NATIONALISM
TRIUMPHS IN EUROPE
1800 to 1914
Focus Question #1: How did Germany unify?
THE NAPOLEON EFFECT
a. Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire.
b. Organized The “Rhine Confederation”
c. Germans came together against a “common
enemy”-France (Napoleon)
GERMANY
Before unification After unification 1871
NGATA SEA
RUSSIAN
EMPIRE
BELGIUM
———. Gem an Confederation boundary (1815) |
Prussian eoquisitions
Prussia
From Austris in 1763 (1815)
From partitions of Polend
in 1772, 1793, 1795
ef (ies) Srotes ennexed by Prussia in 1966
ates joining Prussia in
ord ederstion of 1867
jorth German Confederation boundary
‘States added to form
, Gem an Empire (1871)
i [errno coded by France (1871)
X Battle sites 0 Fortifications
BOHEMIA
HUNGARY
Prussian territory
‘Other German states
Boundry of German Empire
GERMANY UNIFIES UNDER PRUSSIA
= King Wilhelm (William) |
= Prime Minister
" conservative, Junker (Nobel)
® Goal: to unite Germany under Prussian
rule (and put Austria in her place)
=" Frankfurt Assembly-failed to unify
German
= Militarist: over
diplomacy-war!
EUROPE IN EARLY 1800S
A Gres RUSSIAT
“es \ E EMPIRE
~S ae PRUSSIA retard
AUSTRIAN
EMPIRE
UNIFICATION:
SCHLESWIG WARS ; 1864 (B&l)
Kéolgsbera
OSTSEE
= Prussia pretended to ally vonsee
with Austria against
Denmark to win Schleswig
and Holstein
=" After defeating
Denmark..Prussia took ee:
Schleswig and Austria took im pe
Holstein stn
(1848 Republik, 1852 Kaiserreich)
Leer espellics
Kénigreich
send Siegen
9 (1865 prevsssch)
is
Mecklenburg-Stelitz
tentum Rew jngere Linie
sogtum Sachsen-Altenburg
ima
sR
‘SWE = GroBherzogtum Sachsen-WeimarEisenach
‘ i ‘Aahalt st nach Aussterben der Linien Anhalt KSthen
gr. Sardinien e und Anhalt Berburg dargestelt, die thingschen
7 Staaten nach der 1826 erolgten Neuordoun
(ab 1861 Kar. italien) ? fc ; U der erestchen Herts :
Kgr. Ungarn ‘oStidte tFestungen # Bundesfestungen
E 00
AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR 1866
= Goal: defeat Austria and win
Holstein
# Prussian army: Highly skilled, well-
equipped, disciplined
" Defeated Austria in 7 weeks
=" Treaty:
® dissolved German Confederation
= Austria to surrendered Holstein
= established Prussia as the
dominant German state
FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR- 1870
= Goal: to win the southern German States who
were Catholic and reluctant to join Bismarck.
= Bismarck manipulated the Southern states:
= Edited a telegram to make it appear that King
William | had insulted a French ambassador
= provoked France to declare war (Napoleon III)
RESULTS OF FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
- Prussia humiliated France
- Second (empire)
established
- Germans take Alsace-
Lorraine
" Constitution, but Bismarck
maintains his power.
BISMARCK’S PUZZLE
>
Expansion of
PRUSSIA
1807-1871
” Prussian territory
1795-1807, ceded
to Russia 1815
Tilsit, 1807
"
- TS Prussia, 1849
;
7
—- fv
an
Prussian territory after the Treaty of
Temitory gained or regained, 1315
Temztory gained after Darush
and Austnan wars, 1365-66
States joining the German
Empire, 1371
l
2
3
4
5
6
5
9
Alsace-Lorraine
Baden
Bavaria
Hanover
Hesse
Hesse-Nassau
Hohenzollem
Holstem
Mecklenburg
Oldenburg
Posen
2. Rhine Province
Saxony
Schlesmg
Swedish Pomeran
Westphalia
Wurttembure
a
BISMARCK “THE IRON CHANCELLOR”
# Wilhelm | crowned Kaiser (emperor) at
Versailles
= The “new” Germany
= Bismarck forced rapid Industrialization
- Iron, coal, steel production soared
* Disciplined workforce, military
* Growing population worked to industrialize
Germany.
- Determined to make the Germany powerful
= Began to look for colonies to compete
with Industrialized europe
POLICIES UNDER BISMARCK
" Foreign policy
=" Keep France weak
" Alliances with Austria and Russia
= Domestic policy- Economic growth
"tariffs (to support manufacturing)
= scientific research
*" banking system
®railroads: to link German states
CHALLENGES FOR BISMARCK
» Protestants hated Catholics; Kulturkampf : -
" "struggle for culture” ; anti-Catholic laws pleased liberals
» Socialists Realpolitik:
= old age pensions, accident insurance, unemployment
KAISER WILLIAM II
1888
* Divine Right monarch-believed al
he was appointed by God; hg
conceited, determined to a
compete in the new world that.
= Fired Bismarck. “There is only one 1 ®
master in the Reich, and that is |.”
=" public transportation, electricity,
public schools...workplace
reform
= Built a massive military
= Wanted to find his “place in the
sun:” colonies.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION; OBSTACLES
# Italian states controlled by others
# Austrians- north
=" French-Naples & Sicily
= nationalist revolts- crushed by
conservatives
PLAYERS
7 -1830S
" nationalist; heart of the movement to
unify
" /secret society devoted
to unification
1849- French forces ended his
effort to establish a republic
republic.
House of Savoy
1494
f
Eead. of Sardinia
in the 18th C.
Eead. of Sardinia
1815-1859
Eingdom of Sardinia 1860
CAMILLO CAVOUR
* || Risorgimento -nationalist movement
* Sardinian
: skilled politician; focused on ousting Austria and unification
" named prime minister by Victor Emmanuel II
- Allied with France
France agreed to come to the aid of Italy should Austria
attack
Fought with France in the Crimean War
* Cavour then provoked Austria to attack-knowing France
would step in to help
" together, France and Sardinia defeated and ousted Austria
from the north
= Cavour enlists Giuseppe Garibaldi:
= Sent weapons and ships
" 1862-1000 Red Shirts win control of Sicily and
marched toward Naples from France
= Venetia is acquired from Bismarck for Italian help
in the Austro-Prussian War after the Prussian win
= French forces abandon Rome to fight the
Prussians the Red Shirts march in.
= Italy is united.
MAP OF UNITED ITALY
AUSTRIA-
SWITZERLAND ) HUNGARY
y= Same One
savoy “ee egturin ppVilan ©, cK Ok A
(To France) 5 NS TC a \ Xf
NICE i ag CLE SAN MARINO.
(To France) ae ie Aon
: Florence
TUSCANY & PAPAL
Lon
¢ STATES
-,-
Qn.
A “72
CORSICA
(FRANCE) =
q KINGDOM
OF THE
4 : A TWO SICILIES
rs :
sem Kingdom of Sardinia,
\ Sf
SARDINIA 2 : ~ 1858
5 . = S/S Added to Sardinia,
) T- rrbenian 1859 and 1860
p ; J Seg Added to Italy, 1866
: (9) Added to Italy, 1870
Palermo ZY Route of Garibaldi’s
expedition, 1860
Mediterranean Sea
Mutter Projection
Scare in Mixes
— ——— T
° 100 200
Scave in Kitomerers
PROBLEMS FOR ITALY
" Regionalism/rivalries
"North was rich from industry, modern
"The south was poor, rural, backward
= As they lost power, Popes urged Catholics
not to cooperate with the new government.
NATIONALISM IN HAPSBURG EMPIRES -1800-1914
The multilingual Austro-Hungarian monarchy
Ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary (1910):
Germans
Hungarians
$ Czechs
@ Slovaks
© Poles
© Ukrainians
© Slovenes
oO Croats, Serbians
© Romanians
@ Italians
www.GlSreportsonline.com
Austrian Empire -a
patchwork of different
nationalities and cultures.
Everywhere: Nationalists
pushed for independence
from Austria.
of Austria tried to prevent change (conservative)
" Resisted industrialization, but factories sorung up anyway
" 1848, (Hapsburg) passed reforms; democratic
legislature
* Hungarians-unhappy @
" Legislature led by German-speaking Austrians
* They wanted to have a say
- led the fight for a Hungarian voice
" 1867 of Austria-Hungary
was formed-didn’t work
THE DUAL MONARCHY 1867
-~SET UPAS A SOLUTION TO THE DISSATISFACTION OF HUNGARIANS
Separate Shared
= Frances Joseph ruled both:
- Each had constitutions ™ Emperor of Austria
- Each had a parliament ™ King of Hungary
es » Shared ministries of
finance, defense and foreign
a affairs.
=" The DM did not satisfy many
nationalists; Slavs, Serbs, Hungarians...
= Unrest greatly weakened the empire
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE; “THE SICK MAN OF EUROPE”- THE BALKANS
= Ottomans-a huge multi-national empire; Turks, Armenians,
Greeks, Arabs, Kurds, Serbs, Slavs, Jews, Muslims, Christians
= Constant nationalist revolts; these groups wanted self rule, self
determination...
= No one was happy
Conic Projection
300 mi
——— a
300 km
oo Independent : %
Balkan states ion
20°E Crete
[4 Ottoman Empire Mediterranean Sea, ¢
SOME TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THE UNREST
" pushed into Istanbul
. took Bosnia and
Herzegovina
=Britainand France eyed Ottoman — | 2
lands inthe Middle East and | So
North Africa. :
"Rivalries worsened; unrest grew
"Ottoman Empire:
RUSSIA-LATE 1800'S
: ...economically undeveloped
# Tsar (Divine Right monarch)
= Russia: A “colossus”- huge and populous nation
= silenced critics...resisted reform
= feared progress -threat to absolute rule
=" rigid social structure
= landowning nobles-close to tsar
= tiny middle class
= Vost-serfs, bound to the land
PRINCIPAL BATTLE SITES OF THE CRIMEAN WAR, 1853-56
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
i CRIMEA
CRIMEA
September 20, 18548 =
Sevasto, pol
October 17, 1854—
September 11, 1855 nkerman
- November 5, 1854
mad
\ Balaklava
__* October 25, 1854
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
0 50 100 mi
* Crimean War pan
- Russia tried to seize Ottoman lands
- Russia v. British, French, Turks,
Sardinia
Big loss: revealed backwardness
‘Russian people demanded reform
" : Alexander agreed to
"the emancipation of serfs
"set Up : elected assemblies
"trial by jury
"reforms did not satisfy the people
"socialists urged rebellion
= Alexander Il assassinated
=» “cracked down” on reform
= secret police
® exiled critics
= persecuted Jews-Pograms
= “to destroy, to wreak havoc, to demolish violently
" forced them into restricted areas
= Some Jews fled-refugees
= tried to modernize:
"despite some progress, problems
worsened
=Poor conditions in factories
"Humiliating defeat; weakened Nicholas II
hold on his people
"peaceful protest led by a priest-people were
fed up with the losses from Russo-Japanese
war and starvation
"soldiers fired on the crowd; 100s killed
*turning point; discontent grew
"Nicholas passed reforms and summoned a
Duma (parliament)and then dissolved it
"Too little, too late
THE END OF THE ROMONOVS
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQpWyFcH-1tE