspects of
the course.
3.
Practical demonstrations must be completed achieving 100% of all the required steps.
4.
Participants are required to complete a questionnaire / test for which they must achieve at least 90% accuracy.
If Participants fail to attend all sessions you will automatically be deemed ineligible to achieve your accreditation
(Note: Alternative assessment arrangements can be made with the trainer /assessor to complete missed course
elements).
Appeals process
Please review the student handbook attached to your booking confirmation
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2.
HOW DOES THIS LEARNING MANUAL WORK?
Simply work through the pages of this learning manual and complete or discuss each scenario
The scenarios are designed to assist you with assessing whether you understand the First Aid principles of the
section you have just reviewed.
You can also make notes on sections that you would like clarification or expansion, and bring it to the
attention of your Trainer.
This manual contains the answers to the workbook provided.
The material covered in this pack will be assessed during the practical work conducted throughout your course
sessions and at the end on the multiple choice / short answer questionnaire from your workbook.
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3.
WHAT IS FIRST AID?
First aid skills are based on knowledge, training and experience. First aid is the initial care or assistance of the sick or
injured, and usually is given by someone who is on the spot when a person becomes ill or injured. The skills of first aid
are for all.
The aims and established first aid principles are to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.
Promote a safe environment
Preserve Life
Prevent injury or illness from becoming worse
Help promote recovery
Provide comfort to the ill or injured.
Protect the unconscious casualty
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
The four actions required to give a person in cardiac arrest the best
chance of survival
A first aider should:
• Assess the situation quickly
• Identify the nature of the injury or illness as far as possible
• Arrange for emergency services to attend
• Manage the patient promptly and appropriately
• Stay with the patient until able to hand over to a health care
professional
• Give further help if necessary.
First aid management must take into account applicable aspects of:
• The setting in which first aid is provided, including:
• workplace policies and procedures
• industry/site specific regulations, codes etc.
• OHS requirements
• state and territory workplace health and safety legislative
requirements
• location and nature of the incident
• situational risks associated with, for example, electrical and
biological hazards, weather, motor vehicle accidents
• location of emergency services personnel.
• The use and availability of first aid equipment and resources and Infection control
• Legal and social responsibilities of first aider
Social/legal issues:
•
DUTY OF CARE Public vs Workplace obligations
If casualty responds you MUST have consent from the casualty prior to applying first aid management
•
Access and equity considerations:
• Need to be culturally aware, sensitive and respectful
• All workers should be aware of access and equity issues in relation to their own area of work
• All workers should develop their ability to work in a culturally diverse environment
• In recognition of particular health issues facing indigenous cultures group, workers should be aware of
cultural, historical and current issues impacting on health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
• Assessors and trainers must take into account relevant access and equity issues, in particular relating to
factors impacting on health of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander clients and communities
• importance of debriefing
• confidentiality, own skills and limitations
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5.
DRSABCD
The DRSABCD Emergency Action Plan assists you to priorities your actions including primary assessment of
the patient for any life- t h r e a t e n i n g conditions and what management to put in place. It should be where
you start at any scenario.
Condition of the casualty may include:
• signs of collapse
• absence of signs of life:
• unconscious
• unresponsive
• not moving
• not breathing normally
Reference: John Haines , Emergency First Aid, Edition 21
DRSABCD (Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing , CPR, Defibrillator)
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5.1 DANGER
• TO YOU – you are the most important person to protect
A hazard is: A source or situation with the potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill-health, damage to
property, the environment, or a combination of these
Hazards may include:
• Physical hazards
• Biological hazards
• Chemical hazards
• Hazards associated with manual handling
Risks may include:
• Risks from equipment, machinery and substances
• Risks from first aid equipment
• Environmental risks
• Exposure to blood and other body substances
• Risk of further injury to the casualty
• Risks associated with the proximity of other workers and bystanders
• Risks from vehicles
• Risks from body position
•
•
•
•
TO OTHERS
TO THE CASUALTY
What has happened?
Is the scene safe? {power lines, fire toxic fumes}
How many casualties are there?
Are there any bystanders that can help?
RESPONSE
Identify yourself and seek consent to provide assistance
Check victim for response using loud VOICE by giving simple commands
•
•
•
•
•
Can you hear me? Can I help you? (consent)
Open your eyes!
What is your name?
Squeeze my hand! Let my hand go!
Note: To respond in a culturally aware,
sensitive and respectful manner:
•
•
Speak slowly and clearly.
Use short and simple sentences.
Using BACK of the hand forcefully tap the shoulder (DO NOT use open hand and grab or shake)
SEND FOR HELP (Telephones, including landline, mobile and satellite phones)
• 000 – ambulance
• 112
Other communication media and equipment may include:
• HF/VHF radio
• Flags
• Flares
• Two-way radio
• Email
• Electronic equipment
• Hand signals
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5.2 AIRWAY
•
•
1
Ensure airway unobstructed
Check for any obstructions with casualty on their back using pistol grip with NO head tilt!
(tilting head could cause any foreign material in mouth to obstruct airway). The tongue is the most common cause of
airway obstruction.
Casualty is not routinely rolled onto side to assess airway and breathing except if the airway is obstructed with fluid
(water, vomit, blood)
Following the DRSABCD emergency plan, care of the AIRWAY takes precedence over any other injury. In
most situations, the airway can be managed with the use of head tilt and chin lift. If the airway is obstructed
by a foreign body or fluid, then the airway should be cleared with the casualty lying in the recovery position
on their side. Ensuring a clear airway is essential so the casualty can BREATHE.
A check AIRWAY
• is airway open?
• YES Head tilt and check BREATHING,
• is airway clear of objects?
• NO move to recovery position
Open Airway
Adult / child (over 1 year)
1. Full Head Tilt: 1 years - adult
• Using “pistol grip”
o place thumb on chin under lip
o forefinger under chin along jaw
• Place other hand on forehead
• Gently push forehead back and pull chin downward
Infants – Head tilt
Head should be kept in a neutral position
Blocked Airway If airway is obstructed then roll casualty into recovery position & clear mouth of visible foreign material
If airway is NOT clear of objects
• Place the casualty into the recovery position
• This position places the casualty with the head down and tilted in such a way which expels any vomitus onto
the ground, and the tongue falls clear of the airway opening
• Use casualty’s free hand to clear any further objects
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5.3 BREATHING
Three signs to determine if the casualty is breathing:
• Look - check to see if the chest rises and falls
• Listen – by placing your ear near their mouth
• Feel – breath against the side of your face
If breathing maintain recovery position and monitor
If victim is NOT breathing normally immediately commence CPR
Do not give the initial two breaths
Commence and continue with 30 compressions followed by two breaths until help arrives
Oxygen content in the air at sea level is approximately 20% and expired air has an oxygen content of approximately 16%
Of the air we breathe in we use 20 % of the oxygen content in it. This is why mouth to mouth works because the air we breathe
out still has a reasonable oxygen content
5.4 CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
The purpose of CPR is to temporarily maintain a circulation sufficient to preserve brain function until specialised treatment is
available. Cardio = heart, Pulmonary = Lungs, Resuscitation = the act of reviving
Criteria needed for CPR = Unconscious /unresponsive and not breathing normally
A universal compression/ventilation ratio of 30 compressions (about 1.5 compressions a second / 100-120 compressions a
minute) then 2 ventilations (30:2) for 5 cycles in 2 minutes, is recommended for all ages regardless of the numbers of rescuers
present.
These changes from previous methods should:
• Increase the number of compressions
• Minimise interruptions to compressions
• Prevents excessive ventilation
• Simplify teaching and maximise skill retention
• Maintain international consistency
• Australian Resuscitation Council recommends AT THE NIPPLE LINE (the lower half of the sternum) as the compression
point in all age groups. Depressed approx. 1/3 chest thickness about 4 – 5 cm in adults
CPR
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
If the casualty is not breathing you must immediately start CPR
30 compressions – 2 breaths (don’t over inflate)
Turn casualty onto their back on a flat surface
Kneel beside their chest. Place one knee level with neck, and the other knee level with
the end of the chest
Place the heel of one hand on the middle of the chest (lower sternum, between the
nipples)
Point fingers across the chest (slightly raised)
Place the heel of the other hand on top of the first
Interlock the fingers of both hands to assist holding the lower fingers off the chest wall
Arms straight over the point of compression, depress the breastbone rhythmically and
vertically to a depth of 1/3 depth of the chest with each compression
Ensure the pressure is exerted through ONLY the heel of the bottom hand and allow
recoil of the chest after each compression
Continue for 30 compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minutes before administering 2
rescue breaths
If readily available, use a resuscitation fluid/bacterial barrier for hygiene purposes. Position the mask on the bridge of
the nose and apply firm pressure to the mask to achieve an effective seal.
Chest Compressions Only
ARC recommends compressions only for out of hospital cardiac arrest where the rescuer is unwilling or unable to give mouth to
mouth ventilation.
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When providing information over the phone they will recommend conducting compressions only. This is because any CPR is
better than no CPR. If this is the case, they should be given at a continuous rate of approximately 100-120 compressions per
minute. 5 cycles of CPR should occur within 2 minutes for all CPR.
Change Over Between
• If two first aiders are present
• Ensure ambulance has been called
• One of the two first aiders indicate readiness or a need to change
• Change over smoothly with minimal interference to resuscitation procedure
• Change should be done frequently to reduce fatigue
When to Stop CPR
• You can stop giving CPR when
• The casualty shows signs of life
• More qualified help arrives and takes over CPR
• You are physically unable to continue
• An authorised person announces life extinct
When Casualty Shows Signs of Life
• Place in recovery position
• Call ambulance if not already done
• Assess for other injuries in the following order
• Head, face and neck, shoulders, arms and hands
• Chest and Abdomen, Pelvis and buttocks
• Legs, ankles and feet
• Continue monitoring for DRSABCD
If the casualty’s chest does not rise when performing CPR, the head tilt may be incorrect or the airway is still blocked /
obstructed. It is important the casualty is able to BREATH.
If you hear a rib crack or break during CPR, you should continue providing CPR – DO NOT STOP.
•
•
Continue for 30 compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minutes before administering 2 rescue breaths
The Australian Resuscitation council recommends (12 months) annual refresher training for CPR and Defibrillation
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5.6 RECOVERY POSITION
The Recovery Position is designed for an unconscious casualty that is breathing.
1. Position casualty's arms:
• kneel closely beside casualty
• place near arm across chest
• raise farther arm pointing above head
2. Position casualty's legs:
• place hand under the knee of the nearer leg
• lift the knee so it is fully bent with lower leg pointing straight up and foot against knee of opposite leg
3. Roll casualty into position:
• place one hand under the back of the neck and head
• place the other hand on the knee of the upright leg
• the while supporting head and neck, push away on the knee rolling the casualty on to their side
4. Prevent casualty from rolling on to face:
• ensure head is resting on upper arm of the raised arm
• pull foot of leg to touch knee of the straight leg and keep leg at right angles with knee touching ground
• clear airway using casualties’ hand
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Automated External Defibrillator - AED
D = DEFIBRILLATION (ANZCOR Guideline 7)
✓ If the casualty is not breathing or is unresponsive and not breathing normally, you must immediately start CPR and use
the defibrillator when available
An AED can be applied to an infant less than 1 years old.
AED are located in areas that are clearly visible. They should be kept dry and not exposed
to extreme temperatures. The workplace or public space should have signage displayed
to identify their location. AEDs need to maintained according to manufacturer’s
specifications. Pads should be replaced prior to expiry date, and should be replaced
immediately if they have been used or the packaging is broken. Batteries should also be
replaced prior to their expiry date.
Safety:
-
Only attach to someone who is unresponsive and not breathing normally
Ensure nobody is touching the casualty
Ensure pads are firmly adhered
Mobile phones should be switched on to be able to call 000 or speak to emergency services
Beware of implants such as pacemaker. Position the gel pad 8 cm away
Avoid contact with metal fixtures (risk of burns)
Use:
Unless working alone, CPR should continue uninterrupted while the AED and pads are being prepared
Follow DRSABCD
Turn the AED on
Follow the prompts
Attach pad, following the diagram on each pad for correct location
Follow the voice and/or visual prompts
CPR should be paused when AED instructs to do so
If shock is advised
Check casualty is clear
Clearly call “DO NOT touch the casualty”
Once satisfied no one is touching the casualty, press the shock button
Immediately recommence CPR for 2 minutes after each shock, and follow the prompts
Australian Resuscitation Guidelines
The Australian Resuscitation Council is a voluntary co-ordinating body which represents all major groups involved in the
teaching and practice of resuscitation. The Australian Resuscitation Council is sponsored by the Royal Australasian College of
Surgeons and the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. The Australian Resuscitation Council produces
Guidelines to meet its objectives in fostering uniformity and simplicity in resuscitation techniques and terminology. Guidelines
are produced after consideration of all available scientific and published material and are only issued after acceptance by all
member organisations. This does not imply, however, that methods other than those recommended are ineffective.
The ARC website provides access to the ANZCOR Guidelines and you find them here;
https://resus.org.au/the-arc-guidelines/
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6.
MOVING PATIENTS
Emergency first aid should be given where the person is found.
• Only move an injured person if they are in immediate DANGER.
• When moving an injured person, bend your knees and keep your back straight when lifting.
• Try to hold the weight close to your body to provide more stability and is safer for both the injured person and the
first-aider.
Manual Handling Steps
• Check and remove obstructions from the route.
• For a long lift, plan to rest the load midway on a table or bench to change grip.
• Keep the load close to the waist. ...
• Keep the heaviest side of the load next to the body.
Ankle Drag
The ankle drag is ideal for moving heavy casualties away from danger. This method is
best used on a flat, smooth surface.
Arm Drag
The arm drag can provide extra support to the head and neck of the injured person
Clothes Drag
The clothes on an injured person can be used to drag them to safety. The clothing can be gathered to cradle the head and
neck, in case of spinal injury.
Human crutch
This method is used to help a person with one injured leg or foot.
Support the person on their injured side.
Hold their wrist and take their weight on your shoulders.
4 Handed Seat Carry
Grasp your left wrist firmly, and then grasp the other person’s right wrist.
Allow the injured person to sit on your hands, while supporting themselves with
their arms.
Fore & Aft Carry
Both first-aiders should lift the injured person simultaneously and walk in step with each other to minimise rough
movement.
Chair Carry
If an injured person can be placed in a chair, 2 people may carry the injured person to safety.
When lifting and carrying the chair, it is important for each first-aider to keep their back straight.
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7.
SHOCK
Shock is a c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n brought on by the lack of circulating blood through the body. It can be caused by the
heart failing, bleeding, vomiting or diarrhoea, burns, pain, trauma, infections, or severe allergic reaction/anaphylaxis.
The physical injuries may not appear to be severe but if the blood volume is too low to meet the body’s needs and to
remove the waste products then it may result in life threatening consequences.
Signs and symptoms
May develop progressively depending on the severity of the injury, continuation of fluid loss or effectiveness of
management. They can include:
• Cold, clammy skin
• Faintness or dizziness
• Weakness
• Nausea
• Anxiety.
Increasing to:
• Restlessness
• Thirst
• Rapid shallow breathing
• Drowsiness, confusion or unconsciousness
• Cyanosis - extremities become a blue like colour - this is a late sign and the person is very ill.
Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
DRSABCD.
Reassure the patient.
Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance.
Raise the patient’s legs (unless fractured or a snake bite) above the level of the heart - place head flat on the floor.
Treat any wound or burn and immobilise any fractures.
Loosen any tight clothing at neck, chest and waist.
Maintain patient’s b o d y warmth with a blanket or similar. DO NOT use any source of direct heat.
Give small amounts of clear fluid (preferably water) frequently to the conscious patient who does not have
abdominal trauma and unlikely to require an operation in the immediate future. If in doubt, do not give fluid.
9. Monitor and record breathing, pulse and skin colour at regular intervals.
10. Place the patient in the recovery position if there is breathing difficulty, the patient becomes unconscious or is
likely to vomit.
Scenario 1
The patient you are managing has progressively become quieter and anxious. Their skin is now pale and feels cold
and clammy. They are also complaining of feeling dizzy.
What actions should you take?
A. Make the patient move around to keep warm;
B. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance;
C. Lie the patient down, raise their legs and keep them warm with a blanket;
D. Ask the patient to place their head between their knees.
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8.
WOUNDS & BLEEDING
A wound is a break in the continuity of the tissues of the body. It may bleed and it may become infected. Types
of wounds are:
Amputation
Abrasion
Laceration
Puncture
Incision
Regardless of the type of wound, the same management steps apply:
Preparation
1. Find a clean and tidy area with good lighting
2. Explain to the casualty what you are going to do ensure consent
3. Collect items for wound dressing; Sterile water / saline solution, swabs, dressing, bandage,
tape
4. Ensure disposable bag is available for soiled items
Procedure
1. Wash hands thoroughly and use sterile gloves (if available)
2. Pick up swab and moisten lightly with the water or saline
3. Cleanse the wound, swabbing from the inside to the outside of the wound – one stroke, one
swab (do not re-use swabs)
4. Dry the wound with sterile gauze/ non-stick dressing and cover with a clean dressing
Aftercare
Advise casualty to seek medical advice if any signs of infection appear
Place all remaining materials into a plastic bag and tie up tightly for disposal.
Remove gloves (if worn) and wash hand thoroughly with soapy water or hand sanitizer
External Bleeding
Management
1. DRSABCD
2. Lie patient down if the bleeding is severe.
3. Remove or cut clothing to expose the wound.
4. Apply firm direct pressure to the wound, instruct patient to do so, if possible.
5. If patient is unable to apply pressure, apply pressure using a pad or your hands (use
gloves if available).
