Lead-in
a
too much homework
d
games in class
b
a. Look at the photographs and discuss in pairs:
c
not enough sport
school underfunded
e
f
dedicated teachers
drama classes
k liked
• What kind of things might the people in each
photograph be learning? For what purpose?
no
Bill Sanders
• What difficulties might each of them face with their
Sarah Ford
studies? What might be the things that give them
Claire Sharpe
enjoyment?
b. Look at the title of the unit. Do you think it is
b. Which of the following phrases did you hear in
the recording?
important for learning to continue throughout
life? Why/Why not? Tell your partner.
a. Which of the following aims of education are
most important? Rank them in order of
importance, then compare with your partner.
a
What I hated most...
b
What used to make me angry was .
c
The depressing thing about it was
d
The worst thing about
e
My favourite was
• to develop understanding of other people/cultures
f
I knew I was in for a treat when ...
• to learn social skills
f
Sometimes I got really fed up with
• to prepare for life in the workplace
h
I was at my happiest when ...
.
• to become aware of how the past has affected
the present
• to develop critical thinking
c.
In pairs discuss what you used to like and dislike
about your early schooling. Use phrases from
Ex. 3b.
b. Which of the following school subjects/activities
help with achieving the above aims? Discuss in
pairs.
Think’
Paraphrase the following quotations. Do
you agree with them? Why (not)? Discuss in pairs.
• sociology • history • mathematics • geography
• reading and writing • computer studies
‘Education is a progressive discovery of our own
• languages • music/art
ignorance.'
Will Durant (U.S. historian)
A To me, sociology helps us understand other cultures.
В: I agree. It teaches us how human societies develop
according to their environment and history.
Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult
to drive; easy to govern but impossible to enslave.’
Henry Peter (Scottish politician) ■
165
How I Got My
Reading - Part 3
First-ciass
a. You will read an article by a
student who graduated
from university with a first-
Degree
class degree. Before you
read, discuss in pairs:
What part do the following play
1
in motivating people to excel in
education?
•
desire for professional
success
•
What does it take to graduate from university with a First?
Mark McArdle, first-class degree holder from the University
of Lancaster, tells how he did it.
desire for personal
achievement
•
pressure from family/friends/
employers
With a partner, rank the following
2
according to how necessary you
think they are in order to do well
at university.
"Don’t spend too much time at the student lounge, do turn up for most lectures and
tutorials and do submit all coursework - eventually." That, I was told by a PhD
student during freshers’ week, was all I needed to do to get a 2:2. For a 2:1, I’d
require a better attendance record and have to work harder, but not at the expense
5 of being cut off from civilisation. And for a First. I would have to become some sort
of social outcast, go to every lecture and tutorial (scribbling notes madly), spend
every waking moment immersed in academic books, and be among the last to be
thrown out of the university library at 10pm closing time.
I discipline
I
□ competitive spirit
| understanding what is
I
expected of you
I
I organisational skills
□ perseverance
□ intelligence
Well. 1 did not give up my life for study. 1 didn’t attend every lecture and tutorial. 1
10 didn’t write down every word spoken in lectures. I didn’t get 80% or more in every
essay, project, test or exam. 1 was usually behind with my reading and occasionally
mystified by the syllabus. Sometimes I couldn’t be bothered to go to university and
stayed at home instead. But I always knew where I was. what I had to do. and what
not to bother with. And I always worked hard on the things that counted:
15 assignments and exams.
□ morale
Getting a degree is about learning, but it isn’t just about learning biology, history,
Read the passage quickly.
English or whatever. It’s about understanding what you need to succeed - what, in
Which of the above does the
fact, the university wants from you and what you will .get in return. You have to
writer mention? What other
things helped him to
succeed? Check with your
partner.
something not wanted. Others want to give very little - they steal the thoughts of
others and submit them as their own. But they all want to be rewarded. Exchange,
but don't steal, and you’ll get a degree.
b. Now read the passage
thoroughly. For questions 1-7,
1
have a feel for the education market and really sell your inspirations. What does the
20 lecturer want ? What is the essay marker searching for? Some students try to offer
I saw lecturers as customers who fell into two broad categories. There were those for
25 whom lecturing was an unwelcome interruption to their research work. After all. we
were students and what did we know? I would deliberately pitch my essays to this
choose the answer (А, В, C or
kind of academic so that my opinions appeared more as evidence that I had read and
D) which you think fits best
understood the key contributions to the debate, rather than as an attempt to pull
according to the text.
down monuments. The other type of academic were those who enjoyed teaching and
The PhD student who spoke to
the writer
A
exaggerated the need to work
According to the writer, an important factor in success at university is
A
the ability to understand the market.
thought the writer would get
В
acquaintance with lecturers and markers.
a First.
C
clever use of other people's ideas.
C
succeeded in scaring the writer.
D
an understanding of what was required.
D
was uncertain how to help
В
the
166
2
hard.
writer.
3
In the third paragraph, the writer warns against
A
trying to second-guess lecturers.
В
expecting to be rewarded.
C
plagiarism in essays and exams
D
offering money to academic staff.
Why did the writer not practise
6
University degree
writing exam questions?
classifications in the UK:
A
В
First class
He was advised not to.
He thought the practice was
rather boring.
Upper second (2:1)
C
Lower second (2:2)
He wanted to answer exam
questions critically.
Third class (3)
D
He thought it might prejudice
staff against him.
7
30
discussing
new
The writer concludes by advising
ideas.
students to
They wanted more. They
wanted something different,
A
follow his recipe for success.
В
make the most of being a
inspirational, iconoclastic.
35
I would present my
arguments to show that I
student.
|
had done my reading and
C
concentrate on passing exams.
D
aim for a First at all costs.
understood the key concepts.
Vocabulary Practice
but 1 would also try to add something more to
the issue rather than rake over familiar ground. Essentially, it was a case of working
40
out what was wanted and then delivering it. I can’t state exactly how successful this
2
a. Match the highlighted words
in the passage with their
tactic was, except to say that I sold more essays than I had returned as faulty.
synonyms below.
I could guarantee every' book on my reading list was out on long loan from the
45
university library within five seconds of the list being issued. This was worrying at
• crucial • search quickly
first, but I quickly learned that it was impossible to read all of the books on an
• rejecting • general
average reading list anyway. 1 sought shortcuts. Collections of selected readings or
• bewildered • absorbed
journal articles were excellent sources that often saved me the bother of reading the
• understanding of • discussion
original texts. References in books dragged me all over the place but, with all the
courses I had to do, there wasn’t enough time to be dragged too far. 1 would flick
b. In pairs, find words in the
through the book, read the introduction, note any summaries, look al diagrams.
50
article which are similar in
skim the index, and read any conclusions. I plucked out what was needed and made
your language.
my escape.
I revised by discarding subject areas I could not face revising; reading; compiling
notes; and then condensing them onto one or two sheets of A4 for each subject area.
55
Text Analysis
Leading up to the exam. I would concentrate on just the condensed notes and rely
The writer uses the following
on my memory' to drag out the detail behind them when the time came. I didn’t
phrases. Explain them in your
practise writing exam questions, although it was recommended. I prefer to be
own words.
spontaneous and open-minded. 1 don’t want pre-formed conclusions filling my mind.
And nor should you: there is no secret to getting a First - this is just an account of
how I got my First. Be a happy student by striking the right balance between
60
working and enjoying yourself. Take what you do seriously and do your best. And.
1
being cut off from civilisation (I. 5)
2
pull down monuments (II. 28-29)
I plucked out what was needed
3
(I. 50)
no matter what you do, don’t forget to appreciate every day of your university
studies: it is one of the greatest periods of your life.
4
drag out the detail (I. 55)
Discussion
4
5
Th ink !
In his relationship with his lecturers, the writer tried to
A
show them that he would make a good salesman.
В
do his work in a style which matched their expectations.
C
always have some new ideas to impress them with
D
never upset them by submitting ground-breaking work
How did the writer cope with long lists of required reading?
A
В
He ignored them.
He wrote his own
He was selective
C
D
He summarised them.
In pairs, discuss the
following:
1
How similar/different is your method
of study to that of the writer?
2
Are there things about the way you
study which you would like to
change or improve? Think about:
• being organised.
• being more focused.
• managing your time.
Language Focus
In the Classroom
' School Days
a. Using a dictionary if necessary,
underline the correct word in the
2
a.
sentences. Use the remaining
another pair's.
words in sentences of your own.
1
Look at the cartoon. Which class does it show? In pairs think
of as many types of classes as possible. Compare your list to
The school is thought to be highly
innovative in that it implements a system
of continuous (tests, assessment, finals)
to determine grades.
2
One could hear the sounds of lively
(debate, talk, argument) coming from
the room where the philosophy class
was being held.
3
My brother, who wants to join the clergy,
has just entered a (seminary, university,
college)
4
the (seminar,
It was inevitable that
lecture, tutorial) would be well-attended
as it was being given by the renowned
professor, Kurt Reimann
5
There’s no way I'll be able to come. I’ve
got to hand in a two thousand word
(assignment,
project,
essay) on the
b. In pairs, decide for which classes the items in the list would
Russian Revolution by Monday afternoon.
6
Stephen
was
caught
be needed. Talk about what they would be used for, as in the
(copying,
example.
plagiarising, stealing) from his fellow
7
student's test paper and was expelled
• compass • easel • abacus • theatrical prop • art supplies
For tomorrow, please read this short
• globe • lab skeleton • test tube • reference books
original (article, text, excerpt) from
• musical score • glass slide
Dicken's Hard Times and be prepared to
A: I suppose students would use a glass slide in biology class for looking at
discuss it in class.
8
things under the microscope.
If you're really interested in applying, ask
B: That's true. A glass slide could be used for the same purpose in chemistry
the university to send you a (syllabus,
class, as well.
prospectus, curriculum) for the upcoming
year
Study Methods
b. Below are words that correspond
to the word sets from Ex. 1a. Tell
your partner which word goes with
3
a. Look at the study methods in the list. For which of the tasks
(1-10) is each method best suited?
which set and why.
• revising • cramming • highlighting • note-taking
• exams • class • vocational school
• talk • homework • cheating
• summary • course list
• summarising • proof-reading • editing
1
Preparing for an end-of-term exam
2
Isolating information from its context
'Exams'corresponds with number 1. The words
3
Checking and improving on a piece of work
are ways in which educators can tell how well
4
Condensing information for quick access
a student is doing.
5
Recording information during a dass/lecture/seminar
6
Keeping new knowledge fresh in your mind
7
Re-organising an essay/composition
8
Organising material into manageable units
9
Ensuring a piece of written work meets all formal requirements (format,
word-count, etc)
10
168
Making important information stand out
b. In pairs, discuss the following.
•
To the head master's................................................
delight each and every one of his pupils was
1
Which of the stated study methods do you use?
2
What do you usually use them for?
3
What other methods do you use?
4
How much time do you spend studying?
5
Do you usually study alone or with a classmate? Why?
6
Are exams a fair means of assessment? If not. what would
accepted into Oxford University.
•
Although he paid a(n)
.........................................
amount of money for his daughter’s education, she
has never held down a steady job.
4
•
In the past, many history books were..........................
•
You may well have a PhD in philosophy, but to my
. towards those countries that had lost wars.
be a better way to assess students?
mind you are both.................................. and racist.
Build up your Word Power
•
My grandfather is very opinionated about certain
things, but at least he is...........................................
4
of co-educational schooling.
The adjectives below have been grouped in order of
• His
increasing intensity. Use them to complete the sets
................. attitudes towards
progressive education won him a position at the
of sentences which follow. Use each adjective only
prestigious college
once.
archaic < dated < modern < advanced
modest < substantial <iminense< extravagant
bigoted<biased<tolerant< open-minded
boring- pleasant<moving < inspirational
1
•
I must say for a woman who is supposed to be so
articulate, the Dean's welcoming speech was quite
•
The life of Anne Sullivan, Helen Keller's teacher,
serves as a(n).................................... message to all
of those who work with the disabled
•
The head girl's words were very...........
and several of her fellow classmates were in tears
before she had finished.
•
The kindergarten teacher had a
singing voice, and as a result her young students
loved the time they spent learning new songs
2
•
Most schools in the country have opted to teach
•
The elderly professor was let go as he refused to
.............. Greek as opposed to ancient Greek
change his................................. teaching practices.
•
Ц
Underline the correct word.
I'm sorry, but as our institution seeks to maintain a
traditional standard, your ideas are just too.........
•
Words often Confused
1
been too tired, but the teacher dismissed/denied/ignored/
That reference book was published over 20 years ago
refused this as nonsense
so some of the information it contains is probably
2
Gable's theory pulled/took/attracted/engaged a lot of
3
The approach/entrance/opening/advent of new technology
interest from the scientific community.
rather.....................................................
3
•
My parents earned a(n)................................
income
is bound to revolutionise the function of the dassroom.
and were unable to send me to music classes.
•
John's excuse for not doing his homework was that he had
..........................................for us.
Her........................................................................ praise
4
demanding/critical task than reading.
embarrassed the child so badly that he refused to
draw any more pictures in art class.
Writing is generally considered a more severe/thorough/
5
The library will be sheltered/housed/induded/contained
in the old building on Bridge Street.
169
Language Focus
g
Collocations
Idioms
a. Match the pairs of adjectives to the nouns to
a. Match items from columns A and В to make
idioms and then use them, in their correct form,
form collocations.
to complete the sentences.
first class/Master's
learning
higher/first-rate
degree
1
be the teacher's
correspondence/refresher
schooling
2
mind one's
compulsory/formal
certificate
3
fees
4
post graduate/2-year
5
diploma
long-distance/accelerated
b
one, two, three
learn something
c
the grade
be as easy as
d
pet
be of the
e
the back of one's hand
old school
tuition/registration
course
6
know something like
f
school-leaving/medical
education
7
pass with
g
by heart
8
make
h
flying colours
1
Now Johnny, if you're coming to see your sister in the
b. Now use one word from each set to complete
the sentences below. If necessary, use your
school play you're to be quiet and.............................
dictionary to help you. Use the remaining
2
collocations in sentences of your own.
I can remember as a child, the difficult time I had
learning my multiplication tables...............................
1
............................................. learning has proved highly
3
popular in remote parts of Australia and Canada
2
In the UK.......
... ...................... schooling lasts
up until the age of sixteen.
3
Nowadays, a ..................................... certificate does not
Please forward the £100 .......................................
The children jeered their classmate in the school yard
5
Everybody here is fine and Steve has just finished his
finals which he............................ .......................
6
If you don't study harder there is no way that you will
Stella already has a Bachelor of Arts but she is now
working towards attaining a..................degree.
6
........
with the cruel chant of, 'Suzy................................... I'
fee
along with your completed application.
5
...............................
done by a man.
4
necessarily guarantee someone a place in the job market.
4
Don’t mind your father He
and believes that some jobs are just not meant to be
7
My father opened a bank account for me on the day I was
born to ensure that I would receive a..........................
