SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com EXERCISES CALCULUS II Course ID: MI1124E Chapter 1. Applications of Differential Calculus in Geometry 1.1. Curves Exercise 1. Find an equation of the tangent line and normal line to the curves 2 a) y = e1−x at the intersection of this curve and the line y = 1 ( b) x = 2t − cos(πt) y = 2t + sin(πt) at the point A corresponding to t = 1/2 2 2 c) x 3 + y 3 = 5 at the point M (8; 1) Exercise 2. Evaluate the curvature at the arbitrary point of ( 2 2 2 b) x 3 + y 3 = a 3 (a > 0) x = a(t − sin t) a) (a > 0). y = a(1 − cos t) c) r = aebϕ , (a, b > 0) Exercise 3. Evaluate the curvature of the curve y = ln x at the point with positive abscissa x > 0. At what point does the curve have maximum curvature? If x → ∞, how is the curvature? Exercise 4. Find the envelope of the family of the following curves: a) y = x c + c2 b) cx2 − 3y − c3 + 2 = 0 c) y = c2 (x − c)2 d) 4x sin c + y cos c = 1 1.2. Surfaces Exercise 5. Suppose that p~(t), ~q(t), α(t) are differentiable functions. Prove that a) d (~p(t) dt c) d (~p(t)~q(t)) dt + ~q(t)) = d~ p(t) dt + d~ q (t) dt = p~(t) d~qdt(t) + d~ p(t) ~q(t) dt b) d (α(t)~p(t)) dt d) d (~p(t) dt = α(t) d~pdt(t) + α0 (t)~p(t) × ~q(t)) = p~(t) × d~ q (t) dt + d~ p(t) dt × ~q(t) Exercise 6. The curve C is given by ~r(t). Suppose that ~r(t) is a differentiable function and ~r0 (t) is always perpendicular to ~r(t). Prove that C lies on the sphere with center the origin. Exercise 7. Find an equation of the tangent line and normal plane of the curve 2 x = a sin t a) y = b sin t cos t at the point corresponding to t = π4 , (a, b, c > 0) z = c cos2 t 2 x = 4 sin t √ b) at M (1; −2 3; 2) y = 4 cos t z = 2 sin t + 1 1 SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com Exercise 8. Evaluate the curvature of the curve x = cos t at the point corresponding to t = π2 a) y = sin t z=t x = cos t + t sin t b) y = sin t − t cos t at the point corresponding to t = π z=t c) Evaluate the curvature at the point M (1; 0; −1) of the intersection curve of the cylinder 4x2 + y 2 = 4 and the plane x − 3z = 4 Exercise 9. Find an equation of the tangent plane and normal line of the surface a) x2 − 4y 2 + 2z 2 = 6 at the point (2; 2; 3) b) z = 2x2 + 4y 2 at (2; 1; 12) c) ln(2x + y 2 ) + 3z 3 = 3 at the point (0; −1; 1) d) x2 + 2y 3 − yz = 0 at (1; 1; 3) Exercise 10. Find an equation of the tangent line and normal plane of the curve ( ( x2 + y 2 = 10 2x2 + 3y 2 + z 2 = 47 a) at A(1; 3; 4) b) at B(−2; 1; 6) y 2 + z 2 = 25 x2 + 2y 2 = z Chapter 2. Multiple Integrals 2.1. Double Integrals Exercise 11. Calculate the iterated integral by first reversing the order of integration a) R1 dx −1 b) R1 √ − 1−x2 c) f (x, y)dy √ 2 R1−y d) dy R2 1+y R 2 dy 0 f (x, y)dx e) 2−y R2 f (x, y)dx sin y √ 1+ 0 R2 π 1−x R 2 dy 0 Ry f (x, y)dx + 0 R2 √ 2 dy √ 2 R4−y 0 √ dx 0 R2x √ f (x, y)dy 2x−x2 Exercise 12. Calculate the value of the multiple integral RR y a) dxdy, D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1; 0 ≤ y ≤ 2} 1+xy D b) RR c) RR d) RR x2 (y − x)dxdy, where D is a region bounded by two curves y = x2 and x = y 2 D 2xydxdy, where D is bounded by the curves x = y 2 , x = −1, y = 0 and y = 1 D √ √ (x + y)dxdy, where D is bounded by x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, x + y ≥ 1 D 2 f (x, y)dx SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology e) RR Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com |x + y|dxdy, where D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| ≤ 1; |y| ≤ 1} D RR f) (|x| + |y|)dxdy |x|+|y|≤1 g) R1 dx 1−x R 2 0 0 xe3y dy 1−y Exercise 13. Find the limits of integration in the polar coordinates of RR f (x, y)dxdy, where D is a D domain a) a2 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ b2 c) x2 a2 + y2 b2 b) x2 + y 2 ≥ 4x, x2 + y 2 ≤ 8x, y ≥ x, y ≤ √ 3x d) x2 + y 2 ≤ 2x, x2 + y 2 ≤ 2y ≤ 1, y ≥ 0, (a, b > 0) Exercise 14. Evaluate the given integral by changing to polar coordinates a) RR √ dx 0 b) RR c) RR d) RR e) RR RR2 −x2 ln(1 + x2 + y 2 )dy, (R > 0) 0 xydxdy, where D is a half of surface: (x − 2)2 + y 2 ≤ 1, y ≥ 0 D (sin y + 3x)dxdy, where D is a surface: (x − 2)2 + y 2 ≤ 1 D |x + y|dxdy, where D is surface: x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 D xy 2 dxdy, where D is a region bounded by the circles x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 and x2 + y 2 − 4y = 0. D Exercise 15. Rewrite the following integral in terms of two variables u and v: R1 0 dx Rx f (x, y)dy, if we let −x u = x + y, and v = x − y. Exercise 16. Evaluate the given integrals 2xy + 1 RR x2 y 2 2 2 p dxdy, where D : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 d) + ≤1 |9x − 4y |dxdy, where D : 4 9 1 + x2 + y 2 D D ( ( RR y ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 2y dxdy RR 1 ≤ xy ≤ 9 √ b) , where D : (3x + 2xy)dxdy, where D : e) 2 2 2 x ≤ y ≤ 3x D (x + y ) y ≤ x ≤ 4y D 2 2 2x ≤ x + y√≤ 12 RR xy c) dxdy, where D : x2 + y 2 ≥ 2 3y 2 + y2 x D x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 a) RR 2.2. Triple integrals Exercise 17. Evaluate the triple integral 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 RRR a) zdxdydz, where the region V is bounded by x ≤ y ≤ 2x p V 0 ≤ z ≤ 5 − x2 − y 2 3 SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com 1 ≤ y ≤ 2 RRR 2 b) (3xy − 4xyz)dxdydz, where the region V is bounded by 0 ≤ xy ≤ 2 V 0≤z≤2 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 RRR 2 c) xyeyz dxdydz, where the region V is bounded by 0≤y≤1 V 2 x ≤z≤1 ( RRR 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1 d) (x + y 2 )dxdydz, where the region V is bounded by x2 + y 2 − z 2 ≤ 0 V RRR p Exercise 18. z x2 + y 2 dxdydz, where V a) V is bounded by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 2x and planes: y = 0, z = 0, z = a, (y ≥ 0, a > 0) b) V is a half of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ a2 , z ≥ 0, (a > 0) 2 2 2 c) V l is a half of the elipsoid x a+y + zb2 ≤ 1, z ≥ 0, (a, b > 0) 2 √ RRR Exercise 19. ydxdydz, where V is a region bounded by the cone: y = x2 + z 2 and the plane V y = h, (h > 0) Exercise 20. Evaluate the triple integral a) RRR x2 dxdydz, where V : a2 V b) RRR x2 a2 + y2 b2 + z2 c2 ≤ 1 (a, b, c > 0) ( (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz, where V : V c) 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 4 x2 + y 2 ≤ z 2 RRR p x2 + y 2 dxdydz, where V is a region bounded by x2 + y 2 = z 2 , z = −1 V ( x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 dxdydz d) , where V : |z| ≤ 1 [x2 + y 2 + (z − 2)2 ]2 V RRR p x2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz, where V is the region bounded by x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ z e) RRR V 2.3. Applications of triple integrals Exercise 21. Evaluate the area of the region D bounded by the curves ( d) r ≥ 1, r ≤ √23 cos ϕ y 2 = x, y 2 = 2x a) x2 = y, x2 = 2y ( e) x2 + (αx − y)2 ≤ 4 is a constant ∀α ∈ R y = 0, y 2 = 4ax b) x + y = 3a, y ≤ 0, (a > 0). x + y ≥ 1 ( 2 2 2x ≤ x + y ≤ 4x f) x + 2y ≤ 2 c) 0≤y≤x y ≥ 0, 0 ≤ z ≤ 2 − x − y 4 SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com Exercise 22. Evaluate the area of the region D is bounded by the curves (a > 0) a) (x2 + y 2 )2 = 2a2 xy b) r = a(1 + cos ϕ) Exercise 23. Evaluate the volume of the region is bounded by the surfaces ( c) z = 1 + x2 + y 2 , surface x2 + 4y 2 = 4 and the z = 4 − x2 − y 2 a) plane Oxy. 2z = 2 + x2 + y 2 p d) az = x2 + y 2 , z = x2 + y 2 , (a > 0). b) |x − y| + |x + 3y| + |x + y + z| ≤ 1. Exercise 24. Evaluate the area of a part of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4a2 lying inside the surface x2 + y 2 − 2ay = 0, (a > 0). Chapter 3. Integrals depending on a parameter 3.1. Definite Integrals depending on a parameter Exercise 25. Evaluate a) lim 1+y R y→0 y dx 1+x2 +y 2 b) lim R2 y→0 0 x2 cos xydx Exercise 26. Evaluate a) I(y) = R1 0 b) J(y) = R1 arctan xy dx c) K = R1 0 xb −xa dx, ln x 0 < a < b. ln(x2 + y 2 )dx 0 3.2. Improper Integrals depending on a parameter Exercise 27. Show that the integral R∞ a) I(y) = sin(yx)dx is convergent if y = 0 and is divergent if y 6= 0. 1 b) I(y) = R∞ cos αx 0 c) I(y) = R1 x2 +1 x−y dx = 0 d) I(y) = +∞ R 0 Exercise 28. is uniformly convergent on R. R∞ ty−2 dt is convergent if y < 1 and divergent if y ≥ 1. 1 e−yx sinx x is uniformly convergent on [0, +∞). a) Evaluate I(y) = +∞ R ye−yx dx(y > 0) 0 b) Prove that I(y) converges to 1 uniformly on [y0 , +∞) for all y0 > 0. c) Explain why I(y) is not uniformly convergent on (0; +∞). Exercise 29. Prove that 5 SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology a) R∞ 2 e−x = 0 b) R∞ sin x x 0 c) R∞ √ π 2 dx = f) π 2 g) e) R∞ 0 R∞ cos(x2 )dx = 0 0 sin x −yx e dx x sin yx dx x(1+x2 ) x2 R∞ x sin yx 0 sin(x2 )dx = +∞ R R∞ 1−cos yx 0 0 d) Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com = π 2 √ 2π 4 h) R∞ a2 +x2 = dx = π2 e−ay , 2 e−yx dx = 0 i) − arctan y +∞ R |y|π 2 √ π √ , 2 y a, y ≥ 0. y>0 √ a b √ e− x2 − e− x2 dx = πb− πa, (a, b > 0). 0 = π2 (1 − e−y ), y≥0 j) +∞ R arctan x −arctan xb a x 0 dx = π 2 ln ab , (a, b > 0). Exercise 30. Explain why +∞ Z Z+∞ −yx −yx lim+ ye dx. lim+ ye dx 6= y→0 y→0 0 0 Exercise 31. Evaluate (a, b, α, β > 0): a) +∞ R 0 b) +∞ R 0 c) +∞ R 0 d) +∞ R 0 e) +∞ R 0 f) +∞ R e−αx −e−βx dx x 2 e−αx −e−βx x2 j) +∞ R 2 dx k) +∞ R −∞ i) +∞ R 0 x +∞ R 0 dx (x2 +y)n+1 l) Rπ dx 2 e−ax −cos bx dx x2 ln(1 + y cos x)dx 0 sin bx−sin cx −ax e dx x m) cos bx−cos cx −ax e dx x n) e−ax cos(yx)dx o) +∞ R 2 e−x sin axdx 0 +∞ R 0 2 e−x cos(yx)dx p) sin xy dx, x +∞ R R 0 0 h) 3 −e−bx3 e−ax 0 0 g) +∞ R +∞ R +∞ −ax2 e 0 y≥0 cos bxdx 2 x2n e−x cos bxdx, 0 arctan(x+y) dx 1+x2 q) +∞ R 0 2 −e−bx2 e−ax x dx r) +∞ R 0 3.3. Euler Integrals Exercise 32. Evaluate 6 sin ax cos bx dx x sin ax sin bx dx x n∈N SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com π a) R2 sin x cos xdx e) √ x2n a2 − x2 dx, (a > 0) f) 6 4 0 0 b) Ra +∞ R 2 x10 e−x dx g) R1 0 0 d) +∞ R 0 0 c) +∞ R +∞ R 0 √ x dx (1+x2 )2 h) 1 dx 1+x3 xn+1 dx, (2 (1+xn ) 1 √ dx, n n 1−xn +∞ R 0 < n ∈ N) ∈ N∗ x4 dx (1+x3 )2 Exercise 33. On which intervals the following function Z1 I(y) = y 2 − x2 dx (x2 + y 2 )2 0 is continuous. Ry arctan x dx. y→1 0 x2 + y 2 Exercise 34. Find lim Exercise 35. The integral I(y) = R1 yf (x) dx where f (x) is a possitive function, and continuous on 2 2 0 x +y [0, 1]. π Exercise 36. Given a function f (y) = R2 ln (sin2 x + y 2 cos2 x)dx. Evaluate f 0 (1). 