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What are the three general types of somatic neuronsprojection neurons<br>receptor neurons<br>interneurons<br>
What systems are in the autonomic nervous systemparasympathetic<br>sympathetic<br>enteric
the sympathetic nervous system is known as"adrenergic ""fight/Flight"""
The parasympathetic nervous system is known as"cholinergic ""rest/digest"""
Function of the enteric system&nbsp;Local nerual circuit for digestive control
Name the four type of neuroglial cellsEpendymal Cells<br>Oligodendrial cells<br>Astrocytes<br>Microglial
Function of the ependymal Cellline the surfaces of the ventricles and produce the CS
Function of oligodendroglialForm the myelin sheath in the central nervous system<br>usually each cell forms the myelin of several axons
Astroytes functionastrocytes foot proesses cover brain capillaries and parts of neurons: they help form the blood-brain barrier, take up ions and neurotransmitters
Microglia functionoriginate in the blood and enter the brain during inflammation; they have phagocytotic activity
What does the brain float inCerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF is secreted bychoroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles
CSF and extracellular fluid of the nervous system are....in constant exchange
What seals the CSF insidetight junctions in membrane surrounding brain
what cannot cross the blood-brain barrierlarge molecules and highly charged ions
Somatosensory receptors are actuallyafferent nerve fibers
Somatosensory receptor serve fibers endings arebare or corpusculated
cell body of somatosensory receptors is inthe dorsal root ganglia next to spinal cord
What are the four somatosensory receptor fibers and describe their myelination"<div>
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<div>- Aα: largest, heavy myelination (80-120m/s)&nbsp;</div><div>- Aβ: large, moderate myelination (35-75m/s)&nbsp;</div><div>- Aδ: medium, thin myelination (5-30m/s)<br>
- C: small, unmyelinated (0.5-2m/s)&nbsp;</div>
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<div>Aα fibers are made up of</div>
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<div>Aβ carry what information<br>
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<div>cutaneous tactile receptors<br>
</div><div>- Ruffini's end-organ</div><div>-Expanded Tip receptor</div><div>-Meissner's corpuscle</div><div>-Pacinian Corpuscle</div><div>-Tactile Hair</div>
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<div>Aδ and C Fivers carry what information&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
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<div>temperature and pain&nbsp;</div>
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<div>&nbsp;Aδ and C fibers are made up of what somatosensory receptor&nbsp;</div>
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</div></div>"free nerve endings<br>Krause's corpuscle
"Label the skin Layers and Receptors<br><img src=""Screen Shot 2024-03-30 at 7.02.02 PM-ca38f8572af7688703be4909812d6ff774cfc219.jpg"">""<img src=""paste-e9d0e21fd2835762c09d3ca99ad6f10925a4bbff.jpg"">"
Describe Mechanotransduction"<div>
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<div>tactile input causes skin indentation that nerve corpuscle mechanically filters
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<div>stretch-activated Na+ channels on nerve ending generate a receptor potential
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<div>suprathreshold receptor potentials trigger spikes (unique to somatosensation)&nbsp;</div>
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Mechanoreceptors respond initiallyat high rate then low rate to constant stimulus
For mechanoreceptor adaptation what is adaptation due to"<div>
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<div>adaptation due to viscoelasticity of end organ and nerve fiber membrane properties&nbsp;</div>
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How does response adaptation differ amongst various receptor types"<img src=""paste-64c3fb3548069a9b9bb2f034465ac5120a31e516.jpg"">"
describe the mechanoreceptive field"<div>
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<div>mechanoreceptors respond only to stimulation of a certain region on the skin<br>
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<div>receptive field size depends&nbsp;</div>
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<div>&nbsp;on strength of stimulus&nbsp;</div>
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Describe the functional types of Mechanoreceptors"<img src=""paste-15e0afe19a5dd1ddd65233c2992d030497987c9d.jpg"">"
What determines perceptual threshold at a givengiven frequencymost sensitive channel
What encodes suprathreshod touch stimuliRelative activity in the four channels<br>aka merkel meissner ruffini and pacinian&nbsp;<br>
describe phase locking"<div>
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<div>Cells encode high
frequency inputs
by firing spikes at
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stimulus cycle&nbsp;</div>
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where do the cell bodies of mechanoreceptors resideoutside spine in dorsal root ganglion
each spinal nerve innervatesa segmental field of skin (dermatome)
What is the tactile path through the CNS"<img src=""paste-11f9a27fc7859b2decaafce832a07ead8260f808.jpg"">"
What is the thermal-pain path through the CNS"<img src=""paste-651583fbafc4aa6dffffefec78249ed2d38b3c64.jpg"">"
where are spinothalamic trat cells locatedin the spinal cord
who do spinothalamic tract cells rescieve inpit fromdorsal root ganglion cells
spinothalamic tract cells respond to what kind of stimulitouch <br>temperature<br>noxious
acute pain cells and chronic pain cells get input from what fibersacute pain cells get Aδ-fiber input<br>chronic pain cells get C-fiber input&nbsp;
hopw can somatosensory input reduce pain sensationvia inhibitory spinal interneurons
where is the somatosensory cortex"<div>
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<div>anterior portion of parietal lobe (immediately posterior to central sulcus)<br>
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<div>touch but not pain or temperature sensation&nbsp;</div>
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<div>cortical representation of body surface reflects&nbsp;</div>
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<div>receptor density&nbsp;</div>
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what shows center-surround receptive field organizationsomatosensory cortical cells
what is surrounding inhibitory field in primary somatosensory cortex response due tolateral inhibitory interneurons
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<div>central excitatory field larger than that of single receptors due&nbsp;</div>
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<div>spatial summation&nbsp;</div>
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<div>cortical cells in progressively higher areas of the somatosensory system
respond&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
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<div>broader areas of the body and more abstract features, such as
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<div>spatial texture and direction of motion, and can show multimodality&nbsp;</div>
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how do convex spherical lens work&nbsp;"<div>
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<div>bends parallel rays of light to a focal point<br>
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what determines refractive powerfocal distance
what are the units of refractive power"diopters<br>D = 1/<span style=""font-style: italic;"">f&nbsp;</span>"
concex lens forms"<div>
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<div>inverted and reversed image of source objects&nbsp;</div>
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what are the most common synapsesaxodendritic<br>dendrodendritic
post synpatic cells are typicallyanother neuron or muscle cell