See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371901838 How to Write the Case Studies and Case Report: Techniques Article in SSRN Electronic Journal · June 2023 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4492970 CITATIONS READS 0 3,504 1 author: Dr Thangavel.V St. Francis Institute of Management & Research Mumbai 44 PUBLICATIONS 1 CITATION SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Dr Thangavel.V on 19 July 2023. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Page 1 of 14 How to write the case studies and case report: Techniques By Dr. V Thangavel* Abstract: There have been numerous appeals for case study research to be used more frequently, but there are far fewer actual instances of its utilization. Lack of knowledge of the contributions such research can make as well as awareness of its limitations are two factors contributing to this, among others. This essay evaluates four published case studies that the authors were closely involved with to highlight the merits and drawbacks of the strategy. The case study technique can be helpful in many different contexts, but more clarity is required in how such work is written up to realize the most advantage. It is asserted that case-based method researchers are responsible for being explicit about their original theoretical beliefs and interpreting their findings in a way that highlights the theoretical alteration that the empirical observations have sparked. Before prescriptions for the method's proper use can be made with any degree of confidence, further experience with the method is required. Keywords: Case study- case research-case report- case study techniques- cased study writing styles- Meteorologist studies- research approach- case design- citation formats of cases- the terminology of cases- case figure design- case guidelines-case standards. 0. Introduction: The situation, in this case, is actual. The case study analyses this circumstance. Even though case studies are a need for meteorological work, few meteorologists excel at them. This article offers 16 guidelines that authors can use to strengthen their case studies during research and writing. These guidelines cover study design, research approach and organization, paper writing, and figure design. Citations and reference lists, terminology, and formatting are also taught. 1. Purpose of the Case Study: By offering some advice to those who conduct the research and write the case studies, this article aims to contribute to improving the standard of case studies. From these inputs, principles or norms that represent best practices, common approaches, and straightforward instructions are provided to authors to aid in the communication of their study. My opinion on these issues is not final, but I have observed what is scientifically sound, what stands up to peer review, and what works. The best scientific articles do in fact follow many of these guidelines. Even though some who adhere to these 16 characteristics have seen success, the rules are not meant to confine authors to a rigid framework where uniqueness and creativity are compromised. 2. The focus of the Study: Articles don't have to focus on a single instance. Indeed, the author can demonstrate what might control the observed differences by contrasting two or more situations. Such manuscripts need to be targeted to cut out pointless details because recounting two or more occurrences runs the risk of producing a long report. Here are some examples of manuscripts that compare two distinct occurrences in each one. * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 2 of 14 3. Online Publication of the case studies: Finally, published case studies allow for the compilation of all instances in the literature that satisfies criteria, which is valuable to writers conducting meta-analyses on a given issue. Such a study may be a potent weapon against conventional wisdom. Examples are Schultz and Mass's meta-analysis of occluded fronts from 1993, which showed that cold type of conclusions, if they existed at all, were uncommon, and Bryan and Fritsch's meta-analysis from the 2000 Table, which revealed the occurrence of moist completely unstable layers. 4. What is a case study or case technique? A case study is a tale that puts readers in the protagonist's position so they can experience solving a specific issue or problem. Case studies can assist students in making the transition from theory to practice in the classroom when used appropriately. Public affairs training programs were among the first to use the case technique, however, there are currently fewer case studies on the subject than in other professional fields. This article offers advice to authors on the principles of a case study and how to create an excellent case study to promote the development of more case studies in the field of public affairs. 5. Approaches to writing case studies: There are two different approaches to case studies: Type 1: The Analytical Approach Type 2: The Problem-Oriented Method. Type 1: The case study is analysed to attempt and understand what happened and why it is not required to pinpoint issues or offer solutions. Type 2: The Problem-Oriented method: The case study is studied using the problem-oriented method to pinpoint the main issues that exist and offer solutions. This Quick Reference Highlights type 2: Using a problem-oriented approach Always validate the type of assignment needed with your lecturer. A successful case study examines a situation in real life where difficulties need to be fixed. It ought to: Relate the theory to a real-world circumstance. For instance, use the concepts and information covered in class in the real-world case study scenario. ➢ Determine the issues. ➢ Pick out the case's main issues. ➢ Provide solutions to these important issues. ➢ Specify the optimum course of action for implementation. ➢ Give specifics on how to put this solution into practice. 