0 Exercise 37. Prove that the integral depending on the parameter Z+∞ I(y) = arctan(x + y) dx 1 + x2 −∞ is a continuous and is differentiable function with respect to y. Evaluate I 0 (y) and then find the formula for I(y). Exercise 38. Evaluate the following integrals (with a, b, α, β > 0 and n ∈ Z+ ): R1 xb − xa dx ln x 0 d) R∞ e−αx − e−βx b) dx x 0 e) a) c) +∞ R 0 R1 xα (ln x)n dx 0 +∞ R 0 dx (x2 + y)n+1 π sin(bx) − sin(cx) e−ax dx x f) R2 ln(1 + y sin2 x)dx, with y > −1 0 Exercise 39. Evaluate the following integrals π a) R2 6 4 sin x cos xdx b) +∞ R (ln x)4 1 0 7 x2 dx SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology c) +∞ R Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com 2 x10 e−x dx g) −∞ 0 d) +∞ R 0 e) √ x dx (1 + x2 )2 h) +∞ R 0 f) √ e2x 3 1 − e3x dx R0 +∞ R 0 1 dx 1 + x3 Ra √ x2n a2 − x2 dx, (a > 0, n ∈ N) 0 xn+1 dx, (2 < n ∈ N) (1 + xn )2 i) R1 0 1 √ dx, (2 ≤ n ∈ N) n 1 − xn Chapter 4. Line integrals 4.1. Line integral of the first kind Exercise 40. Evaluate the following line integrals √ R a) (3x − y)ds, where C is a half of the circle y = 9 − x2 C b) R (x − y)ds, where C is a circle x2 + y 2 = 2x C ( x = a(t − sin t) (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, a > 0) y = a(1 − cos t) C ( Rp x = a(cos t + t sin t) (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, a > 0) x2 + y 2 ds, where C is a curve d) y = a(sin t − t cos t) C c) R y 2 ds, where C is a curve 4.2. Line integral of the second kind Exercise 41. Evaluate the following line integrals R 2 a) (x − 2xy)dx + (2xy − y 2 )dy, where AB is a part of parabol y = x2 from A(1; 1) to B(2; 4). AB ( b) R (2x − y)dx + xdy, where C is a curve C x = a(t − sin t) y = a(1 − cos t) whose direction is increasing direction of the parameter t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π, a > 0). R c) 2(x2 + y 2 )dx + x(4y + 3)dy, where ABCA is a broken line through the points A(0; 0), B(1; 1), ABCA d) C(0; 2) R dx+dy ABCDA e) |x|+|y| 4 R √ x2 +y 2 dx C 2 , where ABCDA is a broken line through the points A(1; 0), B(0; 1), C(−1; 0), D(0; −1) ( + dy, where C is curve √ x = t sin t √ y = t cos t, (0 ≤ t ≤ π2 ). 4 Exercise 42. Evaluate the following line integral Z (xy + x + y)dx + (xy + x − y)dy C in two ways: by computing it directly, and by Green’s formula, then compare the results, where C is a curve: 8 SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology a) x2 + y 2 = R2 Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com b) x2 + y 2 = 2x c) x2 a2 + y2 b2 = 1, (a, b > 0) Exercise 43. Evaluate the following line integrals I y x a) x2 (y + )dy − y 2 (x + )dx 4 4 x2 +y 2 =2x I b) ex [(1 − cos y)dx − (y − sin y)dy], where OABO is a broken line through the points O(0; 0), OABO A(1; 1), B(0; 2) I c) (xy + ex sin x + x + y)dx − (xy − e−y + x − sin y)dy x2 +y 2 =2x I d) x3 (xy 4 + x2 + y cos(xy))dx + ( + xy 2 − x + x cos(xy))dy, where C is a circle 3 ( x = a cos t y = a sin t, (a > 0) C Exercise 44. Using the line integral of the second kind in order to compute the area of the region bounded by an arch of the cycloid: x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t) and x-axis, (a > 0). Exercise 45. Evaluate the following line integrals (3;0) Z 4 3 2 2 (2;2π) Z 4 (x + 4xy )dx + (6x y − 5y )dy a) y y y y y2 (1 − 2 cos )dx + (sin + cos )dy x x x x x b) (1;π) (−2;−1) Exercise 46. Evaluate the line integral Z I = (3x2 y 2 + 2 2 )dx + (3x3 y + 3 )dy +1 y +4 4x2 L where L is a curve y = √ 1 − x4 from A(1; 0) to B(−1; 0). Exercise 47. Find the constant α such that the following integral is an independent of path in the domain Z (1 − y 2 )dx + (1 − x2 )dy . (1 + xy)α AB Exercise 48. Find the constants a, b such that (y 2 + axy + y sin(xy))dx + (x2 + bxy + x sin(xy))dy is total differetial of the function u(x, y). Find the function u(x, y). Exercise 49. Find the function h(x) such that the integral Z h(x)[(1 + xy)dx + (xy + x2 )dy] AB is independent of the path in the domain. With the function h(x) found, evaluate the integral above from A(2; 0) to B(1; 2). 9 SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com Exercise 50. Find the function h(xy) in order to the integral Z h(xy)[(y + x3 y 2 )dx + (x + x2 y 3 )dy] AB is not dependent on the path in the domain. With the function h(xy) just found, find the above integral from A(1; 1) to B(2; 3). Chapter 5. Surface integrals 5.1. Surface integral of the first kind Exercise 51. Evaluate the following surface integrals a) RR b) RR c) RR (z + 2x + S x y z 4y )dS, where S = {(x, y, z) : + + = 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0} 3 2 3 4 (x2 + y 2 )dS, where S = {(x, y, z) : z = x2 + y 2 ; 0 ≤ z ≤ 1} S zdS, where S = {(x, y, z) : y = x + z 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1} S d) RR S dS , where S is a boundary of the tetrahedron x + y + z ≤ 2, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 (1 + x + y + z)2 5.2. Surface integral of the second kind Exercise 52. Evaluate the following surface integrals RR a) z(x2 + y 2 )dxdy, where S is a half of a sphere: x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, z ≥ 0, with the outward normal S vector. y2 b) ydzdx + z dxdy, where S is the sphere x + + z 2 = 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0, with downward 4 S orientation. RR 2 2 c) x y zdxdy, where S is the surface x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 , z ≤ 0 and has upward orientation. RR 2 2 S d) RR e) RR f) RR (y + z)dxdy, where S is the surface z = 4 − 4x2 − y 2 and z ≥ 0. S x3 dydz + y 3 dzdx + z 3 dxdy, where S is the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 and is oriented downward. S y 2 zdxdy + xzdydz + x2 ydzdx, where S is outside of the domain S ( g) RR x2 + y 2 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ x2 + y 2 x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy, where S is outside of the solid S ( (z − 1)2 ≥ x2 + y 2 a≤z≤1 10 SAMI - Hanoi University of Science and Technology Contact: dotronghoang@gmail.com Exercise 53. Use Stokes Theorem to evaluate the line integral Z (x + y 2 )dx + (y + z 2 )dy + (z + x2 )dz, C where C is a boundary of the triangle (1; 0; 0), (0; 1; 0), (0; 0; 1), oriented counterclockwise when viewed from above. Exercise 54. Given the sphere S: x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 lies inside the cylinder ( x2 + