A SEMINAR REPORT
on
IMPACT ASSESMENT OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
FOR TIER-I CITIES OF INDIA: A STUDY
submitted by
RAVI ITALIYA (U21CE052)
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
under the supervision of
Dr. KRUPESH A. CHAUHAN
(Professor)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SARDAR VALLABHBAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SURAT
NOVEMBER 2023
i
SARDAR VALLABHBAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RIVERFRONT
DEVELOPMENT FOR TIER-I CITIES OF INDIA: A STUDY submitted by RAVI ITALIYA
(U21CE052) to the Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering is a bona fide record of work carried out by the student under my supervision. The
contents of this report, in full or in parts have not been submitted to any other Institute or University
for the award of any degree or diploma.
Dr. KRUPESH A. CHAUHAN
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
S.V. National Institute of Technology
Surat
Head of the Department
Civil Engineering
ii
SARDAR VALLABHBAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RIVERFRONT
DEVELOPMENT FOR TIER-I CITIES OF INDIA: A STUDY submitted by RAVI ITALIYA
(U21CE052) to the Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering has been accepted by the examination committee and that the student has successfully
completed the examination held today.
(Internal Examiner)
(External Examiner)
Place: Surat
Date:
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have taken endeavors in this seminar. However, this would not have been possible without the
kind support of many individuals. I am highly indebted to the respected Head of the Department,
Dr R.A. Christian, Department of Civil Engineering, SVNIT, Surat, for allowing me to present
my seminar on Impact Assessment of Riverfront Development for Tier-l Cities of India: A
Study. I sincerely thank my project guide, Dr Krupesh. A. Chauhan, Department of Civil
Engineering, S.V.N.I.T., Surat, for their valuable guidance, constant supervision and for giving
necessary information. I would also like to thank my parents and friends for their cooperation and
perpetual encouragement, which helped me complete this seminar successfully.
Ravi Italiya
Author
iv
ABSTRACT
The riverfronts of India's Tier-1 cities have undergone substantial changes as a result of
their fast urbanization. Although these changes helped in the expansion of the cities, they
have additionally raised worries about social justice and environmental sustainability. This
calls for a comprehensive impact assessment of riverfront development in these cities.
The impact assessment of riverfront development in itier-1 cities of India through case
study of Delhi and Ahmedabad, two Tier-1 cities in India, is the main topic of this study.
It provides a thorough examination of the growth along the riverfronts of the Yamuna and
Sabarmati. Using a case-study methodology, the research looks at a number of topics,
including the effects of the environment, socioeconomic shifts, urban aesthetics, and public
accessibility.
The results show that although riverbank development has boosted the economy and
improved urban areas, it additionally contributed to social inequality and degraded the
environment. The study emphasizes the necessity of a well-rounded strategy for riverfront
development that balances social inclusion, environmental preservation, and economic
advancement.
v
TABLES
Table no.
Description
Page no.
1
land use of Sabarmati riverfront development
17
2
Land use of Yamuna riverfront development project
22
vi
FIGURES
Figure no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Page no.
Description
Cross section showing design of chonggyecheon riverfront
development
cheonggycheon before and after restoration
chicago riverwalk before and after
blockwide planning of Chicago riverwalk
Sabarmati River before the project started
Sabarmati riverfront: sewage treatment
Sabarmati Riverfront-Public spaces source
Before: the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad in the 1980s. After:
8
9
11
12
15
16
16
18
the same spot today.
9
land use map of yamuna Riverfront development
23
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
TABLES
vi
FIGURES
vii
1.INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Need to study
1
1.2 Study area
2
1.3 Objective of study
2
2.LITERATURE REVIEW
3
2.1 Historical Context
3
2.2 Riverfront Development
3
2.3 Types of Riverfronts
3
2.4 General Principals of Riverfront Development
4
2.5 Significance of Riverfront in Urban Planning
5
3.CASE STUDIES
6
3.1 Cheonggyecheon, Seoul, South Korea
6
3.2 Chicago Riverwalk, USA
10
3.3 Sabarmati Riverfront, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
14
3.4 Yamuna Riverfront, Delhi
20
4.IMPACT ASSESMENT OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
26
4.1 Economic Impacts
26
4.2 Social and Cultural Impacts
28
4.3 Environmental Impacts
30
viii
5.OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
33
5.1 Observations
33
5.2 Recommendations for Future Development
34
6.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY
36
6.1 Conclusion
36
6.2 Future scope of study
37
REFRENCES
38
ix
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to their potential for urban renewal and development, urban riverfronts - once underutilized
area - have recently attracted renewed attention. They present unique opportunities for tourism,
recreation, city beautification, and even real estate development. But the effects of this kind of
development on the city and its people are complicated, and they need to be carefully assessed.
1.1 NEED TO STUDY
India has a unique opportunity to develop its riverfronts because of its vast river systems and varied
landscapes, particularly in its Tier-I cities. Being the main economic centers, these cities have
experienced rapid urbanization, which has created a number of infrastructure and environmental
problems. In this regard, riverfront development has the potential to significantly contribute to
sustainable development, urban renewal, and improved quality of life.
These development initiatives, though, may also have an effect on the neighborhood, the
environment, and the socioeconomic elements of the city. To make sure that the advantages
outweigh any potential drawbacks, it is imperative to evaluate these impacts. The objective of this
research is to close this knowledge gap by offering a thorough evaluation of the effects of riverfront
development in Tier-I cities in India.
This study is necessary for a number of reasons:
a. The Challenges of Urbanization: The Tier-I cities of India are experiencing rapid
urbanization, which is putting more strain on resources and land. Some of these pressures
may be reduced with the addition of space for both public and private use that waterfront
development can bring about.
b. Environmental Concerns: Riverfront developments may affect the environment in both
good and bad ways. It is essential to comprehend these effects when developing and putting
into practice sustainable development strategies.
c. Socio-Economic Effects: Riverfront developments have the potential to significantly alter
a city's socioeconomic landscape. These may include a rise in tourism, the creation of jobs,
and an improvement in living standards. They may, however, also result in problems like
the uprooting of nearby communities and higher living expenses.
1
d. Benchmarking & Future Planning: The research will offer insightful information and serve
as a benchmark for upcoming riverfront development initiatives in other cities.
1.2 STUDY AREA
The study area includes many Indian and international cities that have experienced
riverfront development. The purpose of the selection of these case studies is to offer a broad
and thorough grasp of the effects of these kinds of initiatives.
It includes following case studies:
I.
The Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project in Seoul, South Korea,
converted an elevated highway into a bustling public area.
II.
Chicago, United States: Recreational and leisure activities are available along the
Chicago Riverwalk, a continuous walkway.
III.
the first and most well-known riverfront development projects in India: the
Sabarmati Riverfront Development project in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
IV.
Delhi: The Yamuna Riverfront Development project is an effort to revitalize and
enhance the Yamuna River's banks.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The objectives of study are as follows:
I.
II.
To study riverfront development projects across the world and India in detail.
To analyze impacts of riverfront development on cities from case studies, mainly
focused on tier-I cities of India like Delhi and Ahmedabad
2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is essential because it gives a summary of what is already known, points
out areas in need of research, guarantees originality, and provides context for the study.
1.1 HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Initiated in the 1960s, riverfront development projects were first seen in North American
cities, especially Baltimore and Boston. Riverfront development has since spread
throughout the world, with thousands of projects being carried out in major cities, mediumsized cities, and even small towns. The social and ecological space of rivers has been
converted into urban commercial areas by these developments. The effects of climate
change have led to a tendency in developed nations to steer clear of developing homes
directly on riverfronts. To enable locals to enjoy the riverfront and its environs, planners
design public areas like parks, walkways, and venues for festivals, fireworks, and concerts.
There are four categories into which the history of riverfronts in India falls:
I.
the initial phase, which concentrated on early civilizations like the Indus Valley
civilization.
II.
the mythological era beginning in 3000 BC, which resulted in the Mughals,
Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British settling there, among other groups.
III.
the period leading up to independence, which saw a rise in industries, from the
thirteenth to the twentieth centuries.
IV.
the period following independence that began in the 20th century and is marked
by a consistent deterioration of riverfronts.
Riverfront development projects in India began with the Sabarmati Riverfront
Development project in Ahmedabad. The project, which was first proposed in 1960 but
only got underway in 2005, involved building a concrete embankment wall on both banks
and walkways that covered 10.4 km of the banks on each side of the river. Modern
3
riverfront development initiatives typically seek to strengthen the economy of riverfront
cities and are viewed as instruments for modernizing and enhancing the image of the area,
with social and ecological benefits emerging naturally from such initiatives.
1.2 RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
The process of converting urban areas beside rivers into more aesthetically pleasing and
environmentally beneficial areas is known as riverfront development. It could involve
building public parks, walkways, leisure centers, cultural events, and other features that
improve the city's economy and quality of life. Along with preventing pollution and
flooding, riverfront development can also work to restore the ecological health of the river.
1.3 TYPES OF RIVERFRONTS
The literature that is currently available allows for a general classification of riverfronts
into the following types:
a. Cultural Riverfronts: Riverfronts with a strong sense of community, celebration,
artistic expression, and business activity are known as cultural riverfronts. They
could have performance spaces or art installations in addition to frequently hosting
festivals and cultural events.
b. Environmental Riverfronts: When planning and constructing these riverfronts,
ecological factors are given top priority. They are made to support regional wildlife
and ecosystems and frequently include parks and green areas.
c. Historic Riverfront: A location's riverfront adds character and individuality. They
are intended to celebrate and preserve the history of the region and frequently
include historic structures or landmarks.
d. Economic Riverfronts: The development of these riverfronts has a strong focus on
enhancing the local economy. They frequently have businesses, tourist attractions,
and leisure centers.
4
e. Residential Riverfronts: The residential developments that line the riverbanks
define these riverfronts. They offer residents distinctive, close-to-nature living
experiences.
f.
Mixed Use Riverfronts: Riverfronts with a mix of commercial, residential,
cultural, and recreational uses are known as mixed-use riverfronts. Their goal is to
design dynamic, multifaceted urban environments that accommodate various
requirements and inclinations.
1.4 GENERAL PRINCIPALS DF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
The literature that is currently available supports the following general guidelines for
riverfront development:
a. Land Use Balance: Riverfront development ought to aim to achieve a harmonious
coexistence of various land uses, such as residential, commercial, recreational, and
ecological.
b. Respect for Limited Resources: The area's limited resources, such as the land,
water, and other natural resources, should be taken into consideration when
planning and implementing waterfront development.
c. Enhanced Public Access: Increasing public access to the waterfront is one of the
main objectives of riverfront development. The construction of parks, walkways,
public areas, and other facilities can help achieve this.
d. Protection of Environmental Quality: Riverfront development needs to incorporate
measures to preserve the local environment. This includes actions to stop pollution,
safeguard nearby ecosystems, and encourage environmentally friendly behaviors.
e. Social Inclusivity: Riverfront development projects that are successful place a high
priority on social inclusivity, making sure that everyone in the community benefits
from the development.
f.
Economic Vitality: By bolstering regional companies and encouraging economic
expansion, riverbank development should enhance the region's economy.
5
g. Environmental Sustainability: Development along riverfronts should be
environmentally sustainable in order to support ecosystems' and communities'
long-term health.
These guidelines offer a structure for organizing and carrying out prosperous and longlasting riverbank development initiatives.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF RIVERFRONT IN URBAN PLANNING
There are numerous reasons why riverfront development is important for urban planning
and development:
a. Economic Growth: Creating jobs and boosting tourism revenue are two benefits of
riverbank development. It offers a rare chance to forge a positive public image for
the city and to scientifically design methods for replenishing groundwater from the
city's sole substantial natural resource.
b. Community Development: The quality of life and culture of a community can be
improved by waterfront development. Additionally, it can support social
inclusivity.
c. Environmental Sustainability: By helping to establish green spaces throughout the
city,
riverfront
development
can
support
environmental
sustainability.
Environmentalists and ecologists from all over the world have become interested
in riverfront development due to its socio-economic and ecological aspects.
d. Urban Regeneration: The revitalization of underutilized spaces through riverfront
development can turn them into bustling hubs for business, culture, tourism, and
leisure.
e. Long-term Success: Prosperous riverbank development initiatives give precedence
to environmental sustainability, social inclusivity, and economic vibrancy, thereby
6
augmenting the long-term prosperity and welfare of ecosystems and communities
alike.
f.
The significance of riverbank development in urban planning is shown by these
points. Long-term success, environmental sustainability, urban renewal, and
community development are all important factors in addition to economic growth.
3. CASE STUDIES
Case studies play important role to understand impacts of riverfront development. Let us begin
with, international case studies:
3.1 CHEONGGYCHEON, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
BACKGROUND
Formerly, Cheonggyecheon was a famous stream rich in history. Cheonggyecheon, which means
"clear valley stream" and crosses Seoul, was affected by urbanization in the middle of the 20th
century. There were shanties along the riverbank, making sanitation a problem. In order to address
this, in the late 1950s the river was filled in with concrete and made into a 6-kilometer road.
Cheonggyecheon's 5.8 km 6-lane elevated highway was built in 1971 to handle the capital's
growing traffic volume.
This infrastructure was useful for a while. Seoul developed into a thriving metropolis, with
Cheonggyecheon serving as the location of its main commercial district. But the highway reached
the point of obsolescence by 2000. The 10-lane road and the 4-lane elevated highway that served
over 170,000 vehicles every day along the Cheonggyecheon stream were torn down by the Seoul
Metropolitan Government. The altered roadway promotes the use of public transportation rather
than private vehicles and more ecologically friendly, pedestrian-focused public areas.
PURPOSE
7
I.
Preservation: The project's goal was to protect Seoul's Central Business District's (CBD)
distinctive natural environment and historic resources.
II.
Strengthening of Business Area: Using digital industries, international affairs, and
information technology, the project aimed to strengthen the business area around them.
III.
Environmental Improvement: Improving the downtown area's environmental conditions
was one of the objectives.
IV.
Establishment of a Focal Point: The project's goal was to establish a focal point with both
aesthetic value and historical significance.
V.
Economic Growth: By drawing travelers and investors, the project sought to start a longterm economic growth.
VI.
Establishing Seoul as a Hub: The project's goal was to assist Seoul in becoming an East
Asian financial and commercial hub.
PLANNING AND DESIGN FEATURES:
Figure 1. cross-section showing design of cheonggycheon riverfront. source:https://globaldesigningcities.org/
I.
Elevated Highway Removal: The project included tearing down a concrete elevated
highway structure.
II.
Daylighting of the Urban Stream: Daylighting is the process of uncovering the previously
covered urban stream.
III.
Open Space Creation: Along the daylight stream, a sizable new open space was made.
8
IV.
Pedestrian Amenities and Recreational Spaces: Two plazas and eight themed locations
were among the recreational spaces and pedestrian amenities that were created as part of
the project.
V.
VI.
Building of Bridges: 21 new bridges were built to reunite the city's infrastructure.
Roads and Sidewalks: A total of 13.5 meters were set aside on either side of the stream for
loading/unloading zones, two-lane, unidirectional roads, and sidewalks.
VII.
Stone Sculptures: Throughout the design, there were solitary stone sculptures that
represented the nine provinces of North and South Korea's eventual unification.
Significant environmental gains were made as a result of the project, including a decrease in air
pollution, a decrease in the urban heat island effect, and an increase in biodiversity.
IMPACT ON CITY DEVELOPMENT
I.
Seoul's urban growth was significantly influenced by the Cheonggyecheon Riverfront
Development Project. Here are some important details:
II.
Environmental Impact: From the beginning of the restoration work in 2003 to the end of
2008, the project increased overall biodiversity by 639%. With temperatures along the
stream 3.3° to 5.9°C lower than on a parallel road 4–7 blocks away, it also lessened the
impact of the urban heat island. Moreover, the project cut air pollution from small particles
by 35%.
III.
Social Impact: Between 2003 and the end of 2008, the project helped Seoul's bus and
subway ridership rise by 15.1% and 3.3%, respectively. On average, 64,000 people visit it
every day.
IV.
Economic Impact: For properties located 50 meters or less from the restoration project, the
project raised land prices by 30–50%1. This is twice as fast as property values are rising in
other parts of Seoul. In the Cheonggyecheon area, the number of businesses grew by 3.5%
in 2002–2003, double the rate of growth of businesses in Seoul's downtown.
V.
Urban Renewal and Revitalization: As a result of the project, there was a notable
improvement in the ecological aspects as well as the quality of the air and water.
9
VI.
Tourist Attraction: Since the project's completion, over 50 million people have visited, and
downtown investment has significantly increased.
Figure 2.cheonggycheon before and after restoration. Source: https://www.rainway.ca/river-daylighting
CHALLENGES FACED:
I.
Aging Infrastructure: The concrete deck over the Cheonggyecheon stream and the outdated
elevated freeway presented safety hazards and needed to be replaced or repaired.
II.
Degradation of the Surrounding Area: There had been significant degradation in the
surrounding area.
III.
Bad Water Quality: The stream's water quality was subpar.
IV.
Absence of Biodiversity: There were few plants and animals in the natural habitat.
The process relied heavily on interagency coordination and innovative governance.
LESSONS LEARNED:
I.
Public Engagement: In order to expedite the process, it was critical to interact with local
businesses, entrepreneurs, and residents.
II.
Vehicle traffic decreased as a result of the reduction in travel-lane capacity.
10
III.
Global Best Practice Example: The project has been praised as an effective example of
urban greening in a crowded city that exemplifies global best practices.
IV.
Planning Template: It offered a format for planning both domestically and internationally
in South Korea.
Urban development projects in the future can benefit from these lessons.
3.2 CHICAGO RIVERWALK, USA
BACKGROUND
The Chicago River, one of the America’s most recognizable landmarks, is the vitality of this
American metropolis. The river, which had a significant role in the city's early economic growth,
has come to represent Chicago's standing both nationally and internationally in modern times.
Chicago has been working diligently to restore the riverbanks for its citizens since the city's riverbased industries faded. One of the most ambitious projects, the Chicago Riverwalk, a quarter-mile
stretch between Lake Michigan and the north and south branches of the river, was finished in
2016_by the Chicago firm Ross Barney Architects. The riverbank was to become "the city's living
room; an urban counterpoint to Chicago's front yard, Grant Park," according to Ross Barney
Architects.
Figure 3.chicago riverwalk before and after. source: https://metropolismag.com/
PURPOSE:
11
I.
Reclaim the River: Reclaiming the Chicago River was the project's main goal, serving the
city's economic, recreational, and ecological needs.
II.
Continuous Walkway: The project created specifications for building a water-edge
walkway that would run continuously from Lake Michigan to Lake Street.
III.
Universal Access: By enhancing ramps and elevators, the project sought to create universal
access between street and river levels.
IV.
Support River Business Operations: By providing loading and storage areas, the project
aims to support river business operations.
V.
Landscape and Hardscape Improvements: The project's goal was to use these elements to
draw wildlife, people, and plants to the river corridor.
VI.
Rejuvenate the River: The project's goals were to improve the Chicago River's water
quality, lower pollution levels, and increase the river's visibility in urban areas.
PLANNING AND DESIGN FEATURES:
One outstanding illustration of urban change is the planning and architecture of the Chicago
Riverwalk. Here are a few salient points:
I.
Continuous Walkway: Along the water's edge, the project creates a continuous walkway
that runs from Lake Michigan to Lake Street.
II.
Accessibility: The Riverwalk is designed with engineering planning and services that
comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
III.
Unique Blocks: With unique identities and purposes, the design plans include conceptual
ideas for each of the six blocks from State Street west to Lake Street.
IV.
Recreational Spaces: For park visitors, the Riverwalk offers continuity and variety. Diverse
experiences on the river are made possible by the unique programs and forms of each
typological space, which include dining options, extensive public event programming, and
additional amenities for human-powered craft.
V.
Ecological Consideration: With its floating gardens and fishing piers, the Jetty is a place to
learn about the ecology of the river.
VI.
Infrastructure Projects: To encourage a pedestrian walkway and activate the area as a public
amenity, the roadway was redesigned to accommodate the riverwalk's expansion.
12
VII.
Awards and Recognition: Due to the project's creative design and positive effects on urban
development, it has won multiple awards.
Figure 4.blockwide planning of Chicago riverwalk. source: https://www.sasaki.com/projects/chicago-riverwalk/
IMPACT ON CITY DEVELOPMENT
The development of the city and the urban experience has been greatly influenced by the Chicago
Riverwalk:
I.
Urban Transformation: The Riverwalk project has turned an abandoned industrial area into
a bustling hub of the city. It has been likened to the High Line in New York, as both projects
aim to repurpose and make existing industrial infrastructure pedestrian-friendly.
II.
Economic Impact: With almost 500 jobs available during the busiest time of year, the
Riverwalk's growing popularity has also resulted in an increase in employment
opportunities.
III.
City Development: The famed Loop business and commercial district is located directly
beside the river that flows through the center of Chicago. This significant feature, which
connects it to the nearby suburbs, has been vital to the growth of the city for many years.
IV.
Public Amenities: Both city dwellers and tourists can enjoy eateries, cultural events, and
access to natural environments at the Riverwalk.
V.
Enhanced Urban Experience: A number of events are planned for the project's duration,
prepared to offer a ready audience a variety of entertainment and hospitality choices that
will undoubtedly change Chicago's urban experience.
13
All things considered; the Chicago Riverwalk has boosted the city's economy in addition to
improving the urban experience.
CHALLENGES FACED
During its implementation, the Chicago Riverwalk project encountered a number of difficulties:
I.
Space Restrictions: In order to increase the pedestrian program spaces, the design team had
to work within a limited 25-foot-wide build-out area that was mandated by the permit.
II.
Under-Bridge Connections: A number of under-bridge connections between blocks had to
be negotiated in order to complete the project.
III.
Flood Dynamics: Taking into consideration the river's nearly seven vertical feet of annual
flood each year, the design had to be adjusted.
LESSONS LEARNED
I.
Urban Transformation: The project showed how abandoned riverbanks and outdated
infrastructure can be converted into a linear urban park, a welcoming public gathering area,
and a useful transit route.
II.
Sustainable Development: The city's long history and sincere dedication to urban
sustainability are represented by the Riverwalk project.
III.
Transferable Lessons: Other cities can apply the project's primary lessons on urban
sustainability.
IV.
Ecological Design: The research's conclusions offer crucial support and guidance for
creative ecological design that serves as a test case for the field.
All things considered, the Chicago Riverwalk project has proven to be an effective example of
sustainable development and urban transformation, even in the face of obstacles.
3.3 SABARMATI RIVER, AHMEDABAD, GUJRAT
BACKGROUND
14
Since Ahmedabad was established in 1411 along the banks of the Sabarmati River, the river has
played a significant role in the city's daily operations. In addition to serving as a significant water
source, it served as a backdrop for leisure and cultural pursuits. Farming began to take place on the
riverbed during the dry seasons. Over time, it also provided space for a variety of unofficial
commercial ventures, and squatter colonies emerged along the riverbanks.
But over time, the river began to suffer from the heavy use. Storm water outfalls allowed untreated
sewage to enter the river, and the disposal of industrial waste constituted a serious risk to public
health and the environment. The riverbank settlements lacked basic infrastructure facilities and
were incredibly vulnerable to flooding. Along the riverfront, drab development took shape. Because
of these circumstances, the river became impassable and practically divided the two areas of the
city. The city slowly faced away from the river.
The riverfront's potential to be transformed from an unfavorable state to a significant urban asset
had long been acknowledged. Since the 1960s, plans to accomplish the same have been made;
however, it wasn't until 1998 that the city conceived and started this multifaceted project.
REQUIRMENT OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
a. The riverbed and waterway were badly impacted by the increased needs or uses.
b. The unloading of mechanical waste and the untreated biodegradable contamination or
sewage that flowed into the conduit through storm water outfalls constituted a serious threat
to public health and the environment.
c. The stream bank settlements required basic framework offices because they were
regrettably vulnerable to flooding. Boredom progress took hold of the riverbank
infrastructure. The stream conduit became inaccessible due to these circumstances,
resulting in a virtual division between the two sections of the metropolitan city.
15
Figure 5.Sabarmati River before the project started. Source: Sabarmati Riverfront website
PURPOSE:
The project's main goals are to give Ahmedabad a distinctive waterfront environment on both of
the Sabarmati River's banks and to reconsider how Ahmedabad is portrayed along the river. The
project aimed to transform the neglected portions of the riverside and reestablish the city's
connection to the waterway.
a. There are three characteristics that best describe the task's destinations.
b. Environmental Improvement: sewage or waste material redirection to scour or clean the
stream; water maintenance and re-energize; reduction in disintegration and flood to protect
the city.
c. Social Infrastructure: creation of public areas, ghats, and athletic parks; relocation and
restoration of riverbed occupants and exercises; placement of socio-social amenities for the
city.
16
Figure 6.Sabarmati riverfront: sewage treatment. source: ©www.hcp.co.in
Figure 7. Sabarmati Riverfront-Public spaces source: ©www.hcp.co.in
17
PLANNING FEATURES
a. Recovering 185 hectares of land by decreasing the riverbed from a variable dimensional
width of 600–300 m to a fixed measurement width of 275 m.
b. The construction of anchor sections (10 m) and RCC stomach partitions (10–20 m
profundity) to stop the riverbanks from collapsing. after the anchor chunk block is
completed and flipped into the lower promenade.
c. The construction of interceptor sewers ready to divert waste water to the two sewage
treatment plants in Vasna and Pirana rather than allowing it to flow directly into the
waterway.
d. The construction of RCC holding dividers (2.5–9 m) to prevent floods in the city. The 100year flood level determines how tall the dividers are. Above the holding partitions is framed
a higher promenade.
RIVERFRONT LAND USE
The proposed development is of mix land use that includes commercial, recreational and residential
developments within the both side of river bank from Gandhi Bridge to Sardar Bridge.
Table 1.land use of Sabarmati riverfront development. source: Sabarmati riverfront website
IMPACT ON CITY GROWTH
The Sabarmati Riverfront Development project has had a significant impact on the growth of
Ahmedabad city:
18
Urban Transformation: The project, which began in 1996, transformed a neglected and polluted
riverfront into a vibrant public space. The project reclaimed about 200 hectares of land, with more
than 85% of it being used for public infrastructure, recreational parks, sports facilities, and gardens.
The remaining land was earmarked for commercial and residential purposes.
Figure 7. Before: the Sabarmati River in Ahmedabad in the 1980s. After: the same spot today.
Social Impact: The transformation was not just physical but also social. The riverfront became a
place for recreation, gatherings, and even traditional markets. It also boosted social activities and
provided spaces for local vendors. A well-organized Dhobi Ghat (facilities for washer men)
incorporating 168 formal washing spaces and a Riverfront Market (Local Sunday Market) for about
1600 local vendors of the city has been developed as a part of the project.
Environmental Impact: The project also had an environmental impact. Major interceptor sewer
lines were installed on both banks of the river, capturing more than 38 sewage discharge points and
routing sewage to newly-commissioned treatment plants south of Vasna barrage. This helped in
reducing the pollution levels in the river.
Economic Impact: The Sabarmati Riverfront project is completely self-financed through the sale
of a small percentage of reclaimed land for commercial and retail space, sufficient enough to
generate resources to pay for developing the riverfront and managing it2. This has led to economic
growth in the city.
However, it’s important to note that while the project has brought about positive changes, it has
also faced criticism. Some concerns have been raised about the relocation of slum dwellers away
19
from the city centre, upstream farmers worried about their water supply and environmentalists
concerned that the Sabarmati remains one of the country’s 15 most polluted rivers.
In conclusion, the Sabarmati Riverfront Development project has played a significant role in
shaping Ahmedabad’s future as a city oriented towards residents’ needs and poised for responsible,
inclusive growth.
CHALLENGES FACED AND LESSONS LEARNED
The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, has been a
significant urban transformation initiative. However, like any large-scale project, it faced several
challenges and provided valuable lessons.
CHALLANGES
a. Environmental Concerns: The project had to ensure that the river’s carrying capacity was
not affected. This involved technical assessments and strategies for various aspects of the
project.
b. Flood Management: The project was stalled in August 2006 due to heavy floods. This led
to a re-evaluation of the project design.
c. Resettlement & Rehabilitation: There were around 12,000 hutments around the river that
covered nearly 20% of the project area. The project had to ensure successful rehabilitation
of these people.
d. Cost Escalation: The constant change in the plan escalated the project cost from Rs 361
crore in 1997 to an estimated Rs 1,100 crore.
LESSONS LEARNED
a. Importance of Environmental Conservation: The project highlighted the need for a balance
between commercial and recreational aspects and ecological conservation.
b. Inclusive Development: More than 80% of the reclaimed land was used for free and public
spaces. This included parks, public spaces, and socio-cultural amenities.
c. Revenue Generation: The concept and method proposed were to generate revenue, prevent
erosion of the river banks, and reduce the burden on the government.
20
Statistics: The project has been under implementation since 1996. By channelling the river to a
constant width of 263m, riverbed land of 204.91 hectares has been reclaimed. The public riverfront
extends up to a length of 11.25 kilometres within the city on either bank. Total ₹1,152 crore
(US$140 million) were spent on the project by 2014. By November 2019, ₹1,400 crore (US$180
million) were spent.
3.4 YAMUNA RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT, DELHI
BACKGROUND
The Yamuna Riverfront Development project is an important project in Delhi, the capital of India.
The National Green Tribunal ordered the project in 2015, and it started in 2017 under the
supervision of a committee that was appointed by the NGT.
The Yamuna River flows on the eastern border of Delhi, roughly 52 kilometres from Palla to
Jaitpur, and features a rich riparian ecosystem in addition to expansive floodplains on both its
eastern and western banks. Unfortunately, this holy river has become contaminated over time and
turned into an unclean drain. In addition to improving public access, the Yamuna Riverfront
Development project seeks to "beautify" and "rejuvenate" the floodplains. 22 kilometres of the
Yamuna floodplains will be developed as part of the project for parks, public spaces, and
"recreational" activities.
But the project has also sparked worries about how the floodplains' changing topography will affect
society and how appropriating "commons" for commercial purposes could erase history.
Riverfronts, according to critics, are frequently merely cosmetic projects undertaken in the name
of "revival" and "beautification," which may not always be in line with the requirements and
preferences of nearby communities.
PURPOSE
The following are the goals of the Yamuna Riverfront Development project:
a. Recreation: The goal of the project is to create recreational areas in the Yamuna
floodplains. Creating public areas for enjoyment and leisure is part of this.
21
b. Public Facilities: The riverfront will see the development of public facilities as part of the
project. The goal of this is to improve riverfront access and usage for the general public.
c. Biodiversity Parks: One of the project's main goals is the creation of biodiversity parks.
These parks will be locations for environmental education and ecological preservation.
d. Beautification and Rejuvenation: The project's goal is to make the Yamuna River's
floodplains more attractive and vibrant. It is anticipated that this will improve the
riverfront's visual appeal and improve the city's reputation overall.
e. Environmental Sustainability: A proposed biodiversity park would cover 9,700 hectares on
the Yamuna River's banks, as per the Delhi Master Plan 2021. The main goal of this project
is to lower the city's pollution levels, and eco-friendly methods will be used throughout its
completion.
PLANNING AND DESIGN FEATURES
The goal of the Yamuna Riverfront Development project is to revitalize the riverfront and turn
it into a lively, open public area. The following are some of the project's main planning and
design elements:
a. Project Coverage: From Palla to Jaitpur, the project spans an area of about 52 kilometres.
On 1,476 hectares on the eastern and western banks, it is currently in use.
b. Project Sites: The project encompasses a number of locations, including Hindon Sarovar,
Ghat Area, Yamuna Vanasthali, Mayur Nature Park, Asita East, Kalindi Aviral, Kalindi
Biodiversity Park, Asita West, and Amrut Biodiversity Park.
c. Rejuvenation Measures: The project entails planting new wetlands and water bodies,
restoring existing ones, building walkways, bike paths, and eco trails, as well as
constructing grasslands and floodplain forests.
d. Public Spaces: As part of the project, open congregational spaces and play areas are being
developed.
e. Ghat Redevelopment: Several viewing platforms are being built at various locations as part
of the ghats' ongoing renovation.
f.
Accessibility: Along the 22 km stretch between Wazirabad Barrage and Okhla Barrage, the
Delhi Development Authority (DDA) is constructing bike lanes, walkways, eco-trails to
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wetlands, and a floodplain forest in an effort to make the Yamuna riverfront publicly
accessible.
g. Adaptive Reuse: The plan also suggests using the IP Powerplant in an adaptive manner.
h. Management of Flood Risk: Steps are being taken to control flood risks in the vicinity of
the river.
With the help of this large-scale project, the Yamuna Riverfront will be preserved while being
transformed into a bustling area for both residents and visitors.
LAND USE
On the eastern and western banks, the Yamuna Riverfront Development project is being
implemented across 1,476 hectares.
Table 2.Land use of Yamuna riverfront development project. source: https://dda.gov.in/
23
Figure 8. land use map. source: https://www.hindustantimes.com/
IMPACT ON CITY GROWTH
The development of Delhi city has been significantly influenced by the Yamuna Riverfront
Development Project. Here are some important details:
a. Urban Development: As a result of the project, 22 km of the Yamuna floodplains have
been developed for parks, public spaces, and recreational uses. This has improved
public access to the floodplains while also revitalizing and beautifying them.
24
b. Environmental Impact: By implementing eco-friendly practices, the project seeks to
reduce the city's pollution levels. It is suggested that 9,700 hectares be developed as a
biodiversity park along the Yamuna River's banks.
c. Impact on Society and Economy: The project has drawn criticism for possibly
uprooting indigenous communities residing in floodplains and commercializing public
areas. It's critical to take these social effects into account and make sure development
initiatives are sustainable and inclusive.
d. Model for Other Cities: With numerous similar riverfront projects planned or already
under way along rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, Mithi, etc., Delhi has served as a
model of development for other cities in India.
In conclusion, even though Delhi's urban growth and environmental sustainability have
benefited from the Yamuna Riverfront Development Project, its social impacts must be
addressed to ensure equitable development.
CHALLENGES FACED
a. Flooding: Development projects must take into account the Yamuna's proneness to
flooding in the area on both banks.
b. Ongoing cultivation: significant portion of the riverbed is being cultivated.
c. Unauthorized Colonies: An important problem is unauthorised colonies.
d. Encroachments: Clearing out encroachments and recovering the land at a few locations
presented a big difficulty.
e. Poor Maintenance: Due to inadequate maintenance, a significant portion of the
Yamuna riverfront was inaccessible.
f.
Pollution: The river is still being filled with untreated sewage and industrial waste.
LESSONS LEARNED:
a. Inclusive Development: The project has brought attention to how crucial it is to take
into account how development initiatives will affect society, especially as it relates to
common areas and indigenous communities.
b. Sustainability: The project emphasizes how important it is for urban development to
adopt eco-friendly methods.
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c. Public Access: It has been questioned whether or not it is appropriate to create
supervised and controlled public areas when they have historically been accessible to
the general public.
d. Preservation of Biodiversity: The project has placed a strong emphasis on how crucial
it is for urban development initiatives to preserve biodiversity.
In summary, the Yamuna Riverfront Development Project has encountered a number of
difficulties, but it has also yielded important insights for upcoming urban development
initiatives.
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4. IMPACT ASSESMENT OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
Assessment of impacts of riverfront on people and its benefits necessary to understand significance
of riverfronts. Let us find economic, social and environmental impacts of case studies we saw in
previous chapter
4.1 ECONOMIC IMPACTS
Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration:
I.
Increased Property Values: For properties located 50 meters or less from the restoration
project, the project raised land prices by 30 to 50%. This is twice as fast as real estate prices
are rising in other parts of Seoul2.
II.
Business Growth: During 2002–2003, the Cheonggyecheon area saw a 3.5% increase in
the number of businesses, which was twice as fast as the growth rate of businesses in
downtown Seoul.
III.
Employment: While the number of working people in downtown Seoul decreased by 2.6%,
it increased by 0.8% in the Cheonggyecheon area.
IV.
Tourism: An average of 64,000 people visit the restored street every day. Among them,
1,408 are foreign visitors who spend a total of 2.1 billion won ($1.9 million USD) in Seoul,
boosting the city's economy.
V.
Public Transportation: Between 2003 and 2008, the project increased bus ridership by
15.1% and subway ridership by 3.3%.
Chicago Riverwalk:
I.
Increased Property Values: The project has caused the surrounding areas' property values
to rise.
II.
Business Growth: The local economy has benefited from the area's growing business
population.
III.
Employment: The project has improved the local economy and produced jobs.
IV.
Tourism: The Riverwalk is a major draw for tourists, which helps the region's travel
economy. During the 2019 season, it brought in over $16.5 million from concession sales,
a $2.2 million increase over the Riverwalk's 2018 season.
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V.
Public Transportation: By increasing the use of public transportation, the project has
decreased pollution and traffic jams.
Sabarmati Riverfront Development:
a. Along the riverfront, the project has raised property values and property tax revenue in
addition to bringing in money from tourism and business ventures. A study by Mishra et
al. found that between 2007 and 2014, property tax revenue increased by 103%, while the
average land value along the riverfront increased by 17.5% between 2006 and 2013. The
project attracted tourists and investors to the city by creating opportunities for the retail,
entertainment, hospitality, and cultural sectors. In 2014, it was projected that these
activities would bring in about Rs. 1,500 crores annually.
b. Thousands of low-income homes and unemployed people have been forced to leave the
riverfront due to the project, which has had an impact on their social networks and means
of subsistence. About 200 hectares of riverfront land, home to squatters, washermen,
vendors, fishermen, and other unofficial laborers, had to be acquired for the project.
Around 11,000 families were moved under the Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP)
program from the riverfront between 2006 and 2010, according to a study by Patel et al.
These sites, however, lacked proper infrastructure and amenities and were far from their
original locations. Their social and economic relationships were also impacted by the move
because they were cut off from their markets, networks, consumers, and resources.
Yamuna Riverfront Development:
With a range of economic effects, the Yamuna Riverfront Development Project is an important
project. Here are some important details:
a. Recreational Activities and Public Facilities: The project intends to create biodiversity
parks, public facilities, and recreational activities along 22 km of the Yamuna
floodplains. This might encourage travel and business in the area, fostering economic
expansion.
b. Local Communities' Displacement: On the other hand, there are worries about local
communities' displacement as well as the possible usurpation of common areas for
28
commercial purposes. For those who are directly impacted, this may result in social
and economic disruptions.
c. Water Supply: Over 70% of Delhi's water comes from the Yamuna River. Any
modifications made to the riverfront may have an impact on the availability and quality
of water, as well as possible financial repercussions.
d. Agriculture: The extremely fertile alluvial Yamuna-Gangetic plain was made possible
in part by the Yamuna River. Modifications to the riverbank may have an effect on
farming methods and yield, which could have financial ramifications.
Riverfront development projects have the potential to boost the local economy and improve the
environment, but they also need to be carefully planned and carried out to reduce any negative
effects on the environment and nearby communities1.
4.2 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACTS
Cheonggyecheon riverfront development:
I.
Urban renewal and revitalization: By converting the city's centre into a verdant waterfront
park with better public transportation, the project has brought life and vitality to the area.
Citizens now lead better lives as a result of this.
II.
Public Access: The construction has made the river more accessible to the general public,
enabling uses like swimming and fishing.
III.
Historical and Cultural Restoration: The project included the beautification of historic
buildings and streets. Built in 1410 to span the Cheonggyecheon Stream, the
Gwangtonggyo Bridge cost more than $5.9 million to restore to its original condition.
IV.
Educational Resource: The riverfront's design reflects historical and cultural values,
making it an excellent educational resource.
V.
Social Inclusion: By encouraging human interaction with the water-land interface, the
project has given it a unique personality. This is also evident in the restoration of the
Cheonggyecheon riverfront in Seoul.
29
Chicago Riverwalk:
I.
Urban Renewal and Revitalization: The Riverwalk has turned the city's riverfront into a
waterfront haven from an industrial area used by shipping barges. This has brought life to
the city centre and elevated it to the status of one of the Loop's most visited destinations.
II.
Public Access and Recreation: The Riverwalk offers locations for a range of events,
including public performance spaces, boat rentals, outdoor dining, and interpretive
interactives on river ecology. It also includes wood-lined benches, lush greenery, and
seating arranged like a staircase with built-in LED lighting.
III.
Historical and Cultural Restoration: By offering a variety of facilities that turn the formerly
unutilized riverfront into a sizable public area, the Riverwalk embraces Chicago's rich,
varied past.
IV.
Tourism and Economic Growth: The Riverwalk has grown to be a popular tourist
destination, which helps the economy grow. Serving as a beautiful and practical pedestrian
route between the western end of the Loop and the Lake Michigan waterfront, it promotes
both unity and diversity.
Sabarmati Riverfront Development:
a. Cultural Impact: Ahmedabad's rich cultural legacy has always included the Sabarmati
River. It served as a setting for recreational and cultural events. Even though the riverfront
development project has created equal segregation in the surrounding areas, it has also
increased traditional and social activities. The area's cultural heritage and meanings have
also been altered by the project.
b. Impact on Society: The project has significantly impacted society. It has given rise to social
and inclusive development potential. But it has also resulted in forced relocation and
migration, which has serious societal repercussions.
Yamuna Riverfront Development:
Social Impacts:
30
a. The project has altered the floodplains' topography, which has social ramifications.
b. The communities residing across the floodplains have been forced to relocate as a
consequence of the riverfront's development.
c. The project's goal of creating regulated and watched public areas is dubious because
floodplains have always been accessible to the general public.
d. Indigenous communities have lived in the floodplains and have traditions that contribute
to the preservation of biodiversity. The development might pose a threat to these practices.
e. The project might result in the commons being appropriated for commercial use, making a
place exclusive to the "elite."
Impacts On Culture:
a. As the project takes over commons, history might be erased.
b. Delhi's cultural legacy has always included the riverfront. The development's effects could
change this cultural environment.
c. The construction might also have an effect on customs pertaining to the river and its
floodplains.
4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The Sabarmati Riverfront Development in Ahmedabad, the Chicago Riverwalk, and the
Cheonggyecheon in Seoul all have a wide range of noteworthy environmental effects.
Cheonggyecheon, Seoul:
I.
Better air quality and a decrease in the urban heat island effect: When the elevated freeway
was removed and the stream was restored, the temperature along the stream was between
3.3° and 5.9°C cooler than it was near a nearby road. Small-particle air pollution was also
reduced by 35%. The comfort and health of the locals and guests were also enhanced by
this.
II.
Enhanced ecological function and biodiversity: Between 2003 and 2008, the project's
overall biodiversity increased by 639%, with a notable increase in the number of plants,
fish, bird, insect, mammal, and amphibian species. In addition, the stream maintained a
flow rate of 118 mm/hr and offered flood protection for up to a 200-year flood event.
31
III.
Water consumption and quality issues: In order to maintain the stream flow, the project
required pumping water from other sources, which increased the city's water and energy
consumption. Urban runoff and sewage discharge also impacted the stream's water quality,
necessitating ongoing monitoring and treatment.
Chicago Riverwalk, USA:
I.
The downtown area may be more vulnerable to flooding as a result of the project,
particularly after intense downpours. Because of the riverwalk, the river's cross-sectional
area is reduced, causing more water to flow faster. Stormwater drain overflow,
infrastructure damage, and erosion could result from this.
II.
Both positive and negative effects on the river's water quality could result from the project.
On the one hand, the riverwalk offers chances for habitat restoration, stormwater
management, and environmental education for the general public. However, the riverwalk
might also bring additional pollutants into the waterway, like trash, debris, and runoff from
surrounding streets and buildings.
III.
The project might have an impact on the river's biodiversity and the ecosystems that are
connected to it. The Mississippi River basin and the Great Lakes are connected by a
sophisticated network that includes the Chicago River. When the river's flow was reversed
in 1900, invasive species had a new route to travel between these two areas. The way the
riverwalk is planned and maintained could help or hurt these species' ability to migrate.
For instance, certain riverwalk elements might act as obstacles or disincentives for invasive
fish, such as Asian carp, while other elements might establish appealing habitats or
pathways for local flora and fauna.
Sabarmati Riverfront Development, Ahmedabad:
a. The river is a part of a complex network that connects the basins of the Narmada and Indus
rivers, and the project may change its ecology and hydrology. The project calls for dredging
the riverbed, constructing embankments, rerouting water from the Narmada Canal, and
narrowing the river channel. The biodiversity, flooding, erosion, sedimentation, and flow
of the river may all be impacted by these interventions.
32
b. The river, which receives untreated sewage and industrial waste from the city, may not be
sufficiently cleaned up by the project. While the project aims to make the riverfront more
aesthetically pleasing, it falls short in terms of providing adequate methods for treating the
wastewater or stopping its discharge into the river. People who depend on the river for their
livelihood and the health and welfare of wildlife may be at risk due to this.
c. The project has the potential to uproot and marginalize the slum-dwelling, fishing,
washerman, and vendor communities that occupy the riverbanks. The project entails taking
these people away from their houses and means of support and moving them to locations
that might not have enough resources or opportunities. Their sociocultural identity may be
impacted, and their rights and dignity may be violated.
Yamuna riverfront development, Delhi:
a. Biodiversity loss: A wide range of plants and animals, including numerous endemic and
endangered species, can be found in the Yamuna floodplains. Their natural habitats will be
destroyed, upsetting the ecological balance of the area.
b. Elevated risk of flooding: The Yamuna floodplains serve as an organic barrier, soaking up
extra water during the monsoon season to keep the city from flooding. The project will
make Delhi more vulnerable to flooding and lower the river's ability to carry floodwaters.
c. Water pollution: Untreated sewage and industrial effluents have already seriously
contaminated the Yamuna River. The project will increase the number of pollutants in the
river by adding solid waste, construction debris, and chemicals from upkeep and
landscaping.
d. Climate change: The Yamuna floodplains act as a carbon sink, trapping greenhouse gases
and controlling the city's microclimate. The project will exacerbate the heat island effect
and decrease green cover, which will contribute to global warming.
These initiatives demonstrate that although riverbank developments can have a positive
environmental impact, possible negative effects must also be carefully considered and mitigated.
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5. OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the case studies, the observations and recommendations are:
4.1 OBSERVATIONS
Cheonggyecheon Riverfront, South Korea:

The project created a vibrant urban destination out of an abandoned and industrial
waterfront.

It can withstand a flow rate of 118 mm/hr and offers flood protection for up to 200 years.

Since the pre-restoration work began in 2003 and ended at the end of 2008, the project has
increased overall biodiversity by 639%.

The amount of small-particle air pollution has decreased from 74 to 48 micrograms per
cubic meter, a 35% decrease.
Chicago Riverwalk, USA:

The project created a linear urban park, a welcoming civic gathering area, and a useful
transit corridor out of abandoned riverbanks and outdated infrastructure.

An area of Chicago that had been neglected for several decades has experienced economic
growth and development thanks to the project, which has proven to be a catalyst.

Today, the riverfront draws tourists every day, which has increased traditional and social
activities.
Ahmedabad's Sabarmati Riverfront Development:
34

Ahmedabad has changed as a result of Dr. Bimal Patel's Sabarmati Riverfront
Development project.

The project's objectives were to reduce river pollution, safeguard against flooding, and
boost tourism.

The development extends from the cantonment area to Vasna Barrage, encompassing an
approximate area of 200 hectares.

The project has aided in land reclamation in addition to protecting against flooding.

Over 80% of the land is dedicated to public and free spaces.

The project has increased both traditional and social activities, and the riverfront area is
equally divided.
Delhi's Yamuna Riverfront Development:

The building of the Sabarmati Riverfront in Ahmedabad led to the creation of the Yamuna
Riverfront Development Plan in Delhi.

22 km of the Yamuna floodplains will be developed as part of this project for parks, public
spaces, and recreational uses.

Enhancing public access to the floodplains and making them more aesthetically pleasing
are the two main goals.

Concerns exist, nevertheless, regarding the uprooting of indigenous communities and
customs that support biodiversity preservation.

One major concern is the social impact of the topography changes in the floodplains and
the erasure of history caused by the takeover of common areas.
4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
The process of developing a waterfront area is complicated and complex, requiring careful planning
and cooperation between many stakeholders. Since every riverbank development situation is
unique and presents different opportunities and challenges, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to
the problem. Nonetheless, some potential suggestions are as follows, based on the case studies of
Cheonggyecheon, Chicago Riverwalk, Sabarmati Riverfront, and Yamuna Riverfront:
35
I.
Restore the river's natural ecology and hydrology: Preserving and improving the river's and
its environs' environmental quality is a common objective of riverfront development. This
can be done by removing or altering constructions like embankments, dams, and elevated
highways that impede the river's natural flow. For instance, the 6-kilometer elevated
highway that spanned the stream had to be demolished as part of the Cheonggyecheon
Stream Restoration Project in Seoul in order to restore the stream's natural course and
ecosystem. As a result, the region's microclimate, biodiversity, flood resilience, and water
quality all improved.
II.
Provide diverse and inclusive public areas alongside the river: Creating recreational,
cultural, and social opportunities for people to engage with and enjoy the river is another
important goal of riverfront development. This can be achieved by establishing a network
of public areas, such as plazas, parks, trails, bridges, art installations, etc., that serve diverse
user groups' needs and preferences. For instance, the 2.7-kilometer Chicago Riverwalk is
a linear park that provides a range of riverside activities and amenities, including dining,
learning, boating, and fishing. In addition to strengthening the city's urban identity and
vitality, the Riverwalk links various neighbourhoods and landmarks along the river.
III.
Encourage resilient and sustainable urban development alongside the river: Supporting the
cities and its citizens social and economic development is a third key goal of riverfront
development. This can be accomplished by fusing the riverfront with the city's
infrastructure and urban fabric, including buildings for housing, business, and
transportation. For instance, Ahmedabad's Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project
turned a dirty, abandoned river into a priceless urban asset that enhanced the quality of life
and means of subsistence for those who lived beside it. Additionally, the project reclaimed
riverbed land for a variety of urban purposes, including residential, commercial,
institutional, etc.
IV.
Involve and empower the local communities in the riverfront development process:
Including and benefiting the local communities that the project will affect, either directly
or indirectly, is a fourth crucial component of riverfront development. This can be achieved
by making certain that their opinions and concerns are acknowledged and taken into
consideration during the formulation and execution of decisions. For instance, the Delhibased Yamuna Riverfront Development Project seeks to involve a range of stakeholders,
including governmental bodies, businesses, academic institutions, and civil society groups,
in order to establish an inclusive and participatory strategy for riverfront revitalization. The
36
project additionally aims to tackle the environmental and social problems encountered by
the underprivileged communities residing beside the river.
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY
6.1 CONCLUSION
The case studies of Sabarmati and Yamuna riverfront developments in India, along with
the international examples of Cheonggyecheon and Chicago Riverwalk, have all
contributed to our understanding of the process and effects of riverfront development.
These case studies have shown how carefully thought out and carried out riverfront
development projects have the potential to promote socioeconomic upliftment,
environmental restoration, and urban regeneration.
The Sabarmati Riverfront Development project has raised Ahmedabad's real estate prices
and increased tourism by repurposing a run-down riverfront as a bustling public area.
Despite its difficulties, Delhi's Yamuna Riverfront Development holds out hope for both
urban renewal and ecological restoration. The global case studies of Chicago Riverwalk
and Cheonggyecheon have proven to be helpful resources, exhibiting creative design
approaches, tactics for involving the community, and environmentally friendly practices
that can be modified for the Indian setting.
These riverbank developments have a variety of effects on Tier-I cities in India. On the one
hand, they have significantly raised the standard of urban living by bringing about
improvements in public amenities, recreational areas, and urban aesthetics. Additionally,
37
through drawing in investments, enhancing tourism, and raising property values, they have
accelerated economic development. However, these initiatives have also brought up
significant issues with social justice, participatory planning, and environmental
sustainability. Future projects must address issues like the uprooting of local communities
and the ecological effects of construction.
In conclusion, riverfront development must be approached with balance, taking into
account social, economic, and environmental factors, even though it has the potential to
drastically alter Indian cities. Future riverfront development initiatives in India can be
directed toward inclusive and sustainable results by applying the lessons learned from these
case studies.
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY
This study offers a thorough examination of the effects of riverfront development in Delhi and
Ahmedabad. Nonetheless, there is a great deal of room for more in-depth study in this field in the
future. Here are a few possible avenues for further research:
Extending Geographical Scope: Tier-1 cities are the subject of the current study.
Subsequent research endeavours may broaden the geographical range to encompass Tier2 and Tier-3 cities, which are likewise undergoing swift urbanization and may derive
advantages from riverfront development.
Longitudinal Studies: An overview of the effects of riverfront development is given by this
study. To comprehend these developments' long-term effects and sustainability,
longitudinal studies could be carried out.
Comparative Studies: To comprehend the various effects of riverfront development in
various socioeconomic and cultural contexts, comparative studies could be carried out
between various Indian cities or even abroad.
Policy Impact Assessment: Subsequent studies might concentrate on evaluating the effects
of particular riverfront development-related policies. Policymakers and urban planners
may find this to be a useful source of information.
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Public Perception and Participation: Research could be done to find out how the general
public feels about these developments and how much they are involved in the planning and
execution phase.
Environmental Impact: Although the environmental aspects are mentioned in this study,
more research may be necessary to fully grasp the environmental impact, especially in light
of biodiversity and climate change.
Economic Impact: Research in the future should concentrate on comprehending the
financial implications of riverfront development, including how it affects real estate prices,
nearby companies, and tourism.
Future studies in these areas can help create a more comprehensive understanding of riverfront
development and its effects, which will help guide the processes of urban planning and policymaking.
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