arcus, -ūs, m: bow cāsus, cāsūs, m: chance; occurrance; misfortune cornū, cornūs, n: horn domus, domūs, f*: house exercitus, ūs, m: army fluctus, -ūs, m: wave; water genū, genūs, n: knee impetus, -ūs, m: attack iussus, -ūs, m: order, command manus, -ūs, f: hand metus, -ūs, m: fear senatus, -ūs, m: Senate vultus, -ūs, m: face; expressions aciēs, aciēī, f: battle-line; sharpness diēs, diēī, m: day faciēs, faciēī, f: shape; form fidēs, fidēī, f: trust; faith res, reī, f***: thing, stuff, circumstance speciēs, speciēī, f: sight; view spēs, speī, f: hope ceteri, -ae, -a: rest, remaining cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitus: to want, desire cutio, cutere, cussi, cussus: to strike, beat debeo, debere, debui, debitus: to owe; to ought to +INF ecce: lo! behold! exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitus: to busy, train, employ extemplo: immediately iaceo, iacere, iacui: to lie down imago, imaginis, f: likeness, imitation, representation infelix [gen] infelicis: unfortunate, unlucky, calamitous lex, legis, f: law ludo, ludere, ludi, lusus: to play; to mock; to imitate opus, operis, n: work potens, [gen] potentis: powerful praeterea: moreover, in addition puto (1): to think rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus: to break, tear apart tristis, triste: sad vestis, vestis, f: clothes, garment vivo, vivere, vixi, victus: to live superus, -a, -um: above, upper melior, melius: better maior, maius: greater peior, peius: worse ---, plus: more minor, minus: smaller prior, prius: former superior, superius: higher optimus, -a, -um: best maximus, -a, -um: greatest pessimus, -a, -um: worst plurimus, -a, -um: most minimus, -a, -um: smallest primus, -a, -um: first summus, -a, -um: highest, furthest supremus, -a, -um: highest, last adhuc: still audeo, audere, ausus sum: to dare certus, -a, -um: determined; reliable; unerring dignus, -a, -um: worthy of +ABL durus, -a, -um: hard, harsh, uncultivated fateor, fateri, fessus sum: to acknowledge, confess for, fari, fatus sum: to speak gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum: to enjoy +ABL gradior, gradi, gressus sum: to go gravis, grave: heavy, weighty (in both positive and negative sense); burdensome, troublesome laetus, -a, -um: happy loquor, loqui, locutus sum: to speak maestus, -a, -um: sad, gloomy, despondent magis: more mollis, molle: soft, delicate miror, mirari, miratus sum: to marvel morior, mori, mortuus sum: to die patior, pati, passus sum: to suffer, to endure; to allow sequor, sequi, secutus sum: to follow utor, uti, usus sum: to use, employ +ABL alius, alia, aliud: other; another alii...alii: some...others claudō, claudere, clausī, clausus: to close; confine fluō, fluēre, fluxī, fluctus: to flow foedus, foederis, n: treaty haud: not at all novus, -a, -um: new pangō, pangere, pepigi, pactus: to fasten; agree procul: far away; at a distance rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptus: to snatch; to carry off sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred; holy tendō, tendere, tetendī, tensus: to stretch; to reach timeō, timēre, timuī: to fear trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus: to hand over ut + INDICATIVE: as via, -ae, f: road;path virgō, virginis, f: maiden ager, agri, m: field agmen, agminis, n: battleline; procession [collected group in motion] annus, -i, m: year dein/ deinde: then dextra, -ae, f: right hand flumen, fluminis, n: river iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus: to throw maneo, manere, mansi, --: to remain membrum, -i, n: limb moneo, monere, monui, monitus: to warn; to advise persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasus: to persuade +DAT relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictus: to leave behind; to abandon sino, sinere, sivi, situs: to allow, to permit ---, sui, sibi, se, se: himself/herself/itself/ themselves tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus: to raise; to destroy virtus, virtutis, f: courage; bravery accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus: to receive autem: however; moreover castra, castrorum, n pl: camp causa, -ae, f: reason; causā + preceding genitive: for the sake of gero, gerere, gessi, gestus: to carry; to wear;+bellum to wage war gratia, -ae, f: regard; thanks; gratias agere: to give thanks to +DAT gratiā + preceding genitive: for the sake of legatus, -i, m: ambassador; envoy navis, navis, f: ship **nihil/nil, n: nothing pecunia, -ae, f: money premo, premere, pressi, pressus: to overwhelm; to curb proelium, -ii, n: battle saxum, -i, n: rock tamen: nevertheless telum, -i, n: spear undique: everywhere; from all parts [de]monstrō(1): to show; to point out ego: I genus, generis, f: birth; lineage; race homo, hominis, m: man [human being] hospes, hospitis, m: guest; stranger nos: we ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentus: to show parvus, -a, -um: small poena, -ae, f: punishment dāre poenās*: to suffer a punishment* prex, prēcis, f: prayer; request scelus, sceleris, n: crime; wicked act senex, [gen] senis: elderly subito: suddenly suī/sibi/sē/sē*: himself/herself/itself* tu: you templum, -i, n: temple verē: truly vos: y'all [you pl] amō(1): to love citō(1): to rouse; provoke; put in motion cognosco, cognoscere, cognōvī, cognitus: to learn; [pf tense] to know cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coactus: to compel; to urge habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus: to have; to think heu: woe! alas! iam: already; yet; now incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus: to begin +INF medius, -a, -um: middle [of] mox: soon nam/ namque [conj]: for; because nōlī/ nōlite + INF: night nox, noctis, f: night numquam: never oculus, -ī, m: eye perīculum, perīculī, n: danger quot: how many? semper: always umbra, -ae, f: shade; shadow videor, vidērī, visus sum: to seem + INF altus, -a, -um: high; tall bonus, -a, -um: good magnus, -a, -um: great meus, -a, -um: my miser, misera, miserum: sad multus, -a, -um: many noster, nostra, nostrum: our pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful suus, -a, -um: his; hers; its tantus, -a, -um: so great; so __ +ADJ tuus, -a, -um: your verus, -a, -um: TRUE vester, vestra, vestrum: your acer, acris, acre: sharp; fierce celer, celeris, celere: swift fortis, forte: strong; brave ingens, [gen] ingentis: massive omnis, omne: all; every talis, tale: such fugio, fugere, fugi: to flee hostis, hostis, m: enemy ira, -ae, f: anger iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus: to order mens, mentis, f: mind miles, militis, m: soldier mors, mortis, f: death quomodo: how paro (1): to prepare pes, pedis, m: foot possum, posse, potuī: to be able to saepe: often scio, scire, scivi, scitus: to know sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus: to feel sto, stare, steti: to stand urbs, urbis, f: city vir, viri, m: man ad + ACC: towards ante + ACC: before circum + ACC: around contra + ACC: against in +ACC; + ABL: into; in inter + ACC: between ob + ACC: because of per + ACC: through post + ACC: after; behind prope + ACC: near propter + ACC: on account of trans + ACC: across a/ab + ABL: away from; by cum + ABL: with de + ABL: down from; about e/ex + ABL: out of pro + ABL: for; on behalf of; in exchange for sine + ABL: without sub + ABL: under ago, agere, egi, actus: to drive; lead; to live/spend +time animus, -ī, m: soul, mind, spirit aut; aut...aut: or; either...or curro, currere, cucurri: to run et; et...et: and; both...and ignis, ignis ,m: fire interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectus: to kill lego, legere, legi, lectus: to choose; to read mitto, mittere, misi, missus: to send; throw nec; nec...nec/ neque; neque..neque: and not; neither...nor peto, petere, petivi, petitus: to seek; to attack quod: because sed: but teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus: to have ubi: when; where unda, -ae, f: wave, water venio, venire, veni: to come, arrive voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus: to call; summon arma, armōrum, n pl: weapons bellum, bellī, n: war caelum, caelī, n: sky; heaven caput, capitis, n: head corpus, corporis, n: body fātum, fātī, n: fate iter, itineris, n: journey litus, litoris, n: shore mare, maris, n: sea ōs, ōris, n: mouth pectus, pectoris, n: chest; heart regnum, regnī, n: kingdom verbum, verbī, n: word vulnus, vulneris, n: wound consilium, consiliī, n: plan fīlia, fīliae, f: daughter fīlius, fīliī, m: son Iuppiter, Iovis, m: Jupiter mater, matris, f: mother ōrāculum, ōrāculī, n: prophecy pater, patris, m: father puella, puellae, f: girl puer, puerī, m: boy rēx, rēgis, m: king terra, terrae, f: land; Gaia ferō, ferre, tulī, latus: bring, carry; bear; endure ponō, ponere, posuī, positus: place vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus: conquer audiō, audīre, audīvī, auditus: to hear capiō, capere, cēpī, captus: to take dīcō, dīcere, dixī, dictus: to say dō, dāre, dedī, datus: to give dūcō, dūcere, duxī, ductus: to lead faciō, facere, fēcī, factus: to do; to make sum, esse, fuī: to be videō, vidēre, vīdī, visus: to see adeo: to such an extent desero, deserere, deserui, desertus: to abandon enim: for, indeed fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus: to deceive fleo, flere, flevi, fletus: to weep, cry ita: so, in this manner, accordingly labor, laboris, m: struggle, work, endeavor nunc: now onus, oneris, n: burden quamquam/ quamvis: although requiesco, requiesere, requievi, requietus: to rest si: if sic: in this way sors, sortis, f: fate, lot, destiny sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus: to take, lay hold of tam: so +ADJ/+ADV tot: so many totiens: so many times totus, -a, -um: all, entire vel: or; rather vel...vel: either...or vix: barely caedes, caedis, f: slaughter, murder cedo, cedere, cessi, ---: to go; to yield +DAT cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus: to grow, increase, rise decet, decere, decuit: it is becoming/fitting for +ACC to +INF diu: for a long time dux, ducis, m: leader; commander eo, ire, ii/ivi, --: to go etiam: even; also finis, finis, m: end; boundary fio, fieri, factus sum: to become; to be furor, furoris, m: madness, raving intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus: to understand; perceive invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus: to find, discover iuvat, iuvare, iuvavit: it is pleasing + ACC to do +INF licet, licere, licuit: it is permitted for +DAT to +INF locus, -i, m: place mallo, malle, malui: to prefer ne...quidem: not even nolo, nolle, nolui: to not be willing oportet, oportere, oportuit: it is proper for +ACC to +INF placet, placere, placuit: it is pleasing for +DAT to +INF quam: how quidem: indeed tum/tunc: then; at that time campum: field cotidie: every day errare: to error inspicere: to inspect sedere: to sit gerund: "-ing," endings are i, o, um, o gerundive: expresses need, "this needing to be done," endings are 2-1-2 anaphora: repetition in successive clauses for emphasis anadiplosis: ending a sentence with a word and then starting next one with same word for emphasis juxtaposition: putting two things next to each other for contrast hyperbole: exaggeration not meant to be taken literally tricolon crescendo: subsequent terms not intended to be taken seriously