6. Different Case Study Types: The particulars of the circumstance as well as the case itself determine the kind of case study that psychologists use. Psychologists and other researchers may employ the following case study types: * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 3 of 14 a). Collective Case Studies b). Descriptive case studies c). Illustrative or Explanatory case studies d). Exploratory or Investigative case studies e). Instrumental case studies f). Investigation of Intrinsic cases or case studies a). Collective case studies: Studying a group of people is included in collective case studies. A community as a whole or a particular group of people may be the subject of a study. For instance, psychologists might investigate how a community's resource accessibility has impacted the residents' overall mental health. b). Descriptive case studies: Start with a descriptive theory while doing a descriptive case study. The information acquired is then compared to the pre-existing theory once the subjects have been observed. c). Illustrative or Explanatory case studies: These are frequently employed in causal analysis. In other words, scientists are interested in examining elements that might be to blame for specific events. d). Exploratory or Investigative case studies: These are occasionally used as an introduction to more extensive investigation. As a result, before formulating their study questions and hypotheses, researchers might acquire additional data. e). Instrumental case studies: In other words, it is known as case studies that are useful: These happen when a person or group makes it possible for researchers to comprehend more than what is initially clear to onlookers. f). Investigations of Intrinsic cases or case studies: When a researcher does a case study, they usually have a personal stake in the outcome. An intrinsic cast study can aid in the creation of a psychological theory, as demonstrated by Jean Piaget's studies of his own children. Intrinsic, instrumental, and collective case studies are the three basic types that are frequently employed. Learn about unusual cases by using intrinsic case studies. Instrumental case studies aid in understanding a larger issue by examining a specific person. Looking at multiple instances at once can be helpful when conducting a collective case study. 7. Case Study Organising Advice: a). Before starting to outline a case study, authors should choose no more than six key issues. What is the topic of this case study, should case writers inquire? Every issue that is intended for discussion should be expressed as a straightforward inquiry. What kinds of sales objectives, for instance, are successful? It is too complex and unlikely for readers to recognize or comprehend if it takes many words to pose a problem-defining inquiry. b). Readers are likely to feel disoriented and miss the crucial issues the author wanted to highlight if there are more than five problems in a case. It is challenging to address a case study with more than five problems in a set amount of time or during a class period, and it is likely to require many hours of winding conversation. The case study should be written in sections if the situation under examination has more than five issues. Each segment should continue the story while also offering potential fixes for the issues, i.e., responding to the queries. For instance, activity- and task-oriented goals perform better than billing or revenueoriented ones. Several case authors might. * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 4 of 14 c). Case studies don't have to be limited to issues and scenarios that show how not to. Also, they can provide examples of how to handle various circumstances. A case study can cover a variety of issues and demonstrate what was done correctly in their resolution. The most effective teaching scenarios frequently include both good and improper answers to the situation. By employing this method, authors avoid suggesting to readers that all possible solutions are either correct or incorrect; case analysts must determine this for themselves. The next step is to choose or make scenarios that clearly define the issues for readers and lead naturally into a discussion of potential solutions. d). The most effective way to depict a problem is to write situations or scenes that have conflict in them. Scenes in which the characters have opposite points of view, disagreements, or different solutions. Each situation or scene in a case study should either, a). carry the narrative forward, b). Relate directly to one of the major problems in the case, or c) provide insight into the personality and motives of one or more of the characters. The ideal situation is one that the writer knows will elicit conflicting opinions about potential solutions. 8. General pointers for writing case studies: a) Keep your audience in mind: You are writing for students or discussion participants who might not be familiar with the situation's background, specifics, or terminology. As little jargon as possible. b). Apply short story writing techniques: A case involves real people who need to be interesting. Each component of the story should advance the plot. c). Openings: Openings should grab the reader's attention by introducing a character who is dealing with their largest issue and setting the stage for the primary tensions, arguments, and confrontations. d). Present scenarios and scenes without making any attempt to examine them: Scenes must be arranged logically and should highlight a certain idea, concept, or problem that is related to the issues the author wants to have studied. Don't imply that one solution might be favoured in any way. e). Proved relevant details: After an opening that sets up the situation, provide relevant details about goals, strategies, dilemmas, issues, conflicts, roadblocks, appropriate research, relevant financial information, people, and relationships. Be stingy with numbers they must help solve the problems, not confuse readers, or send them off on unproductive analytic tangents. f). Increase dialogue as much as you can: Create a speech that brings the characters to life. The linear narrative is dull. g). Endings: Leave the reader with a clear picture of the major problems-either ask or imply “What is to be done now?” * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 5 of 14 9. What is a Case Study: A case study is a type of research design that focuses on examining issues and proposing solutions. Case studies have a wide range of applications, from academic research studies to corporate promotional materials used to promote an idea. The key distinction between a case study and a research paper: It is that whereas research papers draw the reader's attention to a particular issue, case studies go even further. Students must focus on specifics when following case study rules. the close and thorough examination of issues using various research techniques. If you study law or medicine, for instance, case studies might be used to evaluate court proceedings or a patient's medical history. Case studies explore specific scenarios for an individual or a group of individuals and typically entail a lot of storytelling. This research methodology is quite beneficial because it is very useful and can provide a lot of practical information. The average case study is between 500 and 900 words long. which is a lot less. A case study's format is quite like storytelling. It features a protagonist or primary character, who in your case is a difficulty you're attempting to overcome. In your story, you can employ the three-act structure. It needs an introduction, rising action, a turning point where change takes place, falling action, and a resolution. 10. Other types of case studies: A case study is intended to give in-depth information on a particular occasion, institution, setting, individual, or pretty much anything. There are a few typical case study types, however, the kind chosen will depend on the subject. The most typical fields where case studies are required are as follows: Historical: Historical case studies are excellent sources of knowledge. There are several sources of information about historical events that offer various perspectives. Where these viewpoints might be used, contrasted, and in-depth examined are always modern analogs. Solving Problem: These case studies are typically used to address problems; hence they are problem oriented. These are sometimes given as hypothetical circumstances where you must experience them firsthand to analyse them. Imagine you are a startup employee who has just become aware of a serious design problem in one of your products. Prior to bringing it up with the senior management, you should thoroughly research the problem and offer potential remedies. Problem-focused case studies are an important component of pertinent socio-economic discourse on a larger scale. Cumulative: Cumulative: Case studies provide comparisons and information gathering, and they are frequently used in business to explain the worth of a product to customers. Important: Case studies examine a product's worth. Illustrative: Case studies serve as illustrations by describing specific incidents and examining the results and lessons learned. * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 6 of 14 11. Case Study Format: The case study format normally consists of eight parts: The list of them is below. Executive Summary a). What will you be looking at in the case study? Summarise the area of study in your essay. Write a thesis statement and, in no more than two sentences, summarise the findings of your observation. b) Background: Give the most pertinent facts and background information. Separate the problems. c). Case Evaluation: Identify the study's key components and isolate them. Describe why something works or doesn't work in it. d). Proposed Solutions: Offer workable solutions to the problems that exist or ways to enhance the situation as it is. Offer testable data to demonstrate why these strategies are effective. e). Conclusion: Summarise the key takeaways from the case analyses and solution suggestions. f). Recommendations: Discuss the approach you ought to take. Describe why this option is the best one. g). Implementation: Describe the steps necessary to carry out the plan. h). Reference: Please include all citations when referencing. 12. Writing a case study for an MBA program: Case analyses in writing are condensed, organized summaries. Typically, depending on the complexity of the case, the instructor will require two to ten typed pages. Business case studies may be given as group projects or as individual assignments. Others, however, can involve only a small group of students working together on the analysis while each student is required to create a unique written analysis. Your objective in creating your case analysis is to integrate the case's elements and important topics with your observations and arguments. The next step is to weigh your options, select the best course of action, and offer supporting data. This proof comes from conversations in class, text readings, outside research, and personal experiences. 1. Choose the format for your paper and how you will express your ideas: Choose the format for your paper and how you will express your ideas: Many case studies have a set framework and structure and might vary greatly depending on the course they are utilized in, like the ones that are detailed next. Consult your instructor to find out which components of the case study analysis report are preferred. Instead of being essays, case study analyses are prepared as reports with headings. The reader should be able to easily locate the pertinent areas in the report. Title Page: Use standard APA format (American Psychological Association) to develop a title page. * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 7 of 14 Introduction: Choose a paper or thesis and succinctly state the main finding of your investigation. The first few paragraphs of your report should clearly describe the report's thesis. The main issue is identified in the introduction. Background: Give the reader background knowledge about the case by setting the main issue in its proper context. Avoid restating or reiterating the case's facts. Place the case in a research setting instead. The background part shows the reader that you have done research on the issues covered in the case study, either in the classroom or on the job. Make sure your written presentation concentrates your problem diagnosis on the key points. Key Issues: Here, you should state your opinions regarding the issues that exist. It is regarded as being a crucial component of the report. Start by asking the standard "whole-whenwhere-what-why-how" questions. As you consider the situation, ask yourself, "What are the problems at this company?" Identify the issues you believe are crucial to the company's or its project's success from the ones that are undoubtedly there. Alternatives: Having done your study and put the issue(s) in their proper context, you can now make an educated decision on potential alternatives to the issue(s). Although you do not need to study every alternative, you should have taken a few of them into account when forming your opinion about the situation. In deciding on your case's resolution, talk about these potential solutions and why you chose not to pursue them. Why do you not propose the alternative at this time and what limitations, such as those imposed by money, time, staff, and resources, exist for these potential alternatives? Solution Proposal: Describe your solution proposal and back it up with convincing arguments. In general, you should just offer one suggestion for a solution. Remember that the people or company can only begin working on one solution at a time in the case study setting. Which do you recommend, and why? Make a rational case for why this solution is the best choice using research to back up your claims. The suggested remedy must be specific and workable. Recommendations: If applicable, you might wrap up your written analysis with a description of how the issues you found might affect how the organization runs or how the people involved in the case interact with one another. You might also want to suggest additional steps that could be made to address some of these problems. Be clear about what needs to be done and who needs to execute it. This section covers tactics that the parties involved in the case can use to implement the suggested solution. As for whether this portion belongs in your case analysis report, check with your instructor. 2. Create the first draught of your report for your case study: At last, you are ready to begin writing the rough draft of your case studies/research paper. Putting your thinking and research into words is exciting. It can also be challenging. In this section, you will learn strategies for handling the more challenging aspects of writing a research cast studied in the paper, such as integrating material from your sources, citing information correctly, and avoiding any misuse of your sources. 3. Revise and edit the draft: What distinguishes editing from revision? Revision, editing, and proofreading are strictly speaking required to turn a rough draught into quality content: Revision refers to correcting the content; it concerns the overall picture. Making each sentence flow and picking the proper words are also parts of editing. * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 8 of 14 ➢ First, wait a little bit before returning to your draught. Taking a break from your essay can let you evaluate yourself more objectively. ➢ Verify the paper's focal point. ➢ Request comments. ➢ Be truthful when considering your thesis. ➢ Look through the paper's balance ➢ Proofread. ➢ Writing effective sentences. During the editing stage of the writing process, a writer or editor works to enhance a draught by fixing errors and improving the clarity, precision, and effectiveness of words and sentences. Why revise and edit? Revising gives you the chance to preview your work on behalf of the eventual reader. Revision is much more than proofreading, though, in the final editing stage, it involves some checking of details. Good revision and editing can transform a mediocre first draft into an excellent final paper. Why is an edit required? The process of editing entails rewriting a piece of writing's content, structure, grammar, and presentation. Making ensuring your thoughts are communicated to your reader as clearly as possible is the goal of editing. 4. Format and pro of reading the final report: Case study reports are written in a structured fashion rather than as essays, which has the advantage of making for easy reading. An executive summary is typically included in case study reports and provides concise summaries of the report's introduction, background, and suggested solution parts. These three major sections of the case study are summarised succinctly and clearly in the executive summary. Find out from your instructor whether an executive summary needs to be included in your report. Tips for formatting the final report: i). if an executive summary is to be included, it should be single-spaced with relevant headings identifying the sections. The executive summary should summarize those sections of the report and not contain any information not discussed by the report. ii). The case study analysis should be written as a structured report, with relevant headings. The case study analysis is not an essay. 5. Include any relevant appendices and references in a proper APA format: Include an appendix only if it facilitates the reader's comprehension, assessment, or replication of the study or argument. After the list of references, appendices should appear at the end of the essay. Every appendix should start on a different page. There should be a title AND a label for each appendix. Use the author-date approach of in-text citation when employing the APA style. This implies that the source's last name and the year it was published should be included in the text, such as (Jones, 1998), and that a complete citation should be included in the reference list at the end of the essay. The 'author-date' citation format is called APA7 (American Psychological Association - 7th edition). The author's name and the resource's publication date are cited intext, and at the end of the paper, a reference list with more comprehensive item information is used. * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 9 of 14 13. Benefits of case studies with Review of Related Literature: Case studies in social science research have the following advantages: Olaiya et al (2018)3: The case study method, which uses the kind of test Karl Popper called falsification, is also effective for the aim of generalization. For example, Popper himself suggested that a single instance of a black swan should automatically disclaim the general proposition that "all swans are white" (Ogundowole 1981 Eisenhardt 1989). If a single observation or instance does not align with the proposition, it is rendered invalid and should subsequently be revised or discarded. Ogunbameru and Ogunbameru (2010)7: Explain the case study's additional benefits and applications, such as the fact that case studies are effective at creating realistic scenarios but are difficult to organize. In comparison, some research methodologies might be easily organized and structured but are weak at creating reality. Case studies are realistic, grab/hold researchers' attention, are in sync with the listeners' own life experiences, and may therefore improve generalization capacity. Additionally, they contend that case studies are easily understood by all audiences since they are typically written in straightforward language, are overtly direct, and identify unique characteristics that may be missed by more extensive research methods like surveys. Additionally, case studies can be carried out by a single researcher without the aid of a research team; they can offer insights into other like situations, assisting in the study of such cases. Yin (1984)2: Explains the advantages of employing case studies while distinguishing between several types of case studies, such as the critical, the unique, and the revelatory examples; First off, a case is important when only one instance can be used to test an idea. Second, a case is distinct when there is only one instance of something. For instance, Margaret Mead conducted research in Samoa, where she held the opinion that gender relations differ from those in other countries. Thirdly, a case is revelatory if the investigator is only able to access a previously unreachable area of social life. The researcher will be in the best position to recognize his possibilities and pursue them when such distinctions are noted. Therefore, case studies should be considered for usage in both social and natural sciences since they provide various advantages to researchers. Becker (1970)6: According to Becker, one of the most important advantages of a case study is that it enables researchers to gain a thorough grasp of the person or group being examined, such as when a researcher chooses to investigate a specific or isolated society just to comprehend that community. He will then have a thorough awareness of that community. Backer also asserts that case studies could be quite helpful in formulating broad theoretical assumptions regarding the regularities of social processes. A case study of a particular community, for instance, can be used to challenge a widely held belief about social life and lead to fresh insights into society, as was said above. Charles Warner: According to Charles Warner, there are two categories of case studies: fictional ones that, while typically loosely based on real persons and events, do not utilize the names of genuine organizations or people but instead depict real organizations, people, and situations. The benefits of factual case studies include their ability to offer a plethora of detail, lend legitimacy to circumstances and issues, and—most importantly— provide real outcomes. Real-world solutions are provided to people who study a situation by * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 10 of 14 actual results: How did the business or manager handle the issues? Are the solutions effective? Even though factual examples offer real-world, rather than hypothetical, remedies, they nevertheless have significant limitations. Students or case discussants frequently get bogged down in arguing the case's specifics as they may recall them. Some participants in the discussion make insider claims or refer to later developments that cast doubt on the organization's ideas. When analysing factual cases, analysts frequently place more emphasis on the veracity of the facts than the suitability of the solutions. Because organizations, strategies, issues, and people evolve over time, actual situations frequently become out of date. A factual case may also raise issues of taste, fairness, or even libel if it disparages real organizations or people. Finally, since writers must adhere to the facts of a factual case, they are only able to discuss the management issues that are inherent in the case. Factual instances are most useful when used to describe current organizational issues, then to analyse and try to find solutions using a consultative method. The disadvantage of fictional instances is that students can never tell whether a remedy works or not. Since fictional cases are theoretical, they frequently lack the believability of true ones. However, writers of fictional cases are not restricted by the truth. To concentrate primarily on the subjects they want to discuss, case writers can use their poetic license to exaggerate problems, issues, settings, and persons. The most effective method of instruction is frequently to create fictitious examples that closely resemble real-world events. 14. Features of Case Study: The case-study method relies on a variety of sources of evidence and can use a single case or several cases. It can either be quantitative or qualitative. When choosing a case for research, academics think that prudence should be used. Based on the existing classifications and typologies, this warning is required. For instance, a key might be present. Cases, outlier cases, or cases based on local knowledge. Although key situations are uncommon and out of the ordinary, they contain valuable information that could be uncovered for human understanding. Key examples have inherent interests because of the circumstances surrounding them, but outlier cases are exceptional and aberrant and offer the chance to delve deeply. Aluko (2017)1: Aluko asserts that a case study typically employs an atypical sample, meaning that the entire study is focused on a single instance or person. Longer, unstructured interviews are typically used to conduct it to allow for in-depth investigation without time restrictions. A case study also typically takes a long time to complete, but because the subject is unusual, this has the primary drawback that the conclusion may not be applicable in all circumstances. Additionally, because the case study focuses on providing a thorough and understandable explanation of what happened, it describes the events in chronological and sequential order, synchronizes the description and explanation of phenomena with accurate analysis, and emphasizes the actors to comprehend their perspectives on what happened. Importantly, the researcher is actively participating in the Ogunbameru and Ogunbamery case being investigated. * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 11 of 14 Thomas (2011)4: According to Thomas and Mieviroka, the goal of a case study can be either to investigate or to evaluate. He also notes that the methodologies can be to show, test or create theory, use multiple or single procedures, and make diachronic, snapshot-style or retrospective decisions. As a result, careful consideration is required to determine the optimum decisions and combinations for the success of the research. 15. Writing or preparing case study styles: Writing or producing case study formats required you to explore a business problem, consider potential solutions, and then suggest the best option with accompanying data. Preparing the Case: To prepare for and comprehend the case study, follow these instructions before you start writing: Read and examine the case thoroughly: Read the case carefully, then look it over Make notes, underline important issues, and highlight pertinent information. Focus your Analysis: Describe two to five major issues. Why are they there? What effect do they have on the company? Who oversees them? Uncover Possible Solutions or changes needed: Review the course readings, the discussions, outside research, and your personal experience. Select the Best Solution: Think about compelling arguments, advantages, and disadvantages. Is this remedy practical? 16. Drafting the Case: Once you have gathered the necessary information, a draft of your analysis should these general sections, but these may differ depending on your assignment directions or your specific case study. Introduction: Find the case study's major concerns and challenges in the introduction. Additionally, create a thesis statement that, in one to two words, summarises the findings of your investigation. Background: Create the scene with Background information, pertinent data, and the key issues. Show that you have done research on the issues raised in this case study. Evaluation of the Case: List the different aspects of the case study that you will be concentrating on. Discuss the aspects of these pieces that work and don't work to evaluate them. Explain why these case study components are or are not performing well. Proposed Solution or Changes: Offer the desired changes or solutions in a specific and realistic manner. Why was this solution selected? Provide strong proof for this solution, such as ideas from lectures, conversations, and text readings from class. Anecdotes or personal experience, as well as independent research. * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 12 of 14 Recommendations: Establish and discuss concrete plans of action for implementing the suggested remedy. If necessary, suggest further steps to take to address some of the problems, along with what should be done and who should do it. Complete the case: Read your case study analysis after you've finished the first draught to look for any gaps in the material or inconsistent formatting: Is your thesis statement unambiguous and concise? Have you offered credible proof? Is there anything missing from the analysis? After making the required changes, proofread and update your analysis before submitting the last version. 17. Case Analysis for Final: Preparing the case, before you begin writing follow these guidelines to help you prepare and understand the case study. The review is the last section of a case analysis. Read over your draught to confirm that it is comprehensive, accurate, appealing to project stakeholders and that it is clear and simple for your intended audience before presenting or implementing any portion of your analysis. 18. Where to Find Data: Researchers can utilize a variety of sources and techniques to compile data about an individual or group. Researchers have identified six main sources, including: Archival records: Archival records include things like census records, survey records, and name lists. Direct Observations: In this technique, the subject is frequently observed in a natural environment. While a solo observer may occasionally be employed, groups of observers are most frequently used. Documents: Examples of the kinds of documents frequently used as sources include letters, newspaper articles, administrative records, etc. Interviews: One of the most crucial strategies for acquiring data for case studies is the interview. Structured survey questions may be used in an interview, as well as more openended inquiries. Participant observation: Participant observation is when a researcher takes part in an event as a participant and then watches the activities and results. Physical artifacts: During a direct observation of the subject, tools, items, instruments, and other artifacts are frequently noticed. 19. Words for the future: Case studies can be useful research tools, but they need to be used wisely. In many cases, they are best utilized in situations where conducting an experiment would be difficult or impossible. They are helpful for looking at unique situations and allow researchers to gather a * Librarian – Head LIRC, St. Francis Institute of Management and Research Mumbai India v.thangavel@rocketmail.com Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4492970 Page 13 of 14 deal of information about a specific individual or group of people. If you have been directed to write a case study for a psychology course, be sure to check with your instructor for any specific guidelines that you are required to follow. If you are writing your case study for a professional publication, be sure to check with the publisher for their specific guidelines for submitting a case study. 20. Drawbacks of Case Study: Case studies, on the other hand, have several drawbacks. Oliya (2018)3: Oliya and Ogunbameru contend that case studies are inevitably lacking in external validity since they include the in-depth analysis of a particular instance of an event or person. The difficulty of generalizing case study research's conclusions to different contexts is another significant limitation. In other words, it is impossible to demonstrate how a study into one sort of occurrence can lead to findings that are applicable to others. Bryman (1988)5: However, it may not be possible to directly compare the results of other studies conducted by other researchers or by the same researcher at different times. Bryman believes that one way this difficulty might be avoided is by employing multiple cases of the same sort of scenarios. If a single investigator or team of investigators conducts the study simultaneously utilizing the same social groups, the results are likely to be more accurate. When this is done, the research, however, stops being a case study. Conclusion: From the foregoing, it can be shown that the case study methodology is a solid method for demonstrating an explanation of a single example or a small group of cases that occur in people's everyday lives. The case study has evolved into a crucial qualitative research technique in the modern research environment. A case study gives new and future researchers plenty of opportunities to learn about a particular instance, while it also enables more seasoned researchers to gather data using a variety of ways and combine them to provide a rich reservoir of knowledge. A case study has various advantages, chief among them the opportunity it gives for a thorough, detailed, and in-depth analysis of the subject of investigation. Despite its disadvantage, a case study is a great form and source of rich material for scholarly investigation. Its relevance spans both the social and life sciences areas. Reference: 1. 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