I’ve been studying this list of historical dates for hours
and I..................................................................
8
There's nothing to geometry, it........................................
education.
7
Now that I've got this job abroad, I think I had better
take a........................... course in Spanish.
8
b. Look at the cartoon below. Complete the
caption with one of the idioms from Ex. 8a
It will take him at least a year to earn a
above. Can you explain what it means?
diploma in child psychology.
a. Tick the boxes to form phrases. In pairs, use the
phrases in sentences.
Sit
I Get
i Have I
Do
good marks
an exam
one's homework
for one's finals
expelled/suspended
an Easter break
a biology project
extracurricular activities
b. Can you think of one more phrase or expression
170
c.
Sketch a picture for another one of the idioms
to go under each heading? In pairs, use them to
from Ex. 8a. Show it to the class and see if they
make sentences.
can guess which idiom you have drawn.
b. Now use some of the phrasal verbs, in their
Fixed Phrases (phrases with by)
correct form, to complete the sentences.
Replace the underlined words and expressions with
1
one of the fixed phrases below. Then, in pairs, use
................... the information that he had three post­
the fixed phrases to make up sentences of your
graduate degrees.
own.
2
• by chance • by the way • by the book • by law
3
Even though he worked a full time job while getting his
4
A good lecturer will ....................................... the syllabus
diploma, Sam managed to...................... his studies.
• by word of mouth
in order not to confuse students.
Her plans to become a teacher came to nothing when
5
she was forced to drop out of school to look after her
Just admit you plagiarised your essay, he'll...............
it
........ you sooner or later anyway.
younger siblings.
2
As the long winter............................... the poor student
pored over her text books night after night.
• by and large • by and by • (fall) by the wayside
1
The arrogant young man managed to....................
Incidentally, did you know that Susan finished at the top
of her graduating class?
3
Coincidentally, I found my old school uniform while I
Communication: Describing Similarities/
Differences
was cleaning out the attic.
4
We heard about the private school through various
conversations with friends and colleagues.
5
11
a. The phrases in the language box below, can all
If we’re going to do this right, we'll have to do it exactly
be used when making comparisons. In pairs,
as we were instructed
6
decide which of them are appropriate for formal
Don't worry if you don't understand the theory behind
writing and which are more suitable for
it, you'll catch on eventually.
7
conversation.
Generally speaking, the number of people leaving school
without obtaining a qualification is on the rise.
8
Legally, all institutes of learning must be equipped with
smoke detectors and sprinkler systems.
Phrasal Verbs
Appendix 1
Ю
a
Match the phrasal verbs (1-8) with their
meanings (a-h).
Ш
You've had all the advantages in the world. Why
would you get involved with that man when he'll
]
only drag you down?
Keep to your study plan throughout the academic
m
year and you're sure to do well.
In order to keep up with your classmates during your
Ш
The teacher managed to drag a confession out of
|2 |
recovery you'll have to do a lot of revising at home.
the naughty pupil.
|5 |
|
b.' Listen to two people discussing the issue of
public vs state schooling. What are they saying
I keep back 10% of my pay each week for when
Ш
Tommy attends university
Why did you drag in the fact that you had never
[7]
|
graduated in front of your new boss?
The lecture dragged on well into the afternoon.
|8 |
|
The college kept the elderly gardener on even after
about: cost, quality of education, increased life
chances?
Who do you agree with most? Discuss in pairs.
c.
he was too old to do much work
a
adhere
e
manage to elicit
b
reserve
f
continue to employ
c
inappropriately
g
stay level with
mention
h
continue
d
ruin, lessen sb
unnecessarily
In pairs, discuss the similarities and differences
between:
1
the education system in your country/the education system
2
wearing school uniform/wearing what you like
3
state-wide exams/continual assessment
A:
I think our education system is rather like the U5 system.
В:
I agree. It's nothing like the UK system.
in the UK or the US
7
Listening & Speaking
Listening - Part 1
You will hear three different extracts about three
Listening - Part 3
a. You will hear part of a radio interview with the
unrelated topics. For questions 1-6, choose the
university lecturer, Dr Harry Grey, about children
answer (A, В or C) which fits best according to what
and language learning. Before you listen, discuss
you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
in pairs the following.
Extract One
You hear part of an interview about storytelling.
1
1
Is it possible for very young children to learn a second
language? How easy/difficult is this?
2
Do you think that learning two languages might be
confusing or difficult for very young children?
According to Tim, why do some people find it difficult
to perform in public?
A
because they become blocked
В
because they are not very creative
choose the answer (А, В, C or D) which fits best
C
because they fear their performance will not be good
according to what you hear.
b. Now listen to the recording. For questions 1-6,
enough
2
How can a storyteller overcome the fear of performing?
A
В
C
1
In the past, how did immigrant families view their own
mother tongue?
by experimenting with the story and the audience
by sticking to a well-crafted plan
by suppressing panic
A
It was a source of pride
В
It was less important than the main language of their
C
It was a means of retaining their customs and culture
D
It helped them to adjust to their host country
host country.
Extract Two
You hear part of a radio programme about traditional
2
kitchen gardens.
3
languages simultaneously?
Why were traditional gardens in monasteries laid out
in the shape of a cross?
A
4
in order to irrigate the garden better
В
for religious reasons
C
to create a symmetrical pattern
3
different plants, vegetables and flowers?
В
C
A
They get their words mixed up.
В
They cannot distinguish between the two languages.
C
Their vocabulary-range may be small.
D
They intermix words from both languages
When do bilingual children use each of their two
languages?
What is the advantage of planting a variety of
A
What often happens when children are learning two
It is more efficient than modern methods
You can adapt it easily
It creates a natural system of pest control
A
They only use one of the languages with their family
В
They use both languages with their family.
C
They use each language in specific situations
D
They use the formal vocabulary of each language in
formal situations.
Extract Three
4
language learning?
You hear part of a discussion about manners and
etiquette in Victorian times.
5
A
Victorian and modern manners?
to highlight the Victorians' obsession with etiquette
В
to show that common politeness was encouraged
5
both then and now
C
6
when both languages are introduced simultaneously
C
when they learn more than two languages
D
when they learn a language before starting school
Bilingual children
A
What does Anthea say about manners in nineteenth
all classes of people observed the basic rules of etiquette
В
only the wealthy observed the basic rules of etiquette
C
certain professionals did not observe the basic rules
of etiquette
may have a better command of one of the two
languages.
century America?
172
В
to show how manners have changed over time
A
when they learn one language well prior to learning
a second
Why does Anthea make a comparison between
A
When might children have a problem with second
В
usually speak both languages equally well
C
speak both languages to both their parents.
D
understand more of each language than they can
produce.
6
Who should parents consult if their child has a language
problem?
A
an interpreter
В
a medical expert who speaks both languages
C
someone who speaks both languages
D
a grammar teacher
Speaking - Part 3: Discuss, Hypothesise & Select
Learning For Life
3
«Students A & В
Look at these pictures showing various skills and abilities. Talk to each other about the situations where the skills and
abilities shown might be necessary. Then decide which two skills/abilities are most important and should be emphasised
in educational systems.
- ■ ■ -—-—— Useful language: Hypothesising
•
For example, if you ... then you would need to
•
Should you find yourself in a situation where
then you would
have to...
•
Supposing you .
•
Without. you wouldn't be able to cope in a situation where
•
Imagine if you had to ...; then you would almost certainly
•
What if.. ? The only way to deal with that would be .
•
It would be especially useful in situations where you are called
then you must.
need to...
In which situations do you think the skills and abilities
upon to...
shown might be necessary?
Which two skills or abilities are most important and
should be emphasised in educational systems?
Speaking - Part 4
Everyday English
(_ ( Students A & В
• Expressing Disbelief
4
Discuss the following questions together.
1
Apart from being essential for certain careers, what is the
importance of good education?
2
How can governments make sure that everyone has access
to good education?
3
What makes a good teacher?
4
To what extent should art be part of education?
5
How much of a say should parents have in their children's
education’
5
4 / Listen to two candidates doing the speaking tasks
in Exs. 3 and 4 and compare their performance to
that of your classmates. Assess your classmates
in terms of:
• grammar and vocabulary • discourse management
• pronunciation • interactive communication
g
In pairs, decide what the other speaker has said and
use the expressions below in response.
a
You can't be serious!
b
Noway!
c
You didn't!
d
You must be joking!
e
You’re having me on!
f
Is this a joke?
A:
Have you heard? Mike and Sylvia are getting married.
B:
You can't be serious!
Reading
Reading-Part2
a. You will read an article written by a mother whose child started reading later than others. Before you read, in
groups discuss the following.
1
How important do you think it is for children to start reading early?
2
Generally speaking, at what age do children in your country learn to read?
3
What should be the role of the parents in a child's early education?
b. The following words and phrases appear in the passage. Look at the title, then in pairs discuss how they might
be connected with the subject of children learning to read.
• coaxed, pressed and, if required, bribed «consequences «coaching • cooperate with others «pleasure
c.
Read the first and the last sentence of each paragraph. Can you guess what each paragraph is about? Discuss in
pairs. Now, read quickly and check.
You сЗп mMe me До л,
but jou can t w3Ke we (Ле it.
We force children into reading far too early. Today Einstein,
who learnt to read at 10, would be in remedial class, argues
Anne Karpf.
A good news story about education? It sounds like an
oxymoron, but blazoned on Monday’s front pages was the
finding of a major new international survey that ‘UK pupils
move close to top of world class’, especially in reading.
This will have been gratifying to a government for whom
‘education, education, education' increasingly seems to be
a euphemism for ‘reading, reading, reading'. But such
singlemindedness
consequences.
has
had
other,
unacknowledged
1
Traditionalists, however, maintain that you're never too
young to learn to read: on the contrary, the earlier the
better. Reading, and especially early reading, is considered
matter of when she learned to read seemed so awful that I
decided to stop meddling altogether.
4
But in other schools there’s no shortage of horror stories,
like the parents of four-year-olds paying for coaching to
help them keep up with the fast readers. The mother of a
four-and-a-half-year-old was told that her son had to apply
himself to reading because the school didn’t want him to
end up at the bottom of the pile. Einstein may have
learned to read only at 10, but today he'd be stigmatised
and in remedial class.
5
so self-evidently good that children are coaxed, pressed
Other parents are more successful in their efforts, yet all
and, if required, bribed into submission.
children get there in the end. What counts, surely, is how
they do so, since this is paramount for future pleasure. You
can. just about, drill children into learning to read, but you
can’t compel them to enjoy it. In a culture increasingly
2
My own position has changed radically between my first
and second children. The first taught herself to read at the
age of four. Thereafter she secreted books around her bed
like contraband, and had to be physically prised from them
al the dinner table. When her younger sister started school
obsessed with what is measurable, what a pity reading
pleasure can’t be tested.
last year, I expected a repeat performance.
I think my own now almost-six-ycar-old would have
preferred this approach. However, something has recently
clicked in the reading part of her brain, and she is on the
3
Should 1 be vacuuming away her words, and pumping in
someone elsc’s? Should I have been coercing her to try to
read when she was plainly unwilling? 1 can coerce when it’s
necessary', but the thought of becoming a dictator in the
6
way to becoming a voracious reader. It’s probably sheer
coincidence that this transformation was over exactly the
same period that she started learning the violin.
A
a. Read the article. Six paragraphs have been removed.
Like other reception class mothers, I peeked at
her friends’ bookbags to see if the books they
Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each
were reading were more advanced. Invariably
gap (1-6). There is one extra paragraph you do not need
they were. My growing anxiety was assuaged by a
to use.
wise fellow mother remarking that my exuberant
child was busily engaged in things, like pretend
b. Underline the words which helped you do the task.
games and drawing, which delighted her more.
Compare with your partner.
She also loves books, but often pleads for the
right to be able to make up her own stories to
Vocabulary Practice
the pictures (frequently more exciting than
those by the author).
В
Match the highlighted words in the article with the
definitions below, then use them in your own sentences.
Those who consider such reservations a middle­
You may change the form of the verbs if you wish.
class luxury should look at Europe. We’re alone
in bullying children to read so young. The
Norwegians don’t start until they’re seven, when
1 pretending affecting; 2 lively and excitable; 3 a phrase where two
it's usually painless. Sylvia Hopland, headteacher
contradictory terms appear together; 4 most important; 5 carried
of the Norwegian School in London, says: ‘We
something heavy with difficulty, 6 persuade someone to do something
know that we could teach children to read at four,
against their will; 7 people who resist change and favour established ideas,
but we want them to spend those years playing.
8 hid; 9 unacceptably unconventional and unreasonable, 10 very keen
We want to teach them to solve problems,
Affecting shyness, the normally bold child refused to say a word.
cooperate with others and cope with life.'
C
Imagine the blow that might have dealt to his
creative genius. Also, one problem with exerting
Text Analysis
such pressure on pre-school children is that it can
make children resistant to reading. Once affecting
extravagant interest in my second daughter’s new
book-title, 1 was rewarded with: ‘You’re just trying
to get me to read it and 1 won’t.’
D
When I asked her to tell me what she thought of
her classes, she was unabashedly sincere: ‘I like
books with pictures, but books with too many
words are boring.’ My immediate urge was to
4
a. Explain the meaning of the following phrases taken from
the article.
1
I expected a repeat performance, (before gap 3)
2
the thought of becoming a dictator... (before gap 4)
3
to end up at the bottom of the pile, (before gap 5)
something has recently clicked
4
5
. (after gap 6)
And the heresy that dare not speak its name ... (paragraph G)
force her, threaten her or coax her nose into her
books. Until it suddenly occurred to me: al what
para C opposite.
age did I start reading?
E
b. Act out a dialogue between mother and child based on
For the best part of a year I lugged her wretched
bookbag to and from school without opening it,
and resolved as far as possible to follow her own
reading
timetable.
Her
reception
teacher
adopted what today is a rare, daring stance:
there isn’t much you can do to make a child read
before they’re ready.
F
Being against it, is like being against vitamins or
bank holidays - completely perverse. Among the
over half-million web pages devoted to teaching
children to read, none of those 1 browsed are on
learning to read too soon.
G
The obsession with reading has led to a major
decline in the time and energy given over to
music, art and drama. And the heresy that dare
not speak its name is that children are being
pressurised to learn to read too early.
Discussion
Think’
What is the value of learning to read early? What
are the pleasures of reading? Should children be left alone to
begin reading when they are ready or should they be forced
into it? Discuss in pairs.
175
3
Use of English-Pan 2
• smooth • good • rough
A............. track led through the woods to the house.
For questions 1-15, think of the word which best
I have a ............ idea of where the music school is, but
fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
I'm not entirely sure.
His hands were............. from working on the farm.
(0
I'he (O/ory
Use of English - Part 4
On 5 September 1977, the American spacecraft Voyager
One blasted 0) off on its historic mission to Jupiter and beyond.
1)........ board, the scientists, who knew that Voyager 2)..........
у
For questions 1-5, think of one word which can be
used appropriately in all three sentences.
one day spin through distant star systems, 3)........ installed a
recorded greeting from the people of the planet Earth.
0
Did I say 'wash the breakfast fishes'? It must have been a
Preceding a brief message in 55 4) ........ languages for the
slip of the tongue
people of outer space, the gold-plated disc plays a statement
The police officer chased the thieves but they managed
from the Secretary-General of the United Nations, speaking on
to give him the slip.
5)........ of 147 member states - in English.
The rise of English is a remarkable success 6) ..
Please write your name and address on this slip of paper.
1
I know he was having a sleepless night because I could
When Julius Caesar landed in Britain over two thousand years
hear him pacing...... and forth in his room.
7) ............ English did not exist. Five hundred years later,
I'll get............. to you as soon as I hear any news.
English, incomprehensible to modern ears. 8)........ probably
Let's go and sit further............. - being so close to the
spoken by about as few people 9) ........ currently speak
screen is hurting my eyes.
Cherokee. Nearly a thousand years later, at the end of the
2
Kim pulled on her coat and...........
out of the house.
sixteenth century, when William Shakespeare was 10)........ his
The little boat was ..........
prime, English was the native speech of 11)........ 5 and 7 million
I............. off a letter to let him know that we weren't
coming after all.
Englishmen.
Four hundred years later, the contrast is extraordinary'.
Between 1600 and the present, in armies, navies, companies and
3
expeditions, the speakers of English - including Scots, Irish,
against the rocks.
You've done a marvellous ............. with the house; it
really looks fantastic.
Kate has decided to take a............. in the local factory
Welsh. American and many more - travelled 12)........ every
until she can find something else.
corner of the globe, carrying their language and culture 13).......
Peter certainly made a good.........
them. Today, English 14) ........ used by at least 750 million
- it doesn't wobble at all now.
of fixing this table
people. Some estimates have put the total at I billion. Whatever
the total, English at the beginning of the twenty-first century' is
4
The latest clues............. the police to believe that the
more widely scattered, more widely spoken and written,
murderer was known to the victim.
15)........ any other language has ever been. It has become the
The book describes the breakdown of a marriage and the
language of the planet, the first truly global language.
Gapped sentences
Where does this little path............. to?
events which............. up to it.
5
You've got a dirty mark on the..
ofyournose
I can't remember his name but it's on the............. of my
tongue.
Choose one word from the box to complete all
three sentences.
1
• near • narrow » short
This is such a
... road that you have to drive very
slowly.
That was a............. escape - that red car nearly hit us!
Jerry Brown won the election by a............. margin.
2
• problem » inability * failure |
The stock broker's............. to act on the information he had
been given, lead to huge financial losses for the company.
Unfortunately, Mike's business venture was a(n)...........
A(n)............. in the computer system led to all the data
being lost.
The waiter was very polite so we left him a...............
Use of English
Word formation
Use of English-Part 3
Complete the following sentences using words
For questions 1-10, use the words in bold to form
formed from the words in bold.
words that fit in the numbered spaces in the text.
1
attract
•
Using this polish on your car will give its surface an
attractive shine.
•
Apart from the rock concert, there were several
other........................... at the festival.
2
pass
•
The escaped prisoner took a hostage and demanded
safe... ....................... out of the country.
•
3
After the heavy snow, the mountain roads were
beauty
•
a
Flower arrangements help to ............
house.
•
The talented
.....................
decided to open
her own salon.
4
sign
•
This cheque is...........................
•
The
, so I'm afraid the
bank cannot cash it.
•
5
anti-hunting
group
collected
5,000
over
........................... on its petition.
Child prodigies are the circus animals of our age,
It is hoped that the ....................... of the agreement
an 0) endless source of
will take place tomorrow.
1)......................... to us all; whether they are in
fact worthy of admiration or of pity is
like
•
END
The
restaurant
was
too
sophisticated
for
my
2)..................................... , however. It is more than
two decades since the 3)............
•
Marianna bears a strong..... ............................ to her
Blowing up the ambassador's car was an act of
condemned by the government
•
7
5)..................................... , six-year-old Justin
intellectual 6)....
impressive, but surely such children are too
7)
............
Factory
workers
have
voted
for
daily
3-hour
........................... in protest at the planned pay
cuts.
8
head
•
The article had a rather uninspiring.........................
•
She tripped and fell......................................down the
stairs.
9
understand
•
I said 'eight o'clock', not 'nine o'clock'; you must
•
When I told him my daughter was ill he was very
have...........................
.............................. and let me leave work early.
178
are obviously
................to cope with university?
ACHIEVE
MATURE
Some psychologists point out that while it is
entirely 8) ................................
•
RECENT
to study ancient world history. These children's
train crash.
Once Ruth starts talking about her cats, she's
CURIOUS
Chapman enrolled at the University of Rochester,
I’ve just heard the news about the...............................
stop
•
DEBATE
REMARK
Lawrence, at the age of thirteen, obtained a First
national 4)....................................... More
terror
•
Ruth
in Mathematics at Oxford University, becoming a
father.
6
FASCINATE
that parents of
UNDERSTAND
such exceptionally gifted children should
9)
........................... them to succeed, it is
COURAGE
important that they are not put under
10).....................................pressure, and also that
their emotional and social development as
children is not neglected
EXCESS
7
Key word transformations
1Q
make two sentences which mean the same as the
8
first sentence.
He found the beauty of nature inspiring,
a
He
........... by the beauty of nature,
b His ............ was the beauty of nature.
The police suspect that Andy Dover committed the crime.
a Andy Dover is
I....................... obligation to reveal the truth,
b Nobody ...................... to reveal the truth.
Complete the gaps with a short word or phrase to
1
I am not obliged to reveal the truth
a
.................. suspicion ........................
having committed the crime
b Andy Dover is suspected..................... committed the
crime.
2
11
Leah's psychological problems go back to her childhood.
a
Leah's psychological problems ..................... in her
childhood.
b The
Use of English - Part 5
For questions 1-8, complete the second sentence so
that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word
given. You must use between three and six words.
origin
.....................
Leah's
psychological
0
problems is in her childhood.
Simon isn’t capable of cooking for himself.
ability
3
Tony was intent on reaching the summit of the mountain.
a Tony was determined.................
Simon doesn't hove the ability to cook for himself.
the summit of the
1
mountain.
b Tony had made .....................
The main point of his speech was that we have to make
cut-backs.
his ........... .......... to
boiled
reach the summit of the mountain.
What his..........................................that we have to make
4
Extra tuition in Maths and Science will be of great benefit
cut-backs.
to the children.
a
Extra tuition in Maths and Science will.....................
2
about
the children.
He is.....................................scientific matters.
b Extra tuition in Maths and Science will be beneficial
............... the children.
5
3
We have the................ ............................. so we can have a
The building is not.......................from this road.
party!
b You cannot..................... the building from this road.
6
4
I would have no hesitation in giving you my support.
a
I would
give you
my support .....................
We are alone in the house so we can have a party!
ourselves
There is no access to the building from this road.
a
He has a very good knowledge of scientific matters,
Emily strongly resembles-her mother's side of the family,
bears
a
Emily.............................................. her mother's side of the
moment's........................
family.
b I wouldn't..................... you my support.
5
Many people believe that Pavarotti was the world's finest
tenor,
widely
Pavarotti............................ the world's finest tenor.
6
I understand that it’s difficult to work full-time when you
have young children
be
I know................................... to work full-time when you
have young children.
7
It seemed pointless to stay there any longer,
little
There.................................there any longer.
8
I couldn't have solved my problem without your help,
been
If .......................................... , I couldn't have solved my
problem.
179
Progress Check Module
4
Reading
3
For questions 1-7, choose the answer (А, В, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
I learning
to LIVE
Where brainpower is concerned, the old edict of 'use
it, or lose it' holds true from the start. Babies who receive
love and encouragement from their parents develop the
neural connections they need to get on in life. But what
happens to those who fail to get this support? Do they
grow up to be less bright than their nurtured peers?
It would be comforting to believe that deprived
children escape long-term damage by being too young to
speak, or know any different, but the evidence suggests
otherwise.
At a recent meeting of the Royal Society of Medicine,
medics were shown slides taken with a powerful scanner
comparing the brains of 'normal' three-year-olds with
those who had been raised in deprivation or in
orphanages. The work was done by Dr Bruce Perry of the
Child Trauma Academy in Houston, Texas. The scans
showed that the frontal-temporal areas of the brain,
those responsible for personality and enabling a person
to display and regulate emotions, showed little activity.
For years, scientists have known that animals reared in
enriched environments have larger and more complex
brains than animals that grow up in deprivation, so
experts like Perry anticipated that the same would hold
true for humans. However, it is only now, thanks to
powerful scanners that allow this theory to be put to the
test, that the damage is clearly visible. Perry explains the
reason for the abnormality is that the brain develops in a
'use-dependent' way, growing, organising and working
according to experience. With the right stimulation, the
brain makes the connections it needs. Without it,
synapses, junctions between the neurons used to
transport the brain's messages, literally dissolve. 'Adverse
experiences play a vital role in organising the neural
system in the developing brain,' says Perry; in other
words, ill-treatment in infancy leads to faulty wiring in
the brain. Significantly, the rate at which new synapses
form is greatest in the first eight months of life.
Fortunately, different parts of the brain develop at
different rates, so the damage may be confined to the
parts that were actively organising at the time of stress or
neglect.
Perry describes these times as 'windows of
opportunity' that exist for different brain functions. If the
connections between neurons are not developed at the
critical period, they may not develop at all. Synapses
associated with vision are most active when a child is two
to eight months old. A baby born with cataracts, removed
at the age of two, will remain blind, as the window of
opportunity has passed.
The frontal cortex, the part that deals with personality
and emotions, organises itself at around eight months.
With correct nurturing, the child learns to regulate
emotions and becomes empathetic, recognising that
other people are also thinking and feeling beings. But,
because complex functions such as abstract thought are
wired in the brain later in childhood, between the ages of
11 and 13, emotionally deprived children still score
normally on IQ tests. 'Children who do not get
consistently attentive, loving care in the first year may still
receive appropriate cognitive stimulation as they grow.
Although these children have profound attachment
problems, they are often very bright,' says Perry.
Interaction between the child and its carers is vital to
teach the brain to function normally. By playing with and
talking to her child, the mother distracts the infant from
a
bombardment
of
competing
noises.
This
communication trains a section of the brain to regulate
emotions so the child is able, to function day-to-day
without being a hostage to impulses and feelings.
Just as the sections of the brain associated with
'normal' emotional regulation are under-stimulated in the
deprived child, the areas linked to stress are often overstimulated. 'The result is a child who is hypersensitive to
stress whose flight or fight mechanism is constantly active.
This low-level but constant state of fear can lead to
increased muscle tone, profound sleep disturbances and
abnormalities in cardiovascular regulation,' warns Perry
Yet, despite the damage caused by stress and trauma
in childhood, Perry, like most clinicians, is optimistic that
intervention can help, as the cortex, the grey matter
responsible for high level brain function, is malleable and
capable of changing. He is supported in this belief by
child psychiatrist Dr Dora Black, founder of the Traumatic
Stress Clinic in London, who works with severely
traumatised children. She claims neurological evidence is
available that shows that, although trauma can affect the
speech area in the brain, this function can return if the
child receives help early enough. 'Unfortunately', admits
Perry, 'what we do not know is how much deprivation is
needed to prevent the recovery of normal expression of
various emotional, cognitive or social skills.'
Progress Check Module
1
Listening
According to the report, recent evidence suggests
that
A
В
babies who are orphaned will grow up to be
You will hear a professor giving a lecture about
improving memory. For questions 1-8, complete the
less bright than those with parents.
sentences.
babies do not respond to verbal communication
C
babies' brains are not fully developed at birth.
D
babies deprived of love and care do not suffer
Dr Sullivan claims to be able to remember 1
any long term emotional damage.
names.
2
Scientists were only recently able to prove the
effects of emotional
deprivation on children's
Good memory reduces the need to refer to a
brains with the aid of
A
research conducted on animals.
В
funding from the US government.
C
recently developed technology.
D
the Royal Society of Medicine.
or computer.
Good memory can help you to increase your
skills.
Improving your memory will enable you to make informed
3
The part of the brain that deals with vision
A
В
more easily.
might never function properly if not activated
before the age of eight months.
Scientists have proved that improved memory can prevent the
cannot be stimulated in a child born with
onset of 5
cataracts.
C
relies on the
number of synapses already
developed.
D
6
lives.
depends on which other parts of the brain are
Dr Sullivan tells us that the brain is the most amazing and
already active.
4
An improved memory may even
human organ.
Why can emotionally deprived children still score
highly on IQ tests?
for extremely
The long-term memory 8
A
Because intelligence is genetic
В
Because the part of the brain that deals with
long periods of time.
intelligence develops later in childhood.
C
children.
D
5
(8 marks)
Because they are more friendly than 'normal'
Because they are less emotional than 'normal'
Speaking
children
a. Look at the photographs below. Compare two of
^student a
Why is it important to interact with very young
them, and say what skills and abilities you think
children?
these roles require and why.
A
To form a bond between the mother and child.
В
To teach the child to be competitive.
C
To teach the brain how to shut out unnecessary
D
To prevent the child from becoming over-sensitive.
information.
6
7
Emotionally deprived children
A
are physically very fit.
В
live in a state of constant anxiety.
C
are prone to heart attacks.
D
often run away from home.
What skills and abilities do you think these roles require?
The effects of childhood trauma on speech
A
are not proven
В
depend on the child in question.
C
are not fully understood.
D
can be reversed
Why do you think these skills and abilities are required?
b. Which role do you think must be the most
(2 J marks)
rewarding? Briefly explain why.
Live and
Learn
3
a
Match A to В to make collocations, then use
them to complete the sentences that follow
Use two words in each gap You might need
plurals.
8
Language Focus
Work in pairs Find the odd word in each group,
bright / promising
principle
accelerated / remedial
term
underlying / basic
pupil
reference / exercise
book
research / teaching
ciass
academic / long
method
then say why it doesn't belong in that group Use a
if necessary
1
She is a very
and we expect
great things from her in the future
1
2
Algebra — Geometry - History - Trigonometry
then III move on to a new post
History is the odd one-out because all others are
3
branches ofmathematics.
2
The book describes the
of the
country s National Health Service
I brary - science lab - assignment - lecture
4
theatre
3
I will teach here for the next
To be sure of the facts I m going to look them up in
a
students lounge - short loan - check-out 5
archive
His
are very controversial in
4
tutorial - experiment - lecture - seminar
fact, some of the parents have complained to the
5
test - exam - assessment - application
headteacher about them
6
cram - revise - attend - brush up
7
plagiarise - quote - lift - copy
9
acknowledgements - introduction -
10
an/a
skim - scan - leaf through - catch up
8
bibliography -
I had to learn Italian very quickly for my job so I took
6
b. Use the remaining collocations in your own
workshop
sentences
degree - diploma - distinction - certificate
Fill the gaps with the most suitable word from the
Underline the correct word
given sets.
1
Mathew is currently writing his dissertation / tract /
critique / discourse on education
in
1
ancient
• A
Katherine is studying for her first degree, she is
of a job advert can say much
• The
scholar student
about the company and the position on offer
It s cheaper to live in the university halls of dwelling /
A wording
abode / residence / habitation than to rent privately
4
of the lecture is ava lable at the
departmental secretary s office
a(n) apprentice / undergraduate / postgraduate /
3
on time
the
Greece for his university degree
2
• He apologised to his publisher about not submitt ng
В manuscript
C transcript
One of the lecturers / trainers / teachers / mentors
at her university is a well-known and highly
2
• All the decorative arts courses are taught by the same
respected writer
5
• He will continue his role of football
The person who looks after the building is our
after receiving an apology from the team manager
concierge / doorkeeper / housekeeper / janitor,
• Miss Sims will take up the post of
Mr Coombs
6
to a little girl on the Isle of Skye
The parents - teachers alliance / association /
society / company is working
hard to
A tutor
raise
В trainer
C governess
enough money to build a new science lab
7
There was silence in the lecture foyer / stage /
hallway / theatre when
8
Professor Blackwood
3
• An unusual work by Handel has been discovered by a
German mus e
announced her resignation
• David is an
I'm not sure which modules III do I'm going to
• After
leaving
Davd
will
work
reporter
make an appointment with the academic adviser /
specialist / consultant / authority
carpenter
university
A scholar
В apprentice
C trainee
as
a
4
• The top
for fiction in Britain is the
Booker Prize
3
4
• The police are offering a
of $ 1000
for nformation leading to the recovery of the oil
most people are honest
Some fruit and vegetables contain pesticide residues
that exceed the level permitted by
5
painting
At first she wouldn't tell me what was happening, but in
the end I dragged t.
• Imre Kertesz won the Nobel
for
6
literature in 2002
A award
By and
Edward
of her
to his word and pa d back the
money the next day
В reward
C prize
7
that in every time
Why do you always
we argue?
5
Complete the sentences using one word.
8
A historic Mayan mural has been found
9
Are you telling me the whole truth, or are you keeping
something
1
Some days seem to drag
?
, we re having a party on
Saturday can you come?
chance
2
By the
while others
10
Stories and songs are often passed on by word of
seem to fly by
g
a
Look at an outline of the British educational system and fill the gaps with the words given.
• post-graduate course • dissertation • secondary school • О Leve s
• primary school • technical college • retraining • foundation year • graduation
b. Now talk about the British educational system
After play school or kindergarten children attend primary school..
c Now draw a similar outline of the educational system in your country and tell the class about it.
75
English in Use
English in Use-Part 4
Fill the gaps with words formed from the words in
Grammar
capitals There is an example.
In each of the following sentences, some words can
be omitted. Cross them out
1
All students who are taking Philosophy P319 are notified
that Thursday s seminar is cancel ed
2
Prof Mi’ton knows everything that there is to know
about orchids
3
Haven t you finished the book which I lent you three
weeks ago7
5
Anyone who is caught bulllying another student risks
being expelled
6
That s the most stimulating lecture that I ve been to this
semester
7
The last time that I went to the college canteen, they d
9
Teachers are forever remark:,g on just how poor or
inadequate nutrition directly
impacts
on childrens
4
There are two 2) ...................... ™P«:,S «
the'morning. If the child has not had a proper breakfast, they
are
and have little desire to cbsorb Ana
those that are gven loads of sugar are extremely difficult to
handle Teachers may not be scientists or 4) ....................... but
they are at the frontline and their 5) ............. -....... °РРеаг t0
be justified Studies have shown that children who do not have
I ve never met anyone who is as knowledgeable as Jones
_ M
breakfast are less Ikely to be dole to
' . ,
> сЛпп!
A 71
...... breakfost would
concentrate at school
A '] --------,
t
be a bowl of cereal or porridge or a couple of slices о
when it comes to minor 18th century women poets
brown bread with cheese or peanut butter or a slice ot
The college bookshop will do everything that is possible
pizza.
run out of food
8
0)
The lecturer who you were talking to about physics is a
biologist
4
Diet and ,
Discipline
to ensure that the books you need for your courses are
available at all times
10
These are the best marks that I ve ever had for school
project!
0
1
2
ADEQUATE
3
SLUG
6
SUBSTANCE
BEHAVE
4
RESEARCH
7
REASON
SIGNIFY
5
OBSERVE
Look at the photographs and, using relative clauses,
say what each person is doing.
IMPROVE
YOUR CHILD'S MIND
Like a computer, our minds process all the 8) . .. we input
Our beliefs and 9)
0)........
.....................
built up by the thoughts and
; we ^larly give ourselves So too with children
Childrens minds are incredibly active, with thousands of
thoughts each day
Affirmations - short, Simple 11)............... that we repeat t0
ourselves either internally or out loud - can effectively direct
those thoughts towards a particular purpose
your child is worried about an
12)
For example if
................. test you could
teach him to repeat to himself
Tm going to do really well." Thus, the mind shifts from the
worry to 13)
Affirmations also affect actions As a
...........
result of the positive 14)
....fl.... his mind is feeding him he
may even study and extra half an hour before go ng to bed Most
important, hell start thinking about doing well and expectinq
the best from his 15)
8
In the first picture, the man sitting down is working on a
76
laptop
9
10
........
INFORM
11 STATE
14 STIMULATE
EXPECT
12 COME
13 CONFIDENT
15 PERFORM
SUGGGEST
Active
■nglish in Use - Part 3
Unnecessary Words
10
Acknowledgement
In most of the lines in
the following text there
Every one parent soon learns that children have very 'big ears'
They like to listen in on adult conversations, and their ears
is an unnecessary word.
perk up when at the very mention of their own name We can take
^lameless advantage of this tendency, which if we think our chid
For questions 1-16, find
the unnecessary words
and write them on the
lines provided. If you
0 one
00 /
1
In
2
his acrnm? hatl°n'
acknow,ed9e У™ child,
mentioning
his accomplishments at all music, spelling or skiing, including
4
-s listening, by giving them something worth listening to
3
think a line contains no
how proud of him you are You can be rest assured the message is
5
unnecessary words, put
a tick (/) next to it
being absorbed, and that his confidence is too being bolstered
6
There are two examples
(0).
This
strategy
particularly
is
useful
if
has
child
y0Ur
Tplirnents direct|y E^n the most difficult of
child has special qualities that worth acknowledging. Be doubly
sure you search for them out and acknowledge them A word ol
7
8
9
.
10
dvice though, be subtle, be truthful and often don't overdo it
11
Actively acknowledging needs to be Sincere. Children can sense
12
9 aH diSh°neSt The m°re the Уоиг children hear
and see their positive quaht.es are being recognised, the more the
14
motivated and empowered they eventually become
15
16
13
English in Use - Port 5
11
For questions 1-13, read the notes made by the secretary for a Parent - Teachers Association (PTA) meeting. Using
the information in the note, complete the numbered gaps in the formal address to be given at the meeting. Use no
more than two words in each gap. The words you need do not appear in the note. There is an example (0).
Notes for PTA
meeting Tues 30th April
new members Diane and David Healy, ond
• hello to newcomers (Diane and David
Healy), and thanks for coming along
• explain swimming pool closed till warmer
weather — fuel bills too high
• forthcoming events
• 19th May - craft fair in village hall, 44
stalls already taken, local shops happy to
put up posters, everyone has posters and at
least one book of raffle tickets - prizes for
raffle will come from stallholders
• 18th June: Summer Ball, Claremont Hotel
- banqueting room seats 90 only, have to
charge £30 per ticket AOB
• Sylvia’s leaving (new job), thank her for
all her hard work
• Audrey will publish her report from AGM
in PTA newsletter to try to get more
parents to join; somebody mentioned
afternoon meetings (?) - discuss next
month
PTA
The Associotion would like to 0) welcome
thank them for 1) .............................. Tuesdays
meeting
where
..............................
..........................
it
was
the
decided
high
cost
the..... swimming
that,
2
of
pool,
Meeting
3'
Tuesday 30th April
it
should remoin closed until the summer term
Forthcoming Events
On 19th May a Craft Fair will 4) .............................. in the villoge holl
Forty-four stallholders have already 5)................................ their places. Loco
retailers ore putting up posters to 6) ........................ -- ‘be event, and al
members have taken a 7) .............................. of one book of rdfie tickets
Each stallholder will 8) .............................. ‘he prizes for the roffle.
The Summer Ball will be 9) .............................. at The Claremont this
year, on June 18th, but as they can only 10).............................. ° moximum
of ninety people, tickets will cost £30 each
Any Other Business
We would like to express our 11) ................. •........... ‘° Sylvia Carter
for her dedicotion to the Association, and we wish her well in her new
post In an 12) .............................. ‘o encouroge more parents to join, the
PTA Newsletter will carry our report on last month's Annual General
Meeting. Finally, a 13) .............................. ‘hat afternoon meetings might be
more convenient for some parents will be discussed at the next meeting.
Days of your Life?
The
Complete the following questionnaire, then talk
about your early school days, as in the example.
I attended St. Catherine's Primary in Bath from 1985 to 1991.
The school was located ...
Primary School attended ...........
Years .
Location
Countryside О
CW
puplb ................................ .........
How do you rank your teachers?
Good
Lead-in
1
a. Which school subjects do the pictures show?
How does each subject help a child develop?
Knowledge of their subject
□
Ability to convey knowledge
[
Rapport with pupils
|—]
LJ
___ _
1
Not at all
How well did your primary school prepare
Think in terms of
• providing the foundations for more advanced
learning
Going on to secondary education? [—-I
r—।
Facing the challenges of your
• helping the child develop into an emotionally
healthy teenager
]
teenage years?
Write a short sentence (no more than
Arithmetic teaches children to deal with figures, which is
|
^T^dT^hich
describes your primary school years.
an essen tial skill whatever educational path the child
may later follow.
b. In your country, are the following subjects
Listen to three people talking about their
taught in: primary school? secondary school?
experiences in education. Which speaker's feelings
both? neither?
does each of the following statements summarise?
• literacy • art and design
• physical education
• music • civics • world history • economics
Write M (for Mark), J (for Jim) or C (for Claire).
1
• drama • foreign languages • computer studies
understand the world, the teacher's own
• technical drawing • environmental studies
• creative writing • psychology • anatomy
c.
understanding is enhanced.
2
taught at school but which are not? Why do
3
.......
Having an education is important, even in
careers which do not normally require
.......
academic qualifications.
Work in pairs. Look at the following character
.......
Whatever subject we study, education
can teach us to learn from life.
Are there any subjects which you feel should be
you think they are essential?
When a teacher tries to help a student
Discuss the following quotations.
qualities. Should schools aim to develop these in
children? Why? In what ways?
• competitiveness
• interpersonal skills
• self-confidence
• team spirit
A: I'm not sure whether schools should be teaching children
to be competitive.
B: Why not? After all, it's preparation for the outside world...
“Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind
with an open one.”
Malcom Forbes (US publisher)
“A school’s reason for existence is to provide
opportunity for experience.”
J L Carr
(British novelist)
27
Reading
6
a
Read the article and check your answers in Ex. 6c.
You are going to read an article about
'emotional literacy', the ability to put feelings
Then answer the questions that follow (1-7).
and emotions into words. Before you read,
discuss the following.
1
Luke is the kind of boy who
A
regularly flies into fits of rage.
What might be the consequences of not being
В
is not popular with his peers,
able to express how you feel?
C
has a limited circle of friends,
How can emotional problems interfere with
D
wouldn't normally need counselling.
someone's work / progress at school?
2
In narrating the incident which prompted Luke's
mother to seek help, the writer presents Luke as
b. Look at the title of the passage. Discuss what
may be meant by the phrase "or else".
being
A
spoilt,
В
troublesome,
c. The following words/phrases appear in the
C
tough.
passage. In what context do you think
D
distressed.
they will appear?
violent outburst • emotional ignorance
isolation • open up • emotionally healthy
destructive emotional training
Reading-Part 4
Teach Boys Emotional Literacy, or
5
10
15
20
25
30
28
Luke, thirteen, pauses at the office door, undecided
whether to take his baseball cap off or leave it alone; he pulls it
off and steps into the room - the school psychologist’s office.
“Come on in, Luke. Have a seat in the big chair.’’
Luke’s a ‘good kid.’ He plays drums in the school band and
makes fair grades, though they’ve dropped lately. At school
he’s not part of the popular clique, but he does have a few
good ‘mates'.
So what brings him here? In the past few months Luke has
grown increasingly sarcastic and sullen. A few evenings ago,
concerned about his grades, his parents turned down his
request to participate in an optional after-school activity. Luke
flew into a rage. He slammed doors and kicked a hole in his
bedroom wall. His mother was stunned by the violent
outburst, his father was livid, but they left him alone to cool
off. The next morning Dad left early for work. Luke had a
headache and took a sick day off from school, and his mother
called in at the school to see if anyone there might know what
was troubling him. Luke’s advisor suggested the counselling
visit.
As we talk, my questions cruise the perimeter of his life:
academics, music, friendships, family. His answers are curt,
cautious and begrudging, punctuated with shrugs and a steely
expression intended to keep the conversation from moving
any closer than that outer edge. "About the other night. The
rage and that hole in the bedroom wall. You must have been
pretty mad to do that?” Luke looks wary, and even a little
scared. He shrugs. "You look sad. Do you feel sad?”
Luke quickly looks down, and I see that tears are beginning
to well up in his eyes. Clearly he is hurting, but it is masked in
the toughness that fills his voice. “I don’t know. Maybe, I
guess.”
“Let's see if we can figure out what’s making you feel so
bad."
Beyond Fight-or-Flight
Every troubled boy has a different story', but their stories
share a disturbing theme, a theme of emotional ignorance and
isolation. Each day we try to connect with boys like Luke, who
are unversed in the subtleties of emotional language and
expression and threatened by emotional complexity. When we
ask them to open up, most, like Luke, respond with the same
fight-or-flight response we all have to threatening situations.
A boy longs for connection at the same time he feels the
need to begin to pull away, and this opens up an emotional
divide. This struggle between his need for connection and his
desire for autonomy finds different expression as a boy grows.
But regardless of their age, most boys are ill-prepared for the
challenges along the road to becoming an emotionally healthy
adult. Whatever role biology plays (and that role is by no
means clear) in the way boys are characteristically different
from girls in their emotional expression, those differences are
amplified by a culture that supports emotional development
for girls and discourages it for boys. Stereotypical notions of
masculine toughness deny a boy his emotions and rob him of
the chance to develop the full range of emotional resources.
We call this process, in which a boy is steered away from his
inner world, the emotional miseducation of boys.
If you ask a boy the question “How did that make you
feel?" he very often won’t know how to respond. He’ll talk,
instead, about what he did or plans to do about the problem.
Some boys don’t have the words for their feelings - ‘sad’ or
‘angry’ or ‘ashamed’, for instance. A large part of our work
with boys is to help them understand their emotional life and
develop an emotional vocabulary. We try to teach them
35
40
45
50
55
60
3
4
Luke's behaviour during the counselling session
A
is not consistent with a violent temperament.
В
shows that he is afraid of punishment.
C
is typical of boys visiting the psychologist.
D
shows fear which may not be entirely genuine.
7
In the last paragraph, the writer stresses that
A
help boys.
В
В
5
6
offended.
admitting that boys are sensitive is hard for the
male parent.
their feelings, boys feel
vulnerable.
boys won't suffer if they have a good emotional
vocabulary.
C
The writer suggests that, when asked to talk about
A
adults also need to develop emotionally in order to
C
D
D
ridiculed.
parents and teachers must be encouraged to help
boys.
bullied.
The writer believes that the differences between
Follow-up
boys and girls
g
A
are mostly of a biological nature.
В
are made greater by society.
C
cause boys to become tough.
D
give girls an unfair advantage.
Look at the words in bold in the text and try to
explain them.
Find words/phrases in the passage which are
synonymous to the words/phrases in the list below.
When asked about their emotions, boys think of
A
ways of understanding them better.
В
dealing with them in practical terms.
C
how they can express themselves.
D
how they can use them to their benefit.
shocked (paragraph 3)
snappy (paragraph 4)
independence (paragraph 8)
introspective (paragraph 10)
Q
a. Look at these sentences taken from the first
two paragraphs of the text. Why is different
punctuation used?
• "Come on in, Luke. Have a seat in the big chair.”
• Luke’s a 'good kid'.
emotional literacy - the ability to read, understand and put
65 into words our emotions and those of others.
We build emotional literacy, first, by being able to identify
and name our emotions; second, by recognising the emotional
content of voice and facial expression, or body language; and
third, by understanding the situations or reactions that
70 produce emotional states. By this we mean the link between
loss and sadness, between frustration and anger, or threats to
pride or self-esteem and fear. In our experience with families,
we find that most girls get lots of encouragement from an early
age to be emotionally literate: to be reflective and expressive
75 of their own feelings, and responsive to the feelings of others.
In the Shadows
When we first began working with and speaking about
boys, a large part of our task was to convince sceptical parents
and educators of a truth we knew from our years of experience
as therapists: that boys suffer deeply as a result of the
80 destructive emotional training our culture imposes upon them,
that many of them are in crisis, and that all of them need help.
Perhaps because men enjoy so much power and prestige in
society, there is a tendency to view it as a foregone conclusion
that boys will have future success and to diminish the
85 importance of any problems they might experience in
childhood.
We have to come to grips with the fact that every boy has
an inner life, that their hearts are full. Every boy is sensitive,
and every boy suffers. When we do acknowledge it, and use
90 this understanding to advance our own emotional education as
parents and teachers of boys, we can help them meet the
shadows in their lives with a more meaningful light. If we can
give them an emotional vocabulary and the encouragement to
use it, they will unclench their hearts.
b. Why does the writer put the words 'mates' (1.8)
in quotation marks? Why does he put the
phrase "fight-or-flight" (1.41) in italics? Use the
box below to help you.
STRATEGY POINT
Quotation marks ('..... ') are used when:
• The writer is quoting someone else's words.
•
The writer is using special terminology.
•
The writer is not using the word in the way or the
•
The writer is being ironic.
context it is usually used in.
Italics may be used when:
• The writer is using a technical term.
•
The writer wishes to emphasise a word/phrase.
•
The word is from another language.
Language Focus
University Life
Jobs in Education
1 *|
Underline the correct word to complete each
sentence.
1
13
a. Fill in the gaps in the library floor plan using the
words in the list.
As a travelling / visiting / touring professor in
• modern • returns • facility • finance • information
sociology, he spends much of his time abroad.
• archives • criticism • magazines • textbooks • loan
2 The overseer / supervisor / administrator of
your thesis will advise you on what kind of
content is appropriate for your introduction.
3
University of Addington
The tester / marker / inspector
refused to correct the paper, claiming it
Central Library
li was illegible.
4
Thanks to weekly lessons with a private
Level!
(Basement)
lecturer I tutor I professor, her reading
ability improved steadily.
5
He looks as if he lives on the streets,
Level 2
• 2)..................... & registration
(Groundfloor) . check out &3)...................
but in fact he's a respected headmaster /
don I dean at Oxford University.
6
• Literary Journals
• Newspapers & 4)...................
• Computerised search 5)............
All applications must include the
names and addresses of two academic
referees I arbitrators / evaluators.
7 If you think your work has been graded
Level 3
• Scientific 6)....................
• Physics. Chemistry, Biology
Level 4
• Classical & 7).............. Literature
• Literary 8)...................
• Philosophy
Levels
• History, Sociology
• Newspaper 9)...................
Level 6
• Marketing, Management,
Accounting and 10).............
unfairly, file a complaint with the head I chief /
leader of the department.
8
Students' performance will be judged by external
prefects I graders / assessors to ensure objectivity.
9
The ski teacher / coach / instructor warned the new
skiers about the risk of frostbite.
10
• Short 1)....................section
, vjdeos and CD-ROMs
Your careers director / analyst / adviser is there to help
you make the best choice for your future.
Learners
12
Speaking
Underline the correct word to complete each
sentence.
1
b. Work in pairs. Student A is a library assistant.
Student В is a library member. Use the prompts
As an office trainee / learner / novice, she was
to act out short dialogues, as in the example.
expected to follow the lead of the more
experienced secretaries.
2
A: Can you tell me where I can find the Complete
Works of Shakespeare?
Becoming a doctor requires a lengthy period of
study followed by several years as a junior /
B: Certainly - try the Classical Literature section
trainee/houseman.
3
on the fourth level.
The carpenter's pupil / apprentice / helper envied
his master's skill and precision.
4
A
senior often needs time to adjust to their new
1
Abraham Lincoln's
2
A textbook on
She finished her degree and then specialised as a
The successful entrant / applicant / finalist will
serve a three-month trial period before being
offered a permanent position.
I'm not sure, but you
b
You'll, need to go to ....
might find one on ...
for that.
magnetics
nursery / baby / toddler school teacher.
6
a
biography
campus environment.
5
В
A first-year undergraduate / post-graduate /
3
Membership renewal
4
Old newspapers
5
c
Have a look in the ...
Information about
d
You'll find that in the ...
foreign stock markets
e
I think some things we
section on the ... floor.
have in the .... section
would be helpful.
30
Д
You are a third-year student at the University of Addington, and you have
how / I / join / Student's
5
volunteered to be a fresher guide -that is, you will help new students get to
know their way around the university.
Union?
cheap places to eat / this
6
town?
(aj Listen to the talk given to fresher guides by an administrator and
complete sentences 1-7, then fill in the gaps on the map (8-10).
7
bus-stop?
8
medical centre?
As soon as they register, all new students are assigned an.........................
1
.................................... who can help them with their academic queries.
2
..................................................... may be paid in four monthly instalments.
3
If your room is noisy, there are several study.................................... located
around the campus which can be used when the library is closed.
^Collocations
5
make sentences.
Once a student has been allocated a room in the.......................................
4
5
6
............................ , he or she can only change it if another student is
1
boarding school
willing to exchange rooms.
2
Master's.......................................
Only fully-registered students have access to the........................................
3
holidays
As soon as a student registers, they automatically join the.....................
4
crash ..............................................
5
hold a ..........................................
There
7
Fill in course, degree or school, then
are
many
places
in
the
town
which
give
leaver
6
students
.............................................There is a list posted on notice board 6 in
the main library.
7
beginner's...................................
8
correspondence ........................
Chris goes to boarding school, so he
only comes home once a month or so.
1g
Match the words in columns A
and В to form collocations, then
complete the sentences below.
You might need to change the
form of some verbs.
в
expel —truant
drop out of
play
1
a student
students' progress
attend
school
assess
a lesson
Last
term
the
headmaster
expelled a student for bullying.
2
Speaking
Bernard was
reprimanded
for
failing to.................................
b. Work with a partner. Student A is a fresher and wants to find out
3
It is difficult to................................
about the following. Student B, based on the information above,
....................................... without
answers his/her questions.
testing them regularly.
who/ ask questions / my course?
1
A:
Who can I go to if I want to ask questions about my course?
B:
Well, actually, as soon as you register you'll be assigned an Advisor of
4
............................... are twice as
likely to leave school without
any qualifications.
Studies.
2
my Local Education Authority / not sent / cheque / yet -
instalments?
3
4
quiet place / study / when library closed?
what /1 / not like / room?
Children who regularly................
5
Once an energetic and bright
student, Jill...............................
..........................................shortly
after her father's accident.
31
Language Focus
Prepositions (Appendix 1)
2
He's been living on a shoestring since he became a full
time student.
17
A
Fill in each gap with the correct preposition.
3
В ignoring his health
managing on little money
She’s been living like a down-and-out since she lost her
job.
A
4
to teach rising numbers 1)............ students and keep up
their own clinical skills and research, a report
2)..........
3) ..... of
explain
on the same team В
as good as
sloppy student
В
avid reader
О
Phrasal Verbs (Appendix2)
J
Fill in the gaps with an appropriate particle, then
explain the meaning of the completed phrasal verbs.
the Royal College of Nursing warns today.
Eight
В
Sandra is a real bookworm
A
Overworked nurse lecturers are finding it impossible
solve
He's just not in the same league as his fellow students.
A
6
street performer
I just can’t suss out this calculus problem.
A
5
В
homeless person
ten (82%) of those surveyed cited
workload 4) ............ a major issue, with staff regularly
1 The police are asking witnesses to come.....................
working extra hours to complete their tasks. 5) ............
2
We didn’t expect success to come................. so easily.
particular, many nurse lecturers say that their contracts
3
The government came............................................. a lot
of criticism after the revelations.
fail to acknowledge the requirements 6) ............ student
supervision and clinical practice - an essential part of
4
their work.
her grandmother’s ring while
looking for an old book in the attic.
the past few years, nursing has been one
7)
8)..........
She came ..................
the biggest growth areas
9)..........
5
higher
money.
education and training has been moved wholesale from
6
Everyone agreed that the situation called....................
7
The match was called................ due to heavy rain.
hospitals to universities, but the RCN report suggests
this has only been sustained by long hours put
10)........... the
After his uncle died, Bob came .................... a lot of
immediate measures.
in
staff. The government has now promised
an extra 20,000 nurses by the end of next year.
Fixed Phrases
g
22
Fill in to or with, then make sentences.
Rewrite the following sentences using a fixed
phrase containing the verbs call or come. Use the
1
accustomed............... sth
7
friendly.............. a cause
2
acquainted................ sb/sth
8
patient.............. sb
3
bear............... sb
9
plead............... sb
4
coincide............... sth
10
resort................. sth
5
differ............. sb (= disagree)
11
succumb................. sth
6
engaged............... sb
12
unequal................. sth
words in brackets.
1
quality of today's education, (question)
2
0
Fill in of or by, then make sentences.
1
2
3
....... means of
one's request
popular request
4 ....... luck
5 .........all costs
6 .........virtue of
3
There is no reason to be sarcastic, (for)
4
The
new
examination
regulations
will
become
operational next month, (force)
Choose A or В according to the meaning of the
words in bold.
1
He
has been
5
burning the
midnight oil
recently
preparing for final exams.
A staying up late
32
The truth about the missing exam papers will be
revealed at the enquiry, (light)
Idioms
20
The recent poor examination results raise the issue of
В conserving energy
The teacher told the class to use his first name when
they spoke to him. (by)
Listening & Speaking
25 a
You are going to hear two people talking about
home schooling.
^Listening - Part 3
(K) Listen and answer the questions (1-5).
• What do you understand by the term 'home
1
schooling'?
Jonathan implies that e-book availability
A
• Discuss what some of the advantages/
disadvantages might be.
• Have you ever taken a course at home (e g. by
correspondence)? How was it?
2
istening - Part 4
(Ъ? Listen and decide whether the opinions are
expressed by only one of the speakers, or whether
the speakers agree. Write T (for Tina), D (for David)
is limited compared to printed books.
В
is determined by unknown factors.
C
is too dependent on technology.
D
is not influenced by individual publishers.
In talking about how one chooses a printed
book, Jonathan
A
tries to show how uninteresting e-books are
В
assumes most people buy printed books.
C
implies that we don't know enough about
e-books
D
or В (for both) where they agree.
3
attempts to define what an e-book is.
Jonathan
claims that doing away with
publishers
STRATEGY POINT
A
will never become possible on the Internet.
•
Read the six statements before you listen.
В
will produce a lot of poor quality books.
•
Note: some statements contradict each other. It is
C
might reduce the average price of a book
unlikely that these are expressed by both speakers.
D
could lead to lower e-book prices.
•
Do not assume that non-contradictory statements are
4
expressed by both speakers. They may be generally
books
accepted truths, but only one of the speakers may
express them.
Parents who teach their children at home
1
It is implied that children are likely to find eA
awkward.
В
frustrating
C
incomprehensible.
D
uninteresting.
can better influence what their children
5
are exposed to.
2
likely to be
..... Cushioning children does not give them
the best preparation for life.
3
4
A
a storybook.
В
a dictionary.
help or attention.
C
a schoolbook.
It is a misconception that attending school
D
an art book
..... Schools cannot give students adequate
.....
According to Jonathan, a good e-book is
is necessary for socialisation.
c. What are your views? Would you rather read a
Home-schooled children have too much
5
.....
6
..... Research concerning home schooling is
conventional book or an e-book? Why?
help in social situations.
based on insufficient data.
Listening - Part 1
c.
How do you feel about parents educating their
children at home? Think about the following:
27
Ф Listen to a talk about exams and answer the
questions.
• socialisation • quality of education
• parent-child relationship • financial aspect(s)
1
According to the speaker, exams work against
clever students because exams
26
a. You are going to hear a writer talking about
e-books. What do you think an e-book might
be? Which of the following words would you
associate with an e-book?
• download • a portable reading device
• a bookshop • a publisher • a printout
• a book jacket • a coffee table book
2
A
do not encourage depth of learning.
В
favour those who are engrossed in their studies.
C
cannot assess any knowledge.
How does the speaker defend examinations?
A
by saying they are unjust
В
by likening them to reality
C
by claiming they build character
b. To what extent do you think exams are the best
way to assess students' progress?
34
28
' Д1 Listen to a conversation and answer the
questions.
1
2
Chris has decided to do evening classes
A
because his employers asked him to.
В
because he needed a new hobby.
C
to improve his career prospects.
Speaking - Part 3: Being a Teenager
31
a. Talk about the following question for about two
minutes. Use the ideas in the prompt box if you
wish.
Арап from education, what should schools
offer teenagers?
Louise's reaction is
A
shocked.
В
critical.
C
admiring.
b. Which of the following is the most important
b. Comment briefly on what has been said. Is there
factor to consider before deciding on a career?
•
How much you will enjoy your job
•
How much money you will earn
•
What you can learn from it
•
How many other opportunities it will give you
29 ® Listen to a teacher talking about art subjects,
and answer the questions.
1
According to the speaker, young children
something you would like to add?
1
Listen to a student talking about the same
question, and take notes. How similar were his
ideas to yours?
d. Talk about the following question for about
two minutes. Use the ideas in the prompt box if
you wish.
A
may be shy when they start doing drama
What are the characteristics of a
В
may have insufficient language to communicate.
good friend?
C
may be frightened of acting or painting.
• loyalty
2
In the speaker's view, creativity
A
is found in everything we do
В
is only developed in young children.
C
comes from using traditional methods.
• being a good listener
• unselfishness
e. Comment briefly on what has been said. Is there
something you would like to add?
b. How creative are the following activities?
• listening to music • learning something by heart
• playing football • using a computer
• acting in a play
1 f. ■ Listen to a student talking about the same
question, and take notes. How similar were his
ideas to yours?
(^Students A & В
30
Listen to a woman talking about life as a
schoolchild in the past, and answer the questions.
1
2
g. Discuss the following questions.
1
What constitutes quality leisure time?
2
What can be done about the problem of
The speaker implies that
unemployment?
A
there were fewer rules in the past.
3
How can the elderly help young people?
В
children hated fast food restaurants.
4
Are young people's lives easier than they were in
C
children stayed at home more in the past.
The speaker thinks school uniforms were
the past?
5
How easy is it to meet new people these days?
A necessary
В
impractical.
C
ugly.
• h.* Listen to two students discussing question 5
above. Whose ideas are closer to what you said?
b. How important do you think rules and discipline
are in our daily lives? In pairs, discuss the
Which of the two students is more successful?
Why? Think about:
following:
• grammatical accuracy • breadth of vocabulary
• work • family • school
• pronunciation • interactive communication
35
Reading
32
it right for universities to charge tuition fees? Think about:
• highly intelligent students who cannot afford to attend • the expenses involved in running a university
b. What is the role of administrators (especially secretaries) in schools and universities?
In general, how important are the staff who do administrative work in any large organisation?
c.
Now read the two passages thoroughly and answer the questions that follow (1-4). How do the ideas expressed
relate to your answers in a and b?
ACADEMIC SECRETARY
OXFORD BURSARIES OFFERED TO
WIDEN UNDERGRADUATE ACCESS
5
10
20
Oxford University and
its undergraduate colleges
arc today launching a new
bursaries scheme and a
major fundraising campaign
to assist the process of
widening participation. The
Oxford Bursaries will be the
most comprehensive
scheme of this kind to be
offered by any UK
university and, when fully
operational, will distribute
over £3/4m a year.
Undergraduates whose
tuition fees arc paid in full
by his or her local authority
will be eligible to apply for
Oxford Bursaries of at least
£2,000. The scheme will be
introduced for UK and EU
undergraduate students
taking up places at
Oxford in Autumn
2002; it is estimated
that around 400
1
students will be eligible for
bursaries in the first year.
Each bursary will tie worth
£1,000 in a student’s first
year, and £500 in each
subsequent year of the
course. The scheme will
initially be offered to
eligible students who licgin
their courses in 2002,2003
and 2004.
Launching the scheme.
Dr Colin Lucas, ViceChancellor, said: “Oxford is
a world-class centre of
learning. To maintain this
standard, it needs to attract
the brightest and best
students, whoever they are
and wherever they live. The
University wants to do all it
can to remove barriers real or perceived - which
might deter students with
potential from applying for
a place.”
33
36
Read
50
3
What does the writer say about her job at the university7
A The working conditions are substandard.
В She has reached the top of the scale.
C She is paid as much as high-grade professors
D Her hard work goes largely unrecognised.
4
What is the writer s purpose in this passage7
A To make readers aware of the importance of secretaries.
В To criticise the university's management structure.
C To convince readers that secretaries are more than
administrators.
D To suggest that secretaries must be highly educated.
Oxford University is
A
woi ried they are attracting the wrong students
В
increasing the number of courses on offer
C
facing very serious financial difficulties.
D
keen to encourage gifted students from all
walks of life.
2
but nevertheless paid on an
academic-related pay scale.
I achieved these dizzying
heights after years of
As 1.6m students flood into campaigning, appealing,
universities for the start of the
whmgemg. persisting, and
new academic year, who gives a working damned hard. But for
thought to the thousands of
23 of those years I was a
35
underpaid backroom staff who
secretary And. in many
make the massive operation
respects. I’m still perceived as
happen-the secretaries7
such
I've worked for 25 years at
University secretaries are
a highly respected university,
small when measured by their
40 10 have two degrees, and a range
formal recognition and the
of experience which includes
salanes they earn (the majority
managing a highly successful
around £4.000-£16,000).
international research project.
Measure me by my verbalised
But I inhabit a space at my
value, though, and you'll hear
45 15 institution, as perceived by the
phrases such as "she's the
hierarchy, which remains
one who really runs the show,"
obstinately diminutive, however or "ask the boss" Remarks
far I expand it. I’m a department like this do not flatter us: they
administrator - a low-grade one, patronise and offend us.
The bursaries are being offered
A
to any student who applies for one.
В
only to students who apply in Autumn 2002.
C
to students already receiving financial aid.
D
to students taking part in fund-ratsing activities
passages again and answer the questions.
1
Explain in your own words what is implied by the phrase “real or perceived" (Passage 1, line 49).
2
Which phrase in paragraph 3 of the second passage is used ironically?
34
a- Look at the titles of the two passages that follow. In which passage are each of the terms below likely to occur?
In what context?
• the Normandy landings of 1944 • complicated language • communicative forms «ignorant
• human history • landmark events • animal communication
Now read the passages and answer the questions (5-8).
Were your predictions above correct?
BRITISH YOUTH
“HISTORICAL PHILISTINES”
THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE
5
IO
IS
20
25
Philosophy 6395
(sec. 10328), Autumn.
2:30-5:30Thurs.(5l2AH).
Professor Justin Leiber.
All through human myth
and history some
authorities have confidently
maintained that every
species of animal thinks
and has its own
complicated language
(perhaps tantalisingly
unknowable for us), while
others have as confidently
maintained that animals
certainly do not have
anything remotely like
human language. Only
recently have researchers
managed to get specific
results, along with some
hotly contested
speculations about how
human language might have
evolved out of prior
communicative forms.This
5
6
new course focuses on
communication among
animals - social insects, fish
and amphibians, birds,
mammals and, in particular,
primates. How and why has
communication evolved’
Are “evolutionary
explanations" worth much’
(We will trace the recent
fiery debates between
Stephen Gould, Daniel
Dennett, and Jerry Fodor).
Further, how does (or
doesn't) human language
differ from animal
communication’ We will
examine the theories and
arguments of linguists such
as Noam Chomsky and
Derek Bickerton,
philosophers Elliot Sober
and Philip Kitcher, and the
work of primatologists
such as Dorothy Cheney
and Marc Hauser.
35
40
45
so
What does the course outline imply about communication?
A
The evolution of language is only a theory.
8
Different animals cannot talk to each other.
C
Its origins are highly controversial.
D
Our language has its origins in the animal kingdom
This course will
A
mostly focus on recent philosophical debates.
8
draw on material from disaplines outside philosophy,
examine the inadequacies of "evolutionary
explanations"
D
35
30
British youth was dismissed yesterday
'
'-Лк
Encyclopaedia Britannica as "a
। generation of historical Philistines'
ignorant of some of the key events in
their nation's story
Bntannica said recent school leavers
"miserably failed to recognise landmark
events in British history”, with most of them seeing no attraction
whatsoever in their past. In its indictment the encyclopaedia added
Hours spent in the classroom are obviously wasted on Britain's
youth." But knowledge was also sorely lacking among adults
Britannica based its strictures on a telephone survey of 1.000
people in October Only a quarter of young people (compared with
36% of adults) knew that Richard III was a 15th century king Only
19% (and 38% of adults) knew Victoria reigned for 64 years. Only
26% (63% of adults) recognised D-Day as the date of the
Normandy landings in 1944.
Christine Hodgson, a Britannica marketing executive, said. As a
nation whose history has shaped the face of the world, it seems
Incredible that the younger generation have decided to dismiss it.
Britain in particular is envied for its rich history - it's a real shame
that the young take so much for granted I think it's time for all of us
- not just young people - to hit the books again"
Which of the юнолтд i$ implied as a possible cause of the survey s findings'’
A bad schooling
В social problems
C lack o' interest
0 poor television programmes
8
Chnstine Hodgson seems to think that
A British history is more difficult than the history of other nations
В British youths are deliberately ignoring then nation s past
C Britain has strongly influenced the way the world is today
D rectifying this situation will only be achieved through educational reform
involve extensive study of linguistics.
Read the passages again and answer the questions.
1
What do the phrases "hotly contested speculations" and "fiery debates" (Passage 3, lines 22-23 and 37) suggest about
the evolution of language?
2
What is meant by "Hours spent in the classroom are obviously wasted on Britain's youth" (Passage 4, lines 10-11)?
3
Explain in your own words the meaning of the phrase "hit the books again" (Passage4, line23).
5
10
15
20
Word Formation
Open Cloze
41
Fill in the gaps in the following passage. Use only
42
Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits in
one word in each gap.
the space.
STRATEGY POINT
PRISON
(EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM
• The words must fit the context, so read the whole text
before you start choosing words.
• Your choice should be based on meaning, context and style
- don't focus only on the gap, but the text around it.
• Read again to check after you have finished
FAILING
Memories of a 1940s Childhood
In primary school, we were introduced to poetry
1)............................ a punishment Failing to deliver a
composition on 2)............................... I was ordered to
memorise 15 lines of Scott. Nineteen forty, that was.
In second form, we finally connected with an admirable
Scottish class master 3)............................. was a passionate
poetry lover. A veteran of the Great War, Mr McLetchie
told us that 4)......
the nightly bombardments
on the Somme, he fixed a candle 5).............................. his
steel helmet, which enabled him to read poetry.
Unfortunately, we were not yet ready for the pretty
stanzas of Keats, Shelley or Wordsworth. I mean, “A host
of golden daffodils”? Forget it We dismissed
6)________________ lines as girlie stuff, remote
7)............................. the experience of our own city streets.
What we needed as an introduction was an anthology that
featured poets who addressed 8)............................. directly
in our own idiom, like W H Auden or e e cummings. But
they 9)........ ................... to come much later.
The war in Europe intruded, inadvertently giving me a
taste for what 10)............................
scorned as
“classical” music. When I was 12, back in 1943,
wartime radio broadcasts were preceded by four
emphatic musical notes. 11).... ...........................
notes replicated the Morse code’s three dots
and a dash for the letter V and were
conscripted as a symbol for “V for
Victory”, the slogan we lived with in
those troubled 12)..........
“Who wrote 13)..........
I once asked an aunt.
“Beethoven,” she said.
was my introduction
to genius. For those, of course, were the
opening notes to Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony.
, I learned
So at a tender 15)
there was more to music than ‘Gertie from
Bizerte’ and ‘Besame Mucho’, two of 1943’s hit
parade ditties.
Prisons’ educational facilities are failing
to provide youths with adequate training,"
hief Inspector of Prisons, Edna Owers,
jaid today. “Young I).........................................
OFFE
re offered little vocational training and are
ught by 2)......................................................
EXPERIEN
taff. This results in institutions failing to
eel standards.”
This from a report published today by
he Prisons' Inspectorate. It went on to say
hat little was being done to improve levels
f3)
and numeracy
UTE
for the 3,000 youngsters in the care of the
>rison service, and
proposed £J4m of
4)
to improve
INV
itandards.
Ms Owers said that the Inspectorates
ccount was a "progress report" in grading
risons’ educational
facilities and
their
ficacy.
“The report describes a system which is
learly still in 5)........................................... ,
TRANS
nd which is dealing with an extremely
emanding and vulnerable group of young
ople7 she said. “We hope the report’s
will assist the
6)
CONCLU
positive development of the system, and
offer support to the staff and young people
ithin it."
Among the key 7)......................................
FIN
ere that effective leaching was made
ifficult by the constantly changing prison
pulation, staff 8)........................................
SHO
npredictable
attendance
patterns
and
rying degrees of 9)....................................
МОЛ
[The report recommended a greater use of
10)
educational
CREA
Ipethods and better training and support
tleachers.
39
English in Use
43
Use the prefixes in -or un- to form the opposites of
the following adjectives.
3
• Professor Jenkins is considered to be one of the
world's leading experts in his.....................
• The players took the.......................... to deafening
1
...admissible
7
...controllable
....audible
13
2 . ...conclusive
8 . ...interesting
14 . ...dear
3 . ...appreciative
9 .
15 . ...willing
appropriate
4 . ...conspicuous
10 . ...frequent
16 . ...reliable
5 . ...compromising
11 . ...determined
17 . ...decisive
6 . ...approachable
12 . ...trustworthy
18 . ...settling
applause
• This
year's
contest
features
perhaps
the
strongest ......................... ever assembled for
an international golf competition.
4
• Your subtle hint seems to have missed its
.................. ; perhaps you should try being
44
less subtle!
Use the prefixes dis-,im-,il-or ir- to form the
opposites of the following adjectives.
• All schools and businesses remained closed for
the day as a(n)........................... of respect to
1
7 ..... reputable
13 ..... mobile
2 ..... revocable
8 ..... resistible
14 ..... loyal
3 ..... connected
9 ..... resolute
15 ..... polite
..... balanced
4 ..... engaged
10 ..... literate
16 ..... moral
5 ..... reducible
11 ..... honest
17 ..... legible
6 ..... regular
12 ..... relevant
18 ..... logical
the victims of the disaster
• The
..............................
she
received
for
her
project was one of the highest in the class.
5
• Surgeons announced that the...............................
on their famous patient had been a success.
• Although the revised system has only been in
45
......................................... for a few weeks, we
Select one word which is appropriate for all three
are already seeing promising results.
gaps in each of the following sets of sentences.
• It was clear that the President was against any
kind of military......................... .........................
STRATEGY POINT
•
6
The missing word will be a fairly common one -
.................. is not very crowded.
don't try to find difficult words.
•
• The company has a(n)................................of cars
The missing words will all be the same part of
that are used by members of the sales team.
speech e g. nouns, verbs, etc
•
In each sentence the word will have a different
• They were not exactly friends, but had played
meaning.
1
......................together a few times in the cafd.
• The figure was momentarily silhouetted in the
..................
7
..............................
seems
to
• Prices seem to have.............................. up in the
last few months, while salaries have remained
of his bike's headlight, and
relatively stable.
then disappeared into the darkness.
• This
• Not many people swim during the winter, so the
have
• The story is set in Paris, but most of the film was
been
attacked by woodworm, so when you have the
..............................on location in Palm Springs.
roof redone, you had better make sure it is
• On realising his silly mistake, he .........................
out of the room to try and catch up with her
replaced.
and apologise.
• She opened the door to her guests with a(n)
......................... of pleasure on her face.
8
2
• My cheque was returned, as I had forgotten to
.................. it.
• These traditional dances, though still popular
today,..................... back to the Middle Ages.
• Those hats Sally wears really ..............................
her: they're like the ones my grandmother wore.
• These paper tissues have been...............................
with eucalyptus oil, which helps to relieve
congestion
• The various issues involved in the problem are
quite different and should be .........................
separately.
• At the time I..............................his comments as
a joke, but now I realise he was probably quite
serious.
40
Summary Writing
46 a
Read the summary question and the two passages below.
In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise what apprentices gain from classwork.
With a Modem Apprenticeship you can train on the job. get qualified, get paid and get a career - ail in one go!
A You'll be working out in the real world, getting your hands dirty and gaining experience all at the same time. What’s
more, you'll be gaining skills and qualifications that are recognised by employers everywhere, so a Modem
Apprenticeship is a great first step on the career ladder.
Modem Apprenticeships are tor young people, aged 16 to 18. who want to gain skills and qualifications
working and studying. As part of your apprenticeship you will spend approximately ten hours per week in
the classroom. Under the tutelage of some of the best instructors in their fields. 1) you will gain important
insights into the theoretical side of your chosen trade. Modem Apprenticeships are available in over 80
different sectors of industry and commerce. So whether you'd like to look after animals or work in a bank,
learn to repair trucks or write for a newspaper, there's bound to be a Modem Apprenticeship to suit you.
Details of how the scheme works vary from sector to sector, but basically you get a job with an employer
who's offering a Modem Apprenticeship. You start classes, and at the same time you do 'real' work with
them. Working allows you a wage today, and 2) your classwork will give you qualifications for the future.
And there is another great thing about Modem Apprenticeships: you can go at your own pace. Usually a
Modem Apprenticeship lasts about three years, but it can be a bit shorter or longer - it really all depends on
you.
_ ....___
—_
Grant Cheffleburgh is the golf course superintendent at
Perth's Sun City Country Club and currently supervises two new
.
__
apprentices. Grant only recently completed his own apprenticeship and is the 1999
y
В Western Australia Apprentice of the Year.
Having completed his Certificate of Turf Management, Grant is qualified to take care of the turf
at venues ranging from cricket grounds to racetracks. His aim is to gradually move up into
management and Grant believes his apprenticeship has laid a strong foundation for his career path.
During his apprenticeship, he studied one day a week for the first three years at college, where he learned more of the
technical aspects of turf management. Doing classwork gave Grant exposure to other methods and ideas that he wouldn't have got just by working at the
same place. It also gave him a chance to make some good friends who are in the same industry. The skills and ideas picked up in class could then be tested
in the real world at work, which is one of the benefits Grant sees in doing an apprenticeship - whatever you study can be applied in a real situation.
Being only 23 years old. he is seen by some of the old hands' in the business as moving too fast However, his continuing commitment to studies (he has
started a Diploma of Horticulture), a swag of awards while at Southern Metro College and his real desire to get into higher management all show that Grant
knows where he is going.
b. Look at the underlined points in the first passage. Using some of the prompts below, rewrite these points in
your own words.
c.
1
• obtain
• develop
2
• proof of ability
• deep understanding
• certificate
• theory
• career
• improved job prospects
• follow
• potential employer
• applly for a (better) job
Underline the relevant points in the second passage and rewrite them in your own words.
d. Connect your paraphrased sentences to write a summary, using some of the linkers listed below.
Introducing your first point: First of all, To begin with, Firstly, ...
Adding a point to a sentence: in addition to, as well as, at the same time as,...
Adding a point using a new sentence. Moreover, Furthermore, In addition, What is more,...
Indicating that you begin to discuss the second of two points: On the other hand, Secondly,._
The Happiest
Days of Your
Life?
7
The................................... is such that you can only
take the final exam if you have completed all of
your assignments.
8
................................. such as pairwork and groupwork
help students learn to work as part of a team.
Consult a dictionary if necessary to check your
understanding of these words/phrases. Then put
them into the sentences that follow.
• absenteeism • halls of residence • research-based
• academic transcript • dissertation • learning curve
• corporal punishment • cram
1
The practice of........................................... has been
abolished in European schools.
2
Ann's MA........................................... focused on the
3
The university guarantees all first-year students a
English novel from 1945 to today.
room in the...................................... but you may
have to find your own accommodation in your
second year.
4
They wanted to form a detailed impression of his
university career, so they asked him for his full
5 Language Focus
5
Working steadily throughout the term means not
6
The increased rate of........................ in schools has
having to................ for exams at the last minute.
a. Complete the collocation groups with words
from the bank below.
resulted in poor performance amongst teenagers.
• biology • collaborative • outdoor • discipline
7
to ensure that the........................... is not too
• journal • availability • science • higher • flawed
• adult • computer • qualifications • teaching
• extracurricular • structure • applied
When designing a language course, we take care
steep.
8
Phil opted for a.................................. course for his
PhD, and will spend some time in Brazil studying
• continuing • co-ordinator
the insects of the Amazon.
1
academic..................... /...................... /......................
2
..................... /...................... /...................... activity
Use the word/phrase in brackets to complete the
3
..................... /...................... /...................... lab
sentences in your own way. Consult a dictionary if
4
course........... .•........ /...................... /......................
you wish.
5
.................... /..................... /..................... methodology
6
..................... 1...................... /...................... education
1
The fact that he can't get a job is a consequence
of his decision to drop out of school so early, (drop
out)
b. Now use some of the collocations to complete
2
He studied very hard....................................................
3
No sooner had he .........................................................
the following sentences.
1
Probability and Computing is a(n)...................................
which is published by the University of Edinburgh.
2
The content of each course is determined by the
........................................................ (requirements)
.............................................................(graduated)
4
His parents thought he would have a hard time at
university, .................................................................
3
The faculty thought the new professor's..................
4
You can use the...................................... on the third
.............................was rather unconventional.
floor to access the Internet.
5
Because he wanted to teach over-eighteens, he
had to take a training course in.............................
6
Her academic............................... are quite impressive,
but you have to remember she's inexperienced.
14
.................................................... (flying colours)
5
Her work so far has been more than satisfactory,
6
His grades wouldn't be so low..................................
7
The professor was disappointed to ..........................
8
If you are in a full-time job...........................................
................................................................. (semester)
..... ................................................................ (truant)
............................................................(auditorium)
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................................................(distance learning)
9
I was delighted to see....................................... ..........
(alumni event)
.............................
10 Terry turned down ........................................................
............................................................ (lectureship)
|,
Choose the best word to complete each sentence.
6
A survey was carried out in which students were
asked their opinion on various school-related issues.
The results of the survey are outlined in the charts
below.
a. Look at the charts and make sentences as in the
example.
1
He is normally a very gentle man, so his violent
Use some of these phrases:
......... surprised everybody.
A outbreak
2
C outcome
В outburst
D output
• around/just over/just under
He is often in a bad mood, giving................ responses
• half / one in four I two out of three
and frowning at everyone.
A concise
3
В brisk
C curt
• the (vast / overwhelming) majority
D cantankerous
• only a(n) (small / insignificant) minority
My father was absolutely................ when I crashed his
Just over two out of three students believe that their
car into the wall.
A cross
4
В annoyed
It's better to
................ clear of sensitive topics of
Overall, my teachers have thorough knowledge of
conversation when you first meet someone.
A run
5
teachers have a thorough knowledge of their subjects.
D livid
C irritated
В direct
D steer
C cast
Peter was................ of revealing the company's future
plans to the reporter.
A circumspect
В wary
C prudent
D cautious
their subjects.
Yes: ■■■■
68%
No flfl
32%
Overall, my teachers have good rapport with their
students.
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in
Yes ■■■
55%
bold type. Use between 3 and 8 words. Do not
No:
45%
change the meaning of the original sentence.
The most important thing that I need from my
1
If Robert fails his exams, he will not be entitled to a
teachers is
pay rise.
- to help me achieve good results fl
eligible
2
22%
Only if Robert......................................
- to enhance my education ■
.................. a pay rise.
- to prepare me for life in the workplace
I had no choice but to borrow money from the
18%
29%
31 %
- to be understanding ЯЛ
bank to pay my debts.
resort
I had to..................................................
...............the bank to pay my debts.
3
To maintain good industrial relations we must do
all we can to avoid confrontation.
costs
Confrontation
I play truant...
- never
51 %
- rarely ■»
16%
19 %
- occasionally ■
with
management
- often*
14%
must ....................... to
maintain good industrial relations.
4
5
The last time I played truant, I did it because
Anne inherited a fortune when her aunt died.
- 1 was bored MM*
into
Anne ......................................................
- 1 was unprepared for class fl*
........................................... of her aunt.
- Something had happened which hurt me
Having little financial support, the student lived
55%
or embarrassed me 4
32%
13%
very cheaply.
shoestring
6
The student ..........................................
I intend to go to university.
.............................. little
Yesefl
27%
financial support.
No: ■■■*
73%
We lost the match because our opponents were
I want to go to university because
much more skilled.
league
We lost the match because.............
- 1 want to have good career prospects. IMBM*
our opponents.
- 1 want to be well-educated *
67%
22%
- 1 want to experience student life fl
11 %
b. What do you think the results of the same
survey would be in your country?
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15
g
English in Use
Think of one word which is appropriate for all three
gaps in each of the following sets of sentences.
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in
1
bold type. Use between 3 and 8 words. Do not
bright green.........
change the meaning of the original sentence.
1
• During
2
He said I could borrow his bike as
• He had a fine.................. of comic timing - even
mediocre jokes sounded funny when he told
He realised that explaining was a waste of time if
them.
• The good
no one was interested.
• It is not clear which .................. of the word
was interested.
'healing' is used here by the poet.
someone to fix it.
3
• In my ................... , that kind of behaviour is
Your oven is very slow; I'd .................
absolutely unacceptable.
..................... were you.
5
• He found a small .................. of hand-written
We only got there on time because you took us in
poetry inside an old casket in his attic.
your car.
lift
he
he showed when
him the promotion.
Your oven is very slow; I think you should get
seen
..................
handled the Manchester crisis is what earned
He realised that.....................................
...................... if no one
4
..................
the interior had been burnt to a cinder.
He said I could borrow his bike if I looked after it.
point
a(n)
• The house was just a.................. - the whole of
...................................... it.
3
fighting,
people.
It ........................................................
.................... down their offer of help.
care
yesterday's
landed in the city centre, seriously injuring two
It's not advisable to reject their offer of help.
unwise
2
• The emu's egg is unmistakeable because of its
• It is a good idea to have a.................. of stamps;
If it............................................................
it saves going to the Post Office.
gave us, we'd have arrived late.
6
You should have concrete evidence to file a formal
4
• As the musicians left the stage, the audience
complaint.
unless
gave them a big.........
You had ..................................................
• She
..................... have concrete evidence.
7
Her behaviour was unaffected by her knowledge
a
..................
in
organising
this
• They still had some time before they needed to
of the deal.
difference
had
conference, so thanks must go out to her.
go to the airport, so they played another
Even though she knew about the
............. of whist.
deal, it............................
5
................. she behaved.
8
• Despite the ................... fog and his tiredness, he
decided to continue driving.
If they don’t have email, they can't be informed
• He had such a .................. accent that it was
that the meeting has been postponed.
let
almost impossible to understand him.
If they don't have email, there's no
• The air in the office was.................. with rumours
way we ...................................................
about the manager's state of health.
the meeting has been postponed.
9
We don't want the cat to eat that meat, so put it
in the refrigerator.
case
9
Explain the difference in meaning between the
sentences, as in the example.
Put that meat in the refrigerator .....
...................................... it.
1
10 You have no hope of succeeding if you're so
If you don't work harder, you'll fail your test,
b
If you didn't work harder, you'd fail your test,
c
careless with your work.
bound
a
If you worked harder, you wouldn't fail your
test.
You ...........................................................
if you're so careless with your work.
Sentence 'a' is a warning and refers to a real
possibility in the future. Sentence 'b' states that
the person might still pass the test because he is
working harder. Sentence 'c' is similar in
meaning to sentence 'a', but the speaker
considers it unlikely to happen in reality.
2
a
I'd know what to do if you explained it to me.
b
I'd know what to do if you'd expained it to me.
c
I'd have known what to do if you'd explained it
to me.
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3
5
If he was good at Maths, he'd help you.
b
If he was good at Maths, he'd have helped you.
it was completely out of...........
If he was good at Maths, why didn't he help
A mind
c
you?
4
a
6
b
c
D character
George is a close friend, but where I part..............
A views
When I was in the country, I would go for
7
В friendship
the Inland Revenue.
If I am in the country, I go for regular long
A board
8
В timber
C plank
D panel
Gary apologised, and admitted that he had spoken
a
If you've heard from him, please tell me.
out of...........
b
If you hear from him, please tell me.
A mind
c
If you should hear from him, please tell me.
d
Should you hear from him, please tell me.
2
D opinions
C company
It pays to be above.............. in your dealings with
regular long walks.
walks.
IQ
C proportion
В shape
with him is over the issue of women's rights.
If I was in the country, I would go for regular
long walks.
5
I was really shocked when Marianna was so rude;
a
В line
C turn
D order
Fill the gaps in the following passage using one word.
a. Complete sentences 1-8 in your own way.
1
Unless I really had no choice,...............................
2
If I could turn the clock back 10 years................
3
But for my parents' support, ...............................
Research
Grants
Axed
the
When
4
higher
education funding councils
Were I famous, .......................................................
unveiled the results 0) of
5
I couldn't have learnt English .............................
6
......................................................................... in case
the 2001
assessment in
December, they were keen
1)............... stress the spread and depth of research quality
7
my bag is stolen.
boast at least one group of researchers graded 5 - a sign of
.................................................................. life would
international standing in the exercise.
be miserable.
8
across the entire sector. Nearly 100 institutions 2)...............
3)........yet these figures mask a harsh reality. Lacking
I would be grateful if ............................................
the funds even to maintain grants for departments securing
the top three grades in the assessment, the funding councils
have
b. Now make sentences about your own life and
experiences, using these structures.
11
4)..............
dramatically
to
forced
the
elite
to
skew
funds
international
even
more
research
units.
5).............. four-fifths (83%) of the English funding council’s
• But for...
• If I were to...
• As long as...
• Had it not been for
• Unless...
• Should I...
Choose the most suitable word to fill each gap.
£840m grant will go to departments with world-class 5 and
5* ratings, the two top grades 6).............. of seven rankings
in the assessment. Even so, those rated 5 will face large cuts.
Only 14% is 7)....... distributed to departments rated 4
and a tiny 2% will go to departments 8).............. 3a, existing
mainly in the former polytechnics. 9).............. average, 5*
1
You can come along with me, as long as you
departments will see a 2.5% increase 10).............. cash for the
promise to be on your best...........
next academic year, 5-rated departments will see a 15% cut.
A manners В conduct C behaviour D demeanour
and 4-rated departments will see a 30% cut.
As his whole family were doctors, it was in his
12).............. other controls, only the very best academics
........ to take up that profession.
would
11).............. these funding decisions were applied without
2
A blood
В spirit
D heart
C soul
be
13)..............
unscathed.
Imperial
College,
Cambridge University, Oxford University, and the London
School of Economics are the 14).............. large institutions
3
Stella's parents decided to ............... out on a
reception for 500 people at her wedding.
A crash
4
В splash
C smash
D thrash
with at least half of their researchers in top-graded 5-star
departments. For the 15).............. of the sector, however,
there is the prospect of dwindling RAE returns.
The teacher turned a............... eye to John's unruly
behaviour in class as he knew he was having
problems at home.
A sharp
В blind
C soft
D kind
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Reading
U
You
are
to
going
read
a
passage about problems in a
British comprehensive school.
a. Before you read, look at
this quotation and discuss
the questions that follow.
‘Show me a man who
has enjoyed his
This is the moment. The teacher with the
school days and I'll
bleeper has legs like an ostrich and takes the stairs
three at a time. Within 30 seconds, he has reached
the classroom which has called for help and he wades into the
confusion. The trouble is Terence. Terence is on a computer but he
is refusing to work on the exercise he has been set.
show you a bully
and a bore.'
Robert Morely
1
What is the meaning of the
2
word 'bully?
What are the problems which
can cause someone not to
К
,
Two girls come over to eavesdrop on the confrontation. In the background,
several boys swap insults in Punjabi. This is the moment that lies at the heart of
the often frantic debate about Britain's schools - when a teacher stands up in
front of a class and teaching simply fails to take place.
enjoy his/her schooldays?
3
Whose responsibility is it to
address these
problems?
(Teachers? Parents? Education
authorities?
The
students
themselves?)
4
What
are
the
time at school? How does
their behaviour change? How
is their performance affected?
been
paragraphs
removed
from
endowed comprehensive built out of three grammar schools with a tradition of
high achievement and old-fashioned discipline.
of
effects
students not enjoying their
b. Some
The class calms down, the teacher teaches and the Bleeper Man goes off in
search of the fugitive, the electronic alarm squealing once more in his pocket.
This is Abbeydale Grange, once the cream of Sheffield's schools, a well-
The answer is revealed by the Bleeper Man. It is ten o'clock in the morning at
Abbeydale Grange, and already the bleeper has been busy: Dave has casually
walked out of his class and gone to see his mates two doors away; a Somali lad
has downed tools and will not work; Joey is dancing on a table, whistling loudly
so he cannot hear his teacher's protests.
have
the
passage. Read it carefully
and choose from paragraphs
(A-H) on the opposite page
to fill in the gaps. There is a
And now here comes Imran, long and lean and full of mouth, sauntering late into
class with a bag of crisps, stopping to chat to friends on the way to his desk.
Never mind the lesson struggling to survive. Never mind anything. Imran is
already on a last warning. He threatened to take off his belt and thrash someone
who crossed him and the headteacher has told him he is staring at permanent
exclusion. Now, he grins as he swaggers towards his seat, a little lord of disorder.
paragraph you do not need
to use.
But then there is this fragility, this constant bubbling of trouble threatening to
erupt as if the teachers were pulling off a miracle every time they reached the
end of a lesson without an explosion. As the bleeper man lopes through the
school, juggling crises, the outline of the truth begins to emerge through a
blizzard of contradictory claims.
6
During the night, it rained, and, as usual, the puddles on the flat school roof
have leaked through to the modern languages room below. Now, there's a
whole Spanish class roaming the corridors in search of a home. The Bleeper
Man races down the corridor, finds an empty room, races back to the Spanish
class but, before he can reach them, he finds a small girl wandering in search of
a teacher who has failed to show up. He sends the girl to tell the Spanish class to
go to the empty room.
7
He has created order. While the outside world looks at the league tables and
sees failure, for the teachers inside the school, life is thick with success.
ознакомительная копия - frenglish.ru
14 *
The following words and
phrases are found in the
A schooi like this is logged as a failure, its academic results limping far
behind the private schools and the state schools in rural towns and pleasant
suburbs. Back on the bleeper patrol, however, a very different picture
begins to appear - signs of success, hidden beneath the surface of daily
school life.
I
He pops his head in the door of the class without a teacher and calms the
children, gallops down the stairs to the staff room, finds the name of the
missing teacher on the rota, heads to the school office who have no idea
where he is, charges back up stairs, shepherding stray Spanish students as
he goes, grabs some litter off the floor, finds a spare teacher, sends him to
the class who have lost theirs, checks that the Spanish class has found its
home and sees that all is well, heads for the class without a teacher and
sees they are still fooling around, discovers the spare teacher has gone to
the wrong classroom, finds him, redirects him, takes a breath... and realises
that all is well, all is quiet.
in
the
context
shown in italics. Look at
their standard definitions,
then explain their use in the
context of the passage.
The Bleeper Man ricochets between them, ferrying the unruly to the time-out
room, where he finds Darren who is not supposed to be there at all. He was
excluded yesterday, but his mother has sent him to school just the same. It is
a contest with disorder.
passage,
1
wade (=walk through water
with difficulty)
... he has reached the
1
classroom which has called
for help, and wades into
the confusion.
The teacher involves himself in
the situation, determined to
find a solution.
2
swap Make part in the
exchange of something)
... In the background,
Instead, he is fooling with graphics, ignoring instructions, his chin resting
several boys swap insults...
insolently on one palm. The classroom teacher is torn between him and the
other children, who are beginning to wander and chatter. The teacher on
bleeper patrol tells the culprit he must leave the room; he sullenly refuses
stare (=look fixedly with
and carries on toying with the screen.
one's eyes wide open)
... the headteacher has told
What is going on in this place? It is not that the school is in chaos. There are
no riots. Indeed, there are classrooms full of children who are learning.
There are charismatic teachers and some brilliant kids - charming, clever
kids, sporting stars, girls taking their GCSEs two and three years ahead of
schedule.
him he is staring at
permanent exclusion.
4
juggle (=toss into the air
and catch several objects)
There are incompetent teachers, but in order to explain the
failing of inner city schools in terms of incompetence you have
to make the bizarre assumption that these schools have hired
a mass of incompetent teachers while good teachers they
have hired none. There is a volume of evidence that
schools are not playing on a level playing field.
When you look at these intake factors, the level
playing field is more like Mount Everest.
For several minutes, with the whole class
wobbling on the verge of disintegration, the
requests to leave are ignored, until suddenly the
child jumps to his feet, crashes his way through
several unused chairs, sneers at his teacher and
surges out into the corridor where he marches off,
drumming one fist loudly against the wall. In
the doorway at the end, he bumps into a
... As the bleeper man lopes
through the school,
juggling crises, ...
5
limp (=walk with difficulty
because of a hurt leg)
. . A school like this is
logged as a failure, its
academic results limping
far behind ...
b. With a partner, find
other such instances
of metaphoric
12-year-old girl, kicks her on the shin and
language in the text.
vanishes around the corner.
Use a dictionary to
In many ways, it still succeeds and yet
now it is beset by trouble. It struggles to
survive; its numbers have disintegrated from more than
2,000 to just over 500; only 22% of the pupils score
five A-C grades at GCSE; its budget is drowning in
deficit. How do these schools survive? How is
complete collapse kept at bay?
WA
ознакомительная копия - frenglish.ru
find out their actual
meanings, then
explain to the class
their meaning in the
text.
Listening & Speaking
*] 5 a
g
a. Work in pairs. Here are some photographs
You will hear an interview with Sue Millins, who
has recently introduced a new teaching
showing the various ways in which students can
approach into her school. Before you listen,
discuss the differences in the two teaching
discuss the following questions.
methods.
1
What factors can cause a school to close?
2
What are the effects of a school closing on the
learn. Look at photographs В and C. Together,
teachers/students/students' famililes?
3
What measures should be taken and by whom to
prevent schools from closing?
Now listen to the recording. For the following
questions, choose the best answer (А, В, C or D)
which fits best according to what you hear.
1
2
The original cause of the school's decline was
A
the old-fashioned character of the school.
В
the transformation of the neighbourhood.
C
the number of families living in the area.
D
the low number of children in the area.
The school was not closed down thanks to
A
the parent's refusal to allow it.
В
the decision to follow the national curriculum.
C
the fact that the children were behaving
better.
D
3
the bad conditions the children live in.
The traditional methods of teaching were
abandoned because
4
A
the children were not able to read.
В
tests would be easier to mark.
C
they would have made things worse.
D
not enough research had been done.
The aim of the lesson involving the bear is to
A
5
teach the children drama.
В
make the children feel more at ease.
C
teach the children about animals.
D
help the children to read and write.
The method is considered successful because
A
the Department of Education wants to use it.
В
children are interested in the arts
are part of a teacher training organisation
C
it allows teachers to use their intuition.
giving a series of seminars on various teaching
D
there is better achievement in all subjects.
methods. Together, talk about the advantages
b. Now look at all the pictures. Imagine that you
and disadvantages of each method shown.
Then decide on the two most effective
methods.
cj Listen to two Ss doing the speaking task above
and compare their performance to that of your
classmates. Assess your classmates in terms of
• grammatical resource • lexical resource
• discourse management • pronunciation
20
• interactive communication
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Summary Writing
1g
a. Decide which 3 of the 5 highlighted parts are
relevant to the questions that follow each extract.
The Dearborn siblings get together throughout the week with
six other families who homeschool for lessons in chemistry,
history, and German (a) Once, homeschooling evoked
visions of children sitting around the dining room table
amid stacks of books while (b) Mum dispensed wisdom
about Shakespeare and geometry. Other parents and
But it is in the corridors, playgrounds and dining rooms that
educators criticized homeschooling, saying that (c) children
this underlying lack of respect really manifests itself. It is not
weren't learning social skills. But, in the past decade,
the fact that (a) teachers have to pull up pupils for
homeschooling has evolved into something that's often
boisterousness or sloppy dress during the course of the
anywhere but at home, and students are rarely alone, (d) They
day. That has always been part of school life, (b) It is the
meet other home-schoolers to share resources, take field
grudging, sneering way in which so many pupils semi­
trips, travel abroad, and even hire experts to teach them
comply with such instructions I come back to the word
certain skills. Because they have no boundaries, homeschoolers
(e) can mix and match groups to meet their goals and
again Respect is absent. The school senior management
schedules
does, of course, try to address this, (c) Rudeness, violence
and bad language are all punished with varying degrees
of severity (d) Extreme incidents result in pupils being
excluded from school But if every case of lack of
courteousness, for example, were punished, then (e) half the
school would be in detention every night Perhaps we
should try it?
In what ways do teachers deal with
3
pupils' lack of respect?
1
What aspects of homeschooling in the
past contrast with the present situation?
(a), (b), (c)
b. Now make brief notes on the points you have
chosen for each extract as in the example
The most important thing for anyone contemplating a gap
below. You may need to reorder some
year between school and university is (a) to know what they
information.
want out of it, and then make sure they are going to get it
What's your priority for these 12 months off? If you're
Notes
Extract
heading abroad, what is the nature of the company you're
•
applying to? What will you actually be doing? (b) What sort
Once, homeschooling evoked
of pre-training will you get in the host country? (c) The
visions
other key thing is to have realistic
around the dining room table
expectations of how things are likely
... Mum dispensed wisdom
of
children
• always at home,
sitting
parents were the
teachers
to turn out. No gap-year student is
•
ever going to save the world or have
stacks of books ... Shakespeare
•
a year of blissful nirvana without any
limited subjects,
resources and
and geometry
activities
strains or challenges. However, (d)
with the right set of attitudes,
• children weren't learning
they will almost certainly
i
social skills
•
solitary,
no socialization
у
have a raft of new
experiences, and
(e) come out at the end
c.
Now expand your notes into sentences as in the
of it with much greater
example. Make sure you use your own words,
resilience, independence
not those of the text.
and maturity.
2
How can students ensure they get the
most out of a gap year?
22
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In the past, homeschooled pupils were taught
exclusively at home, with only their own parents as
teachers.
20
Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow (1-5).
University students facing rising levels of debt
Sir, l am delighted that the whole question of
tend to suffer anxiety and depression, concludes a
student finance has been placed firmly at the top of
report published by leading academics this week.
the
The survey also found that students distrust
are
students
university
opposed
to
the
groups
Last week, higher education minister Margaret
students
hard-up
is
an
prime
minister's
so
appallingly
low.
There
is
such
an
performing
comprehensives
have an
into a university, and virtually no chance of getting into
a top-ranked university.
A statement accompanying the report, published
of
universities
are
Bath
and
important
recruitment and selection processes. Some are doing
says:
These
so. Bristol University, for example, has documented
context
of the
Exeter,
in
the
This means that universities need to look at their
the
evidence
introduction of tuition fees and rising student debt,
anxiety
student
from
a
below-average
good as, if not better than, the student who comes
from a high-performing school. This is not dumbing
down. It is making better use of the vast amount of
and their families are not solely financial: the high
cause
a
grades (by two to three points) and get a degree as
It is clear that the costs borne by undergraduates
debt
that
performing school can be accepted with lower A-level
where levels are set to rise further still.
of
the
uphill struggle to get the qualifications needed to get
"absolute
this week by economic psychologists from
levels
is
below-average
nightmare".
findings
of
enormous disparity between schools that students in
Hodge admitted the plethora of grant and loan
for
result
university places from the bottom three socioeconomic
government’s current student support system.
schemes
a
of debt is not the only reason that the take-up of
banks and other lenders, and two thirds of parents
of
as
agenda
reference to it at the Labour party conference. But fear
and
academic
untapped talent that this country cannot afford to lose
performance can suffer, either directly or from the
if it is to compete internationally. Our universities
extra paid work students take on when they are
should
worried by debt.’
candidates who they think will end up getting the best
have
broader
goals
than
just
selecting
final degrees. They, too, need to be in the value-added
The experiences of male and female students are
business.
also found to be different. Fewer women incur debt,
those who do tend to have lower levels of debt and,
paradoxically, they are often more worried about
their debts than men.
What is the 'enormous disparity' the writer
refers to in the first paragraph?
In no more than 10 words, say what the phrase
—.'ЧИ i
'these findings'(paragraph 4) refers to.
!
In your own words, explain the phrase 'dumbing L
down1 (paragraph 2).
In what way does men's attitude to debt differ
from that of women?
In no more than 70 words, and using your own words as far as possible, summarise what the two passages
tell us about the effects of rising student debt.
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