6. Raising the injured part is not necessary.
7. Apply a pad over the wound if not already in place and secure with
bandage - ensure pad remains over the wound.
8. If bleeding continues, leave initial pad in place and apply a second pad over
the first and secure with a bandage.
9. If bleeding continues replace second pad only.
10. Seek medical aid .
Scenario 2
You have just stepped into the kitchen startling the person who was chopping onions at the kitchen sink. They cut the
palm of their left hand, dropped the knife and the onions have gone everywhere.
How would you manage this situation?
A. Ask the patient to wash their hands and call for help;
B. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and wait at the street corner;
C. Ask the patient to grab a tea towel and tie it around their wrist;
D. Apply the DRSABCD Action Plan and take actions to stop the bleeding.
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9.
EMBEDDED OBJECTS
Where there is a foreign object embedded in the wound DO NOT REMOVE THE OBJECT.
If you need to control the bleeding, you should apply pressure to the surrounding areas, but
not actually on the foreign body.
You can do this by placing pads around the object, and securing the pads with a bandage
taking care not to put pressure on the object.
AMPUTATIONS
Manage the amputated part:
1. DO NOT wash or soak the amputated part in water or any other liquid.
2. Wrap the part in gauze or material and place in a waterproof container such as a plastic
bag.
3. Place the sealed container in cold icy water, (add ice to the water if available).
4. DO NOT let the amputated part come into contact with the ice or water.
5. Ensure the amputated part is sent to the hospital with the casualty.
INTERNAL BLEEDING
Severe internal bleedin g usually results from injuries caused by a violent blunt force such as a car accident or falls from a
height. It can also occur when an object, such as a knife, penetrates the skin and damages internal organs. Some conditions
such as stomach ulcers can also result in internal bleeding.
Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding
• Pain
• Tenderness
• Rigidity of abdominal muscles
• Coughing up red, frothy material
• Shock - pale, cold, clammy skin
Management
1. Lie patient down or if patient is coughing up frothy blood half sitting will be more comfortable.
2. Raise the legs or bend the knees.
3. Loosen tight clothing.
4. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance.
5. DO NOT give the patient anything to eat or drink.
6. Reassure the patient, manage s hock .
Scenario 3
Your neighbour is calling out that he has a nail in the palm of his hand.
How would you manage this situation?
A. Ignore it as you have no legal obligation to do anything;
B. Apply the DRSABCD Action Plan, then pad around the nail;
C. Ask the patient if you can call someone for them;
D. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and leave.
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10. BANDAGING TECHNIQUES
Pressure Pad
1. Using an open triangular bandage, place the apex of the bandage about 2 inches below the base.
2. Fold in half horizontally to make a broad bandage
3. Fold in half again horizontally to make a narrow bandage
4. Place both ends of the bandage to meet in the middle
5. Fold in each side to the centre
6. Fold in the centre to make a pressure pad
Donut Bandage
1. Using a narrow bandage, hold one end in your hand and wrap the bandage around spread fingers
2. Wrap tail end of the bandage around the donut to hold it together.
Roller Bandaging
1. For Musculoskeletal injuries such as sprains, an elastic roller bandage can be used to apply a firm and even pressure for support
and to minimize swelling
2. When applying a roller bandage always be sure that the pressure if even and firm
3. Ensure that the circulation of blood is not slowed to the fingers or toes of the affected limb
4. This can be checked by squeezing the tip of the toe or finger and looking for the return of colour to the part
Elevation Sling
1. Place the injured arm across the chest with the hand towards the shoulder of the opposite side
2. Place a triangular bandage over the injured arm with the apex towards the elbow of the injured limb
3. Tuck the bandage from below the arm under the injured limb
4. Take the inside edge of the bandage and twist with the outside edge at the elbow
5. Pull the bandage around from the elbow to the shoulder of the uninjured limb to meet with the other point
6. Tie a reef knot just below the collarbone and tuck the loose end in
Forearm Splint
1. Using a magazine or a stick as a splint, tie one narrow bandage below and one above the fracture site
Immobilization Sling
1. Use an open triangular bandage placed under the injured arm and across the body.
2. The Apex of the triangular bandage should point to the side of the injury and one end should sit over the shoulder of the
uninjured side
3. Tuck the apex in behind the elbow and take the loose end to the shoulder of the injured limb and around the neck to meet the
other end.
4. Tie the ends together in a reef knot just below the collarbone
5. Check circulation in the arm by squeezing the tip of the thumb, looking for the return of colour to the part.
Neck Brace
ANZCOR guidelines state that the use of a neck brace is not recommended. Holding the head in place, or if lying down, have
rolled-up towels at the side of the head to keep it still, and encouraging the casualty to not move is best practice.
Practical Demonstration 4
Using an open triangular bandage participant must demonstrate understanding of making a broad bandage and pressure pad.
Using an open triangular bandage one participant shall make and wrap a narrow bandage into a donut bandage to place over and
embedded object and then wrap firmly with a roller bandage.
Using an open triangular bandage and magazine one participant shall demonstrate understanding of making a Forearm Splint or
Neck Brace.
Using an open triangular bandage participant shall demonstrate understanding of making an Elevation Sling.
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11. ASTHMA
A person suffers an asthma attack when the lining of their lungs and airway become in flamed and swollen. This
prevents the person breathing properly, creating great distress. Usually, it is breathing out that is most difficult and noisy.
Signs and symptoms
The patient may be:
• Unable to get enough air
• Progressively more anxious, short of breath, subdued or panicky
• Coughing, wheezing
Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Follow DRSABCD.
Assist the patient, if conscious, into a comfortable position usually sitting upright with arms supported
Be reassuring and ensure adequate fresh air.
Assist with prompt administration of medication - give 4 puffs of a reliever inhaler (puffer) with 4 breaths in between
puffs. Stop for 4 minutes.
If there is no improvement after 4 minutes, give another 4 puffs with 4 breaths in between puffs.
If still no improvement, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance.
Keep giving 4 puffs with 4 breaths in between puffs, and 4 minutes breaks until the ambulance arrives. (For adults
with severe asthma attack, you may give up to 6-8 puffs every 5 minutes.)
If the patient becomes unconscious, follow DRSABCD.
Spacers
It is preferable to use a spacer, where possible. It reduces sideeffects and increases the amount of medication reaching the
lungs. Spacers should be cleaned once or twice a month with
warm water and dishwashing detergent. The spacer should be
airdried which will leave a thin coating of detergent that
prevents medication sticking to the inside of the spacer,
increasing effectiveness. To control infection, spacers should not
be shared and be limited to single person use only.
Scenario 4
It is hot and stuffy at the local pub. You noticed that the person next to you is wheezing and having breathing
difficulties.
What first aid action can you take?
A. Ignore the situation as the patient is a stranger;
B. Ask if you could help and assist the patient self- administer their Ventolin;
C. Move away to make room so the patient can breathe;
D. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and commence CPR immediately.
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12. ALLERGIC REACTIONS (INC ANAPHYLAXIS)
An allergic reaction may progress to the anaphylactic stage and be potentially fatal and therefore needs urgent
attention.
Signs and symptoms
• Swelling and redness of the skin
• Itchy, raised rash (hives)
• Swelling of the throat
• Wheezing and/or coughing
• Breathing and/or speech difficulties
• Nausea and vomiting
• Dizziness or unconsciousness
Common triggers include stinging insects and food allergies, with the most likely foods to cause anaphylaxis being peanuts and
other nuts.
Management
• Assess DRSABCD
• Ask patient if they have an adrenaline auto injector
• Assist to administer the adrenaline auto injector or administer yourself following
manufacturers instruction
• Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance
• Keep the patient in a lying position or sitting if it assists them to breathe; do not allow patient to stand or move around
as this may result in a sudden drop of blood pressure and a loss of consciousness
• If patient is unconscious, follow DRSABCD
Scenario 5
You are having lunch in your work canteen. A colleague is complaining t h a t their skin is itchy. You notice their eyes are puffy
and a rash is appearing on their skin. There was satay sauce on the meatballs from the menu and this person has an
anaphylactic history with peanuts.
What should your first aid management include?
A. Give the patient a cup of tea with a lot of sugar in it;
B. Help the patient scratch their back as they could not reach the itchy spot;
C. Wait until the patient has breathing difficulties before doing anyt hing;
D. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and help the patient self- administer their adrenaline auto injector.
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13. HEART DISORDERS
Angina
Heart attack
Heart failure
Signs and symptoms
•
•
Feeling of pressure or tightness in
the centre of the chest.
Pain or discomfort may spread to
the neck, jaw, shoulders and arms.
•
•
•
•
Pain or discomfort is persistent.
Crushing sense of pressure or
burning in the centre of the
chest.
Sweating, shortness of breath
and a sick feeling.
Pain may spread to back, neck and
arms.
•
•
•
•
•
General feeling of tiredness.
Breathlessness when
exercising.
Swollen feet, ankles, legs ,
abdomen and veins.
Coughing and wheezing.
Blue lips and extremities.
Management
•
•
•
•
•
•
Support patient in
sitting position.
Loosen tight clothing.
Assist patient to take their
prescribed medication, if
appropriate.
If pain persists for longer than
10 minutes, call triple zero
(000) for an ambulance.
DO NOT hang up.
Wait for advice from the triple zero
(000) operator. Stay with the
patient until the ambulance arrives.
Monitor vital signs and be
prepared to start CPR.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Follow DRSABCD.
Call triple zero (000) for an
ambulance.
If patient is conscious, place in
sitting position.
If patient is unconscious, roll into
recovery position.
Loosen tight clothing.
If conscious, give one tablet
(300mg) of aspirin unless patient
is allergic to aspirin, has asthma
or is already taking anti-coagulant
medication (e.g. warfarin), or their
doctor has advised them not to
take aspirin.
Manage for shock.
•
•
•
•
•
Follow DRSABCD.
Call triple zero (000) for an
ambulance.
If patient is conscious, place in a
sitting position.
Reassure patient and loosen
tight clothing.
Manage for shock.
If Cardiac-Arrest:
• Follow DRSABCD.
• Call triple zero (000) for an
ambulance.
Scenario 6
You are at work at your desk. A fellow worker is observed to be rubbing their left arm and complaining o f tightening
in their chest. They look pale and tired.
What actions would you start with?
A. Nothing as you are not the designated first aid officer;
B. Ask if you can help and for more details of the pain;
C. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and let them rest in the first aid room alone;
D. Commence CPR and call triple zero (000) for an ambulance after 2 minutes.
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14. DIABETES
Signs and symptoms
High blood sugar (Hyperglycaemia)
• Excessive thirst
• Frequent need to urinate
• Acetone smell on breath
• Drowsiness
• Hot, dry skin
There will normally be a slow onset of symptoms.
Low blood sugar (Hypoglycaemia)
• Feel dizzy, weak and hungry
• Profuse sweating
• Look pale and have a rapid pulse (fast heart beat)
• Aggressive behaviour
There will normally be a fast onset of symptoms.
Management
A person who suffers from diabetes will generally recognise the symptoms themselves and know whether their blood sugar
level is high or low. They will know what action to take, but they may ask you to help them.
For a person with low blood sugar, give sugar, glucose, or a sweet drink (e.g., soft drink, but NOT ‘diet’ soft drinks).
Continue giving sweet drinks every 15 minutes until the patient recovers or medical aid arrives.
For a person with high blood sugar, allow patient to self-administer insulin. DO NOT administer it yourself but help if needed.
If unsure whether the patient is suffering from high or low blood sugar, give them something with sugar. Giving any form of
sugar can save a person’s life if blood sugar is low; and will not cause undue harm if blood sugar is high.
If there is no immediate recovery, seek medical aid .
Scenario 7
In a busy restaurant you noticed a person is becoming disorientated and confused, and their speech is slurring. Their fellow
diner said they have a history of diabetes.
What first aid action should you take?
A. Nothing as the patient is a stranger;
B. Ask the restaurant to serve that table’s order quickly;
C. Convince the patient to have a sweet drink;
D. Assume the patient is drunk.
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15. STROKE
A stroke occurs when an artery taking blood to the brain becomes blocked or bursts. Brain cells are damaged and
functions controlled by that part of the brain become paralysed.
Although many people make a good recovery a stroke can be fatal.
People most at risk of a stroke are those who are elderly, have high blood pressure, smoke, have heart disease or
diabetes or have previously had a stroke. A stroke is a life- t h r e a t e n i n g emergency.
Signs and symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sudden decrease in the level of consciousness.
Weakness or paralysis, usually on one side of the body.
Feeling of numbness in face, arm or leg.
Difficulty speaking or understanding.
Unexplained dizziness.
Disturbed vision.
Loss of balance.
Confusion.
Management
• Follow DRSABCD
• Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance
If patient is conscious:
• Support head and shoulders on pillows
• Loosen tight clothing
• Maintain body temperature
• Wipe away secretions from mouth
• Ensure airway is clear and open.
If patient is unconscious:
•
Place in recovery position.
Scenario 8
You are at a meeting when you suddenly realise the speaker’s speech is slurring and not within the context of the
meeting. The speaker also seems to be losing their balance and appears confused.
What should your first aid actions include?
A. Stop the meeting, call an ambulance and make the speaker comfortable on the floor; B.
Help the speaker to the first aid room to rest;
C. None as you are not in charge and it would look like you are interrupting;
D. Stop the meeting and let the speaker rest then continue where you left off.
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16. EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
Seizures are caused by a disturbance of the electrical activity within the brain. Epilepsy is a disorder in which a person has repeated
seizures over time. Other causes include of chemical imbalance, a brain injury, drug induced, electrical shock or an unknown cause.
Signs and symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
A ‘cry’ as air is forced out through the vocal cords
Patient falls to the ground and lie rigid for some seconds
Congested, blue face and neck
Jerking, spasmodic muscle movement
Froth from the mouth
Possible loss of bladder and bowel movement
Management
During seizure
•
•
•
•
DO NOT try to restrain the person
DO NOT put anything in the mouth
Protect person from obvious injury
Place something under head and shoulders
After seizure
•
•
•
•
•
Follow DRSABCD
Place in the recovery position
Manage all injuries
DO NOT disturb if the patient falls asleep but continue to check airway and breathing
Seek medical aid if the patient does not recover
Seek medical aid if seizure continues for more than 5 minutes, another seizure quickly follows, the patient has been injured,
there is no history of epilepsy, there is a history of a head injury, or when in doubt.
Scenario 9
You are at a party where strobe lights are playing. One of the dancers falls to the ground and is exhibiting jerky movements
and frothing at the mouth.
What are some of the actions you can carry out to help the patient?
A. Nothing as you do not know the patient;
B. Make it safe for the patient to have their seizure;
C. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance immediately a n d leave;
D. Call the patient’s family to come and manage th e patient.
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17. HYPERVENTILATION
Hyperventilation is a result of involuntary over-breathing due to excitement, hysteria, stress or other emotion.
Signs and symptoms
There are a number of signs and symptoms which help you to distinguish hyperventilation from other breathing disorders,
such as asthma.
• Shallow, rapid breathing
• Rapid pulse
• Feeling of choking or suffocation
• Dizziness
• Pins and needles in hands, feet and face
Management
•
•
•
•
Follow DRSABCD
Calm patient; remove to a quiet, private place
Encourage slow, regular breathing - slowly count breaths aloud
Seek medical aid
18. FAINTING
Fainting is the result of a temporary reduction in blood flow (and therefore oxygen) to the brain.
A person experiencing this effect will feel dizzy and may lose consciousness for a brief period of time. People
usually faint from a standing position and injuries may result.
Signs and symptoms
•
•
•
Feeling light-headed, dizzy or nauseated
Pale, cool, moist skin
Numbness in the fingers and toes.
Management
• Lie the patient down with legs raised, with the
head and body flat
• Ensure plenty of fresh air
• Loosen tight clothing such as belts or ties
• Check for injury or illness
• After recovery, let the patient rest for some
minutes before moving
DO NOT sit the patient on a chair with head between knees.
Scenario 10
A friend is complaining t h e y are feeling dizzy and seeing stars.
What first aid management can you put in place?
A. Make them sit down on a chair and push their head between their legs;
B. Ignore the situation as it will only embarrass them;
C. Give them a glass of water and tell them to take some deep breaths;
D. Request that they lie down and assist them to raise their legs.
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19. FEBRILE CONVULSIONS
Convulsions may occur in infants and young
children between the ages of 6 months and 5
years old. This may be due to fever, infection,
epilepsy or other conditions.
Even a small rapid rise can cause convulsions. Often
the seizure is the first sign of a fever to it is difficult
to prevent these convulsions.
Febrile convulsions are usually brief, lasting no more
than 5 minutes and are quite common.
Management
Signs and symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fever
Twitching of face and limbs
Stiffness of body with arched back
Eyes rolling up
Congestion of the face and neck
Blue face and lips
During the convulsions
After the convulsion
1. Place the child on their side for safety
2. DO NOT restrain the child
1. Follow DRSABCD
2. Seek medical aid
Note: DO NOT cool the child by sponging or bathing but remove excess clothing or wrapping.
Scenario 11
You are cuddling a toddler you are babysitting who has a fever. The child suddenly begins to convulse.
What would you do?
A. Place the child on their side for safety and time the seizure;
B. Cuddle the child closer to sustain the child;
C. Give the child a double dose of Paracetamol immediately;
D. Cool the child by sponging the body with icy cold water.
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20. FRACTURES
A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone and is defined according to the type and extent. Fractures can be caused by
either direct or indirect force. Other indirect fractures can occur when a muscle pulls violently on a bone, separating a
fragment.
Complications
Any fractures can be complicated by injury to adjoining muscles, blood vessels, nerves and organs. Fractures of large bones
usually result in considerable blood loss and shock.
Signs and symptoms
• Pain at or near the site of injury
• Swelling
• Tenderness at or near site of fracture
• Redness
• Loss of function
• Deformity
• Patient feels or hears the break occur
• A coarse grating sound is heard or felt as the bones rub against each other.
Fractures are classified as closed, op en or complicated.
Aims of fracture management
• Immobilize and comfort the casualty and injured part
• Reduce serious bleeding and shock.
• Prevent further internal or external damage.
• Prevent a closed fracture from becoming an open fracture.
Management
1. Apply the DRSABCD Action Plan.
2. Assist patient to remain as still as possible.
3. Control any bleeding and cover any wounds.
4. Observe patient carefully.
5. Manage shock.
6. Seek medical aid .
NO attempt should be made to force the fracture b ack into place.
Scenario 12
A young child has fallen off their bicycle. They landed on their right lower arm. It is now painful and has a slight swelling.
What should you do?
A. Apply a sling to the injured arm and send them back out to play;
B. Apply a sling to the injured arm and seek medical ad v ice;
C. Apply a heat pack on the area and repeat every 15 minutes;
D. Apply an ice pack on the injury for an hour and repeat.
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21. DISLOCATION
A dislocation occurs when one or more bones are displaced at a joint - most commonly at the shoulder and fingers. It
always results in tearing of the ligaments which normally hold the joint in the connected position. All dislocations should
be managed as fractures. All dislocations must receive medical treatment.
22. SPRAINS AND STRAINS
A sprain occurs when the ligaments holding a joint together are stretched and torn. A strain is where the fibres of a muscle
or tendon are stretched and torn.
Sprain Symptoms: Pain, swelling, bruising, not able to use joint
Strain symptoms: pain, swelling, cramping, muscle spasms, difficulty moving
Management
Assess DRSABCD
Follow RICER:
•
•
•
•
•
Rest the patient and the injured part
Apply Ice pack wrapped in a damp cloth or a cold compress for 15 minutes, every 2 hours for 24 hours, then for 15 minutes
every 4 hours for 24 hours
Apply a Compression bandage firmly to extend well beyond the injury
Elevate the injured part.
Refer to a professional such as a doctor or physio
If the application of the ice pack does not help seek medical aid . Call 000 and follow their directions for care. Continue to observe
for further swelling and loosen the bandage if required.
NOTE: If in doubt about the injury, treat as a fracture.
Scenario 13
You are playing football with a group of people. One of them rolled their ankle.
What first aid actions can you take?
A. Massage the ankle for 15 minutes;
B. Get the patient to rotate their injured ankle a few times;
C. Apply the RICE management;
D. Get the patient to rest and give them a sweet drink.
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23. HEAD INJURIES (HEAD, NECK AND SPINE)
As the brain is the controlling organ for the whole body, injuries to the head are potentially dangerous and always
require medical atten tion .
When a patient has a serious head injury, the neck or spine may also be injured.
Some common head injuries:
Fractured Skull by either a direct force (a blow to the head) or indirect force such as a fall from a height, landing heavily on
their feet or severe injuries may cause multiple cracking (an ‘eggshell’ fracture) wh ich may extend to the base of the skull.
Concussion is an altered state of consciousness, usually caused by a blow to the head or neck. The patient may become
unconscious but this is often momentary.
Compression is excess pressure on part of the brain. It may be caused by a depressed skull fracture wh ere the broken
bones put pressure on or directly damage th e brain, or by a build-up of blood inside the skull. If a blow to the head causes
bleeding in the brain or on the surface of the brain and the blood cannot drain from the closed space, it builds up and
puts pressure on the brain. This is life-threatening.
Assessment of Head Injuries
It is often very difficult to make an accurate assessment of the severity of a head injury. Therefore, no head injury
should be disregarded or treated lightly. The cause of the injury is often the best indication of its severity. Strong forces
will usually cause severe injuries to head and spine.
Signs and Symptoms
If the patient temporarily loses consciousness, but does not have any apparent injury of after effects, the first aider should
assume the potential for hidden injury and advise the patient to seek medical aid promptly.
• Headache
• Loss of memory, particularly of the event
• Confusion
• Altered or abnormal responses to commands and touch
• Wounds to the scalp or to face
• Nausea, vomiting
• Dizziness
In more complicated injuries, signs include:
• Blood or clear fluid escaping from nose or ears. Depending on where the injury is, blood may appear from the ears
or nose. If the base of the skull is fractured there may be no obvious sign or injury, but cerebrospinal fluid or
blood may escape through the ears
• Pupils becoming unequal in size
• Blurred vision
Management
1. Follow DRSABCD
2. If patient is conscious:
• Place patient in a comfortable position with head and shoulders slightly raised.
3. If patient is unconscious:
• Place in recovery position
• Clear and open airway
• Monitor breathing
4. Support patient’s h e a d and neck during any movement; avoid twisting movement
5. Keep patient’s a i r w a y open with a chin lift
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6. Control bleeding but do not apply direct pressure to the skull if you suspect a depressed fracture.
7. If blood or fluid comes from the ear, cover with a sterile dressing (lie patient on injured side if possible, to allow fluid
to drain).
8. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. Note the patient’s c o n d i t i o n so that you can report it to the
paramedics.
Scenario 14
Whilst roller blading along the beach foreshore, your friend trips and lands awkwardly hitting their head on the
concrete. Your friend complains of nausea and a headache. There are no other visible injuries.
What first aid action should you take?
A. Assess DRSABCD. Let your friend rest and monitor their concussion while waiting for the ambulance;
B. Place your friend in the recovery position to rest for 30 minutes before continuing t o roller blade;
C. Offer Panadol and have a rest in the shade before walking back to the car to go home;
D. Continue to roller blade as there is no visible injuries and your car is parked nearby.
Spinal Injuries
A number of specific situations may cause traumatic spinal injury, such as;
-
Car and motorcycle accidents
Diving
Falls from a height or stairs
Falling weights
Gunshot and stab wounds
Sports injuries such as rugby and horse riding
Pedestrians struck by vehicles
Conscious casualty
Ask them:
The cause of the injury
If they have pain or pins and needles
Can they move their legs
Unconscious casualty
Observe the casualty’s breathing
Management
Seek urgent medical help and dial 000
Protect the airway and minimal movement of the spine
Provide reassurance
Support the head and neck by providing manual stabilisation (position yourself behind the casualty)
If laying down, support the casualty’s body with rolled up blankets or pillows
Do NOT attempt to realign an injured neck or back – you may cause more damage
In the case of a diving injury, DO NOT remove a conscious casualty from the water, unless there is a danger to their airway and
breathing. Support them in the water, protect their airway and try to keep their neck and spine straight.
If unconscious, protect airway and immediately remove from the water, clear the airway and seek emergency help 000.
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24. PENETRATING CHEST INJURIES
A penetrating chest wound can cause severe internal damage within both the chest and upper abdomen.
The lungs are particularly vulnerable to injury. If a puncture is deep enough, the rib cage may be penetrated allowing air to
enter the chest through the wound. When air enters this space (pleural cavity), the lung on the side of the injury collapses.
Pressure in the chest cavity may build up to such an extent that the heart is pushed to the side. The function of the
uninjured lung on that side may also be affected.
Signs and symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pain at site of wound
Unconsciousness
Difficult and painful breathing
Bloodstained bubbles around wound when patient exhales
Sound of air being sucked into chest as the patient inhales
Check for an exit wound
Management
1.
2.
3.
4.
Follow DRSABCD
Place patient in a sitting position with affected side down
Cover the wound – use the patient’s o r your own hand to stop air flowing in and out of chest cavity.
Cover wound with a dressing such as plastic sheet or bag or aluminium foil. If not available, use a sterile dressing or
pad.
5. Seal with tape on three sides (not bottom).
6. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance
Scenario 15
In an industrial incident, a patient has a chest wound. When the patient exhales you can see blood stained bubbles
around the wound and on inhalation a sound of air being sucked in is heard.
What is the priority in managing the injury?
A. Call triple zero (000) and ensure another colleague is waiting for them outside;
B. Seal the wound while allowing fluid and air to escape from the wound;
C. You are not the first aider so you must get out;
D. Standby to do CPR and give oxygen with a mask.
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25. ABDOMINAL INJURIES
Organs in the abdomen can easily sustain an injury because there are is no bone structure to protect them. The liver, spleen
and stomach tend to bleed easily and profusely, so injuries to them can be life-threatening. Injury to the bowel may result
in the contents being spilled into the abdominal cavity, causing infection.
An injury to the abdomen can be open or closed. Both are serious as even in a closed wound an organ can be ruptured,
causing serious internal bleeding and shock. With an open injury, abdominal organs can protrude through the wound.
Signs and symptoms
• Severe pain
• Nausea or vomiting
• Bruising and tenderness around the wound
• Unnatural paleness
• External bleeding
• Blood in the urine
• Distension/swelling
• Protrusion of intestines through an abdominal wound
• Shock
Management
1. Follow DRSABCD
2. Place patient on back with knees slightly raised and supported (a pillow may be used under the head to increase
comfort).
3. Loosen clothing.
4. Cover protruding organs with aluminium foil or plastic food wrap, or a large, non-stick sterile dressing, soaked in
sterile saline (clean water if saline is not available).
5. Secure with broad bandage (not tightly).
6. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance
DO NOT give anything to drink
DO NOT try to push organs back into abdomen
DO NOT apply direct pressure to the wound
Scenario 16
You are in a café when a brawl occurs between two patrons. You notice one of them holding onto their abdomen, looking pale
and there is blood coming through their fingers.
What first aid action would you take in managing the injury?
A. Ignore the situation as it has nothing to do with you and it is too dangerous to approach;
B. Race across immediately a p p l y firm pressure to the wound to stop the bleeding with your hands;
C. Ensure there is no danger then cover the protruding organs with plastic food wrap soaked in clean water;
D. Call triple zero (000) and leave as that is all you can do as you have no emplopye.
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26. BURNS
Most common is
sunburn
Fire (flame), steam,
hot objects or liquids
in direct contact with
the body.
Heat generated
when skin rubs on
materials such as
rope and carpet.
Radiation
Thermal
Friction
Electrical energy
from the mains or
lightning can
produce very
serious burns.
Electrical
Many common
chemicals in the
home cause burns
e.g. pool acid, caustic
soda.
Chemical
Burns are injuries to the skin and underlying tissues caused by heat, extreme cold,
chemicals, corrosive substances, electricity, friction, and radiation. Burn injuries are
usually extremely painful and the risk of infection is high.
Although there is no bleeding, burn injuries result in fluid loss, loss of
temperature control and damage of varying degrees of underlying layers of tissue
and nerves. Damage may include the respiratory systems and eyes. The
probability of the patient going into shock is very high. Besides th e obvious
physical damage, burns also cause psychological damage as they can disfigure
and disable resulting in an altered body image.
General Principles:
1. DRSABCD
2. Remove the source of the burn
3. Cool the burnt area with cool running water
4. Cover burn for example with a non- adherent burns dressing, or plastic food
wrap
5. Manage shock.
Type of burn
Recognition
Superficial (outer layers of skin)
Deep (All layers of skin)
• Reddened area
• Pale, waxy, sometimes charred
• May be blistering
• Outer area will be red (usually superficial areas are included)
• Swelling
• Fairly pain free (except outer areas involving superficial burns)
• Painful
Running water should be applied for up to 20 minutes. Clothing, jewellery and rings may be removed unless stuck. If a person’s
clothing is on fire, manage b y applying the action of STOP-DROP-ROLL.
DO NOT apply lotions, ointments or oily dressings
DO NOT prick or break blisters
DO NOT give alcohol
DO NOT over cool patient
DO NOT Use towels, cotton wool, blankets or adhesive dressings directly on burn
DO NOT remove clothing stuck to burnt area.
Seek medical aid if:
• Burn involves airway, hands, face, feet or genitals
• Burn is deep, even if patient does not feel any pain
• A superficial burn is bigger than a 20-cent piece
• You are unsure of severity of burn.
Scenario 17
You are looking after a child who has pulled on the tablecloth, and a hot cup of tea has slipped off the table onto their
arm. Their right lower arm is turning red.
What is your FIRST priority?
A. Put their injured arm under cool gently running water;
B. Spread toothpaste evenly all over their injury;
C. Pick up the child and give them a cuddle;
D. Drive the child to the nearest hospital.
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27. POISONS
A poison is any substance which, when introduced into the body, interferes with one or more normal body functions. Poisons may
be solid, liquid or gaseous. They may be found in food, medication, household substances and industrial products.
Poison may enter the body by:
• Ingestion
• Inhalation
• Absorption
• Injection
Signs and symptoms
The signs and symptoms of poisoning depend on the nature of the substance and, in some cases, how it entered the
body. Any of the following may occur:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Abdominal pain
Drowsiness
Nausea and/or vomiting
Burning pain from mouth through to stomach
Difficulty breathing
Tight feeling in chest
Headache
Ringing in ears
Blurred vision
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Seizures
Smell of fumes
Odour on breath
Bite or injection marks , with or without
local swelling
Contamination of skin
Change of colour; blueness around lips
Burns around and inside mouth or on tongue
Sudden collapse
General management
1. DRSABCD.
2. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance if immediate risk
3. Call fire services if atmosphere is contaminated with
smoke or gas.
4. With a conscious patient - listen to history and give
reassurance.
5. Call Poisons Information Centre 13 11 26 and seek
advice
DO NOT try to induce vomiting, but if the patient does
vomit, you should send as much of the vomit as possible to
the hospital with them.
DO NOT give the patient anything to eat or drink.
•
With inhaled poisons - move patient to fresh air if possible.
Scenario 18
Your child tells you that the lemonade in the shed tastes awful. You are aware
that you have just mixed a chemical spray for the roses in a lemonade bottle
and had left it on the workbench in the shed. Your child is not showing any
signs or symptoms of poisoning.
What first aid steps should you take?
A. Make your child vomit by sticking your finger down their throat;
B. Give your child several glasses of milk to drink;
C. Drive your child to your local doctor as fast as you can;
D. Sit your child down and call the Poison Information Centre for advice.
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28.
BITES & STINGS
Bites and stings fall into four main categories: INSECTS - SPIDERS - SNAKES - MARINE
Management
Pressure Immobilisation
Ice or Cold Pack
Hot Fluid
Snakes
Funnel Web and Mouse
Spiders
Blue Ring Octopus
Cone Shell Allergic
reactions to any bite or
sting
Bee Wasp
Centipedes
Scorpions
Red-Back Spider
Ant & Tick
Stonefish
Bullrout
Stingray
Bluebottle
Bee
Centipede
European Wasp
Scorpion
Remove sting
- scrape
sideways with
fingernails or
side of a
sharp object.
Ice or cold
pack.
Ice or cold pack.
Ice or cold pack.
Ice or cold pack.
Tick
Adult ticks –
freeze with
wart off or
medic freeze.
Small ticks –
permethrin
cream
(available at
chemists).
Wait for tick to
drop off, if
after 10
minutes Remove whole
tick using fine
tipped forceps.
Do not
squeeze as this
may inject
more toxin. Ice
or cold pack.
Seek medical
advice
Vinegar
Box Jellyfish
Irukandji Jellyfish
Red-Back Spider F u n n e l -Web Spider
Ice or cold pack
and immobilise
limb – seek
medical
attention
Apply
pressure
immobilisatio
n bandage.
Treat the
same as a
snake bite
Snakes and funnel web spiders
Symptoms: Paired or singular fang marks, anxiety, headache, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, breathing difficulties
Call 000. Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage to manage a snake bite, firmly over the bite site and up the entire limb starting
from the fingers or toes.
• DO NOT wash the venom off the skin, it can be used to identify the
type of snake that bit the patient
• DO NOT cut the bitten area
• DO NOT try to suck the venom out of the wound
• DO NOT use a constrictive bandage or torniquet
• DO NOT try to catch the snake
Immobilise the bitten limb against a splint or in a sling.
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Pressure immobilisation bandage
-
-
Promptly apply a firm broad (10 cm) heavy elasticised or crepe bandage over the area of the
bitten limb. Do not try and cut off the circulation to the limb but apply tight enough that two
fingers cannot easily slid under the bandage. There will only be a mild change in circulation.
Then, bandage from the fingers or toes, working upwards, ensuring you cover the entire limb.
Immobilise the limb with a splint or sling, or improvise e.g., bind one leg to the other
If heavy crepe or compression bandages or not available, flexible material can be used – tear
clothing, sheets, or towels into strips
If the casualty complains on numbness, the bandage should be loosed or reapplied
DO NOT
Do Not walk the casualty
Do Not remove the bandage at any stage
Do Not apply a tourniquet
Bluebottle
Box Jellyfish
Stonefish
Stingray
Pick off
tentacles
and rinse
with sea
water
Flood area
Apply hot fluid. Apply hot fluid.
with vinegar
for 30
seconds, pick
off tentacles
Bullrout
Blue Ring Octopus Irukandji Jellyfish Cone Shell
Apply pressure
immobilisation.
vinegar (30
seconds)
Apply pressure
immobilisation.
Seek medical
attention
Box Jellyfish / Irukandji (Tropical areas)
Recognition:
Chironex (large box jellyfish) – immediate pain usually severe, characterised ladder pattern
Irukandji Stings
Onset of severe pain occurs 20-40 minutes after sting and an inconspicuous mark may develop – a red flare / goose pimples
Symptoms: nausea and vomiting, anxiety / irrational behaviour, muscle aches, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness
Major stings may result in respiratory failure, stroke and cardiac arrest
Management:
Seek help (lifesaver) and call 000 if casualty feels or looks unwell
Observe airway
Flood stung area with vinegar for 30 seconds (pick off remaining tentacles – this is not harmful)
If no vinegar available, pick off tentacles and rinse with seawater (do not use fresh water as this may cause discharge from
undischarged stings)
Keep casualty still and DO NOT leave, even if conscious
Seek urgent medical assistance
Scenario 19
You are bush walking with friends. One of your friends called out that they have been bitten by a snake.
What would your first aid management include?
A. Ask your friend to lie down, apply a pressure immobilisation bandage;
B. Find a knife to cut the bite site and suck on the wound three times;
C. Ask everyone to find and catch the snake for identification purposes;
D. Wash the bite site. Hurry back to the car and drive to the nearest hospital.
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29.
EXPOSURE TO HEAT (HYPERTHERMIA)
The body works efficiently only as long as it remains at a constant temperature between 36°C and 37°C. If the
body temperature drops or rises more than a few degrees it cannot function properly.
Heat cramps - Result of losing too much water and salt through sweating causing painful muscle cramps,
usually in legs and abdomen.
Heat exhaustion - Results from being physically active in a hot environment without taking the right precautions.
Heat stroke - Potentially lethal condition. Water levels in the body become s o low that sweating stops and body
temperature rises because the body can no longer cool itself.
Management
The basic principle of management of exposure to heat is immediate cooling. However, you must take care to
ensure that the patient is not over cooled.
General management
• DRSABCD
• Move the patient to a cool environment
• Give fluids to drink in small amounts.
For heat cramps
• Ask the patient to stop the activity and rest in a cool environment
• Gently stretch the affected muscle and massage gently if this assists in relieving pain
• Place an ice pack on muscle area
• Give cool water to drink.
For heat exhaustion
• Move the patient take down in a cool place with circulating air
• Loosen tight clothing and remove unnecessary garments
• Sponge with cold water
• Give cool water to drink if conscious
• Seek medical aid if patient vomits or does not recover promptly
For heat stroke
In the case of heat stroke, you must cool the patient more rapidly by:
• Removing almost all clothing
• Applying cold packs or ice to neck, groin and armpits
• Cover body with a wet sheet. Direct a fan onto the wet sheet if possible, to increase air circulation
• Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance.
Scenario 20
You are acting as a marshal for a fun run when a runner arrives at your station and collapses. The patient tells you they
feel exhausted, dizzy, has a headache, and is nauseated. The patient is breathing rapidly and has pale, cool and clammy
skin. Which of the following actions would you take in managing the patient?
A. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and wait with the patient;
B. Give the runner a bottle of water to drink and tell them to continue the run;
C. Lie the patient down in the shade, give fluids and sponge with cold water;
D. Massage the patient’s l i m b s for 15 minutes and make them drink 2 litres of water.
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30. EXPOSURE TO COLD
To conserve body heat, blood vessels in the skin shut down to prevent the body’s core heat escaping. Wind and skin wetness
increase the effects of cold air.
The body loses heat by radiation especially from the head, ev ap oration , b r e a t h i n g , conduction and convection. Certain
groups of people are particularly prone to cold-induced conditions. These include the elderly, babies and young children,
and anyb ody weakened b y disease/illness, starvation, fatigue, injury
etc.
Signs and Symptoms
When body temperature first drops, the signs are:
• Feeling cold
• Shivering
• Clumsiness and slurred speech
• Apathy and irrational behaviour.
As the body temperature continues to drop:
• Shivering usually ceases
• Pulse may be difficult to find
• Heart rate may slow
• Level of consciousness continues to decline.
Management
Hypothermia occurs when the body’s warming mechanisms fail, or are overwhelmed, and the body temperature drops below
35°C.
General management
The aim is to stabilise core temperature rather than attempt rapid rewarming.
1. DRSABCD.
2. Remove the patient to a warm, dry place.
3. Protect patient from wind, rain, sleet, cold and wet ground.
4. Handle gently, avoid activity or movement
5. Remove wet clothing.
6. Wrap patient in blanket.
7. Cover head to maintain body heat.
8. Give patient warm drinks if conscious.
Note: Add hot water bottles or heat packs to patient’s n ec k , armpits and groin if managing hypothermia.
9. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance if hypothermia is severe and when in doubt.
A space blanket reflects radiated heat back to the body, but it can also conduct heat away. So, some form of insulation
such as blankets, sleeping mat, even thick layers of newspaper s h o u l d be provided either inside or outside of the space
blanket.
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31. FROSTBITE
Frostbite occurs when the skin and underlying tissues become frozen as a result of exposure to below
zero temperatures. In superficial frostbite, the skin is white, waxy-looking and firm to touch but the tissue underneath
is soft. The patient may feel pain at first, followed by numbness. In deep frostbite, the skin turns greyish-blue. The skin
feels cold and hard and there is no feeling.
General management
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
DRSABCD.
Remove the patient to a warm, dry place and prevent further heat loss.
Rewarm the frostbitten part with body heat (e.g. place frostbitten fingers in armpit).
Handle the frozen tissue very gently to prevent further tissue damage.
Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance.
If possible, remove any jewellery.
DO NOT
DO NOT
DO NOT
DO NOT
rub or massage the frozen area
rewarm with fire or other direct heat
apply snow or cold water to area
give person alcohol
Scenario 21
In a group of bushwalkers, y o u notice that one of them does not have rain protection. The person is staggering, has slurred
speech, is shivering and complains of feeling cold.
What would you do?
A. Place the patient as near as possible to the camp fire;
B. Provide the patient with an alcoholic drink;
C. Massage the patient arms and legs briskly to warm them up;
D. Move the patient to a warm place and warm them up slowly.
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32. CHOKING
Partial Obstruction
If a choking child or adult is able to cough, speak or cry out, it means the airway is not completely obstructed. This is
because, in order to cough, you must be able to inhale.
Symptoms:
•
•
•
•
Wheezing
Stridor (noisy inspiration)
Difficulty breathing
Coughing spasms
Management (if conscious)
•
•
•
•
•
Encourage coughing to clear the foreign material
DO NOT slap the person on their back, as this may result in the foreign material completely blocking their airway
Loosen any tight clothing
Reassure
Call an ambulance if the obstruction is not cleared
Total Obstruction
If a person who is choking is NOT able to cough, speak or cry out, it means the airway is completely blocked.
Symptoms:
•
•
•
•
•
Unable to breath, speak or cry
Gripping throat
Agitation
Cyanosis (blue/mottled skin indicating a severe lack of oxygen)
Altered conscious state and eventual loss of consciousness
Children and infants may also have;
•
Flaring nostrils
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•
In-drawing of the soft tissue above the sternum and between the ribs.
Management Infants
Sit down and place the infant or child across your upper legs with the head low.
Attempt to clear the airway with your finger
If unsuccessful, using less force than for an adult, give up to 5 back slaps between the shoulder blades using the heel of
the hand in an upward motion.
Recheck airway after each back slap for signs of foreign material as well as breathing
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33. DROWNING
Drowning causes an interruption of the oxygen supply to the brain. Early rescue and resuscitation are the major factors in survival.
Do not attempt to rescue a drowning victim beyond your swimming ability. This results in needless deaths each year.
Vomiting may occur due to swallowing water. If the casualty begins vomiting, immediately roll them on to their side to clear the
airway.
If the stomach is distended, DO NOT attempt to empty the stomach by external pressure.
Management
Remove casualty from the water and assess them on their back, to reduce the risk of vomiting
Check the airway is clear. If obstructed, roll the casualty onto their side into the recovery position and clear the airway.
Commence CPR if non responsive and not breathing
Should fluid accumulate in the upper airway during CPR, do not attempt to clear (ANZCOR 9.3.2)
Seek urgent medical help and call an ambulance on 000
Following a drowning event (even a successful rescue), all casualties must be observed by medical staff, preferably in hospital. This
is due to common delayed lung complications.
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34. EYE INJURIES
When the eye is penetrated or damaged, it is susceptible to infection and loss of content (due to its jelly like substance), this can
lead to blindness. Prompt and careful management is required.
The eye can be injured in many ways such as;
-
Foreign bodies
Chemicals
Smoke
Heat
Penetrating objects
Direct blows
Ultraviolet radiation
Penetrating eye injury
Management
-
Do not remove penetrating object
Gently lie the casualty flat with one pillow and provide emotional support
Place a pad around the object
DO NOT apply pressure
Seek urgent medical help - ambulance 000
If in a remote area and medical assistance is not close. You may transport the casualty lying flat
Foreign bodies in the eye
Foreign bodies in the are uncomfortable and in most cases can be easily removed.
Management
-
-
Sit the casualty down facing the light and try to locate the particle
Ask the casualty to look, right, left, up and down, so you can examine all of the eye
If the particle is on the cornea (the coloured section of the eye) ONLY use irrigation to remove the object
Turn the casualty’s head towards the injured side and irrigate the eye with an approved irrigation solution for eyes. If this
Is not available, irrigate with sterile saline water or tap water
If irrigation id unsuccessful and the particle is on the white of the eye (conjunctiva), gently lift the particle off with a
moistened cotton bud
If still unsuccessful;
-
Cover the eye with a clean pad, rest casualty by lying them down and seek medical aid
-
-
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Burns to the eye
Burns to the eye can be caused by;
-
Chemicals
Heat
Welder’s flash
Snow blindness
Management
-
If a chemical burn, immediately irrigate the eye. Irrigate 30 minutes. Do not waste time looking for a neutralising agent
and take care not to become contaminated with the chemical yourself.
Irrigate under the eyelids and sweep away any particles on the conjunctiva (white section of eye)
Lightly pad eye and arrange urgent medical assistance
Welder’s flash / snow blindness
The flash from welding and the glare from the sun on snow, water or concrete can injure unprotected eyes, causing the cornea to
become inflamed and painful. Always wear protection eyewear when welding and polarised sunglasses to reduce glare.
Management
-
Gently irrigate eyes with an approved solution, or cold running water for 15-20 minutes
Lightly pad both eyes
Seek medical advice
Bleeding or direct blows to the eye
Management
-
Assist the casualty to sit or lie down
Place an eye pad gently over the affected eye and secure with tape
Advise the casualty not to move the injured eye
Seek urgent medical help, call 000 for an ambulance
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35. SHARPS INJURIES AND NOSE BLEEDS
Ensure sharps are disposed of safely and in accordance with relevant local, state, territory or commonwealth authorities.
A needlestick (Sharps) injury may occur when the skin is accidently punctured by a used needle. Healthcare workers are at an
increased risk. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) are blood borne diseases that may be
transmitted through a sharp’s injury.
Management:
• Wash the wound with soap and water.
• If soap and water aren’t available, use alcohol-based hand rubs or solutions.
• If you are at work, notify your supervisor or occupational health and safety officer - you will need to fill out an accident report
form.
• Go straight to your doctor, or to the nearest hospital emergency department.
Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
PEP is a course of antiviral medication taken within 72 hours of possible exposure to prevent the virus from taking hold of your
body.
A decision to treat will depend upon:
Where testing of the source of exposure is possible - whether the source tests positive to HBV or HIV.
Whether there has been exposure to blood from that source.
Where the exposure source is unknown or can’t be tested, an assessment of the situation may suggest an increased risk - for
example, a needle discarded from a drug treatment facility.
Ways to reduce the risk:
Ways of reducing the risk of needlestick injuries include:
Health workers who may come in contact with blood or body fluids should receive hepatitis B vaccinations.
Follow all safety procedures in the workplace.
Regularly undertake safety refresher courses.
Minimise your use of needles.
Remember that latex gloves don’t protect you against needlestick injuries.
Don’t bend or snap used needles.
Never re-cap a used needle.
Place used needles into a clearly labelled and puncture-proof sharps approved container.
Nosebleed Management
Characterised by bleeding form the nose
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Lean Forward
Pinch the nose firmly, below the bone.
20 mins
Breath through the mouth
If bleeding is not controlled after 20 mins seek medical assistance
Ice pack (forehead, neck)
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36. BASIC WOUND DRESSING AND CLEANING
Preparation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Find a clean and tidy area with good lighting
Explain to your team mate what you are going to do ensure consent
Collect items for wound dressing; Sterile water / saline solution, swabs, dressing, bandage, tape
Ensure disposable bag is available for soiled items
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Wash hands thoroughly and use sterile gloves (if available)
Pick up swab and moisten lightly with the water or saline
Cleanse the wound, swabbing from the inside to the outside of the wound – one stroke, one swab (do not reuse swabs)
Dry the wound with sterile gauze/ nonstick dressing
Cover with a clean dressing and secure
Aftercare
Advise casualty to seek medical advice if any signs of infection appear
Place all remaining materials into a plastic bag and tie up tightly for disposal.
Remove gloves (if worn) and wash hand thoroughly with soapy water or hand sanitizer
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HLT First Aid - Student Manual
37. FIRST AID KITS
Contents of a first aid kit
Workplaces from industrial to sporting venues should have an appropriate first aid kit on site. It is also a good idea to
keep one at home and in the car. They should be available for us for anyone in the workplace.
You should be aware of the items that are included in a typical first aid kit, and also know what each item is used for.
The first aider responsible for the maintenance of the first aid kit should: Regularly check all items and replace any missing
items
Items that should be considered when selecting a first aid kit:
Non-Adh es iv e Dressings
Hypo-Allergenic Tape
Disposable Gloves
Resuscitation Mask
Face Shield or Barrier
Notepad & Pencil
Roller Bandages
Normal Saline Solution
Scissors
Thermal Blanket
Triangular Bandage
Tweezers
Adhesive Strips
Ice Pack
Other resources and equipment that may be used if appropriate to the risk to
be met:
•
AED
•
Auto-injector
•
Puffer/inhaler
•
Spacer device
Always use and correctly operate first aid equipment as required for first aid
management according to manufacturer/supplier’s instructions and local
policies and/or procedures
Improvising
There may be occasions where you need to give first aid but
there is no first aid kit available.
If a kit is not available, you will need to improvise first aid
equipment, by using whatever you can find but, sort out the
pros and cons of using the item before applying it.
For example, using a plastic bag for gloves, and a folded face
cloth wrapped in cling wrap as a non- a d h e s i v e pad are
feasible an d has positive outcomes.
However, you should not let the absence of a first aid kit
prevent you from offering first aid to a patient.
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Dated: July 2022
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ABN: 49 109 198 585 | RTO ID: 22381
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HLT First Aid - Student Manual
38. REPORTING FIRST AID INCIDENTS
Appropriate clinical expert may include:
• Supervisor/manager
• Ambulance officer/paramedic
• Other medical/health worker
39. DOCUMENTING FIRST AID INCIDENTS
Documentation may include:
• Injury report forms
• Workplace documents as per organisation requirements
Documentation may include recording:
• Time, location and date
• Description of injury
• First aid management
• Fluid intake/output, including fluid loss via:
• blood
• vomit
• faeces
• urine
Administration of medication including:
• time, date, dose
• person administering
• Vital signs (Pulse, breathing, conscious state, skin state)
Documentation of First aid management must take be complete in a timely manner and consider applicable aspects of:
• The setting in which first aid is provided, including:
• workplace policies and procedures
• industry/site specific regulations, codes etc.
• OHS requirements
• state and territory workplace health and safety legislative requirements•
• location of emergency services personnel.
• The use and availability of first aid equipment and resources
• Infection control
• Maintain confidentiality of records and information in line with privacy principles. Do not name or discuss casualties’
condition / situation on social media platforms, internet spaces or with direct family and friends.
• Legal and social responsibilities of first aider
• Accurately record details of casualty’s physical condition, changes in conditions, and
o management and response to management in line with established procedures
Evaluating own performance
• Seek feedback from appropriate clinical expert
• involvement in critical incidents
• e future response and address individual needs
Stress management techniques
It’s important to note that rescuers may suffer from stress following an incident. Ways to deal
with stress include;
Accept that there are events outside of your control
Learn to relax
Talk with a trusted and understanding confidant about your feelings
Decrease caffeine, maintain adequate rest and sleep
Reach for additional support if required – see support mechanisms
HLT – First Aid Manual
Dated: July 2022
Page 47 of 50
START Training
ABN: 49 109 198 585 | RTO ID: 22381
www.starttraining.com.au
HLT First Aid - Student Manual
40. SAMPLE CONFIDENTIAL CASUALTY REPORT
41. INFECTION CONTROL
Infection control of First Aid aims to prevent infection for all people including the casualty, First Aider and other workers
Infection control standard precautions are designed to achieve a basic level of infection control
You must consider all human blood, other body fluids and tissues as potentially infectious.
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Dated: July 2022
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HLT First Aid - Student Manual
The following safe working procedures should be observed;
-
Cover open cuts with a bandage
Wear disposable gloves or use hand sanitiser if possible
Other PPE (if available) such as safety goggles and disposable apron
Hands should be thoroughly washed with soap prior to touching and after managing the casualty, and after disposing of
used materials
Disinfect surfaces
Dispose of soiled items
Gloves (if available) should be worn before any skin to skin contact or when dealing with bodily fluids
42. FIRST AID CODES OF PRACTICE
To assist organisations in meeting their WHS obligations, there are guidance documents called Codes of Practice.
All First aid codes of practice include information on:
Determine first aid provision, based on the nature of work
Contents of a first aid kit
Other first aid equipment and facilities that may be required
The recommended number of first aiders
First aid training requirements, including frequency and refresher training
Workplace health and safety legislation covers all workplaces regardless of size, locations and hazards
The Victorian First Aid in the workplace compliance code can be found on the WorkSafe Victorian Website
https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/resources/compliance-code-first-aid-workplace
Under the legislation, an employer is responsible for the health, safety and welfare of all persons legally on the premises, which
includes employees, contractors, visitors and volunteers.
HLT – First Aid Manual
Dated: July 2022
Page 49 of 50
START Training
ABN: 49 109 198 585 | RTO ID: 22381
www.starttraining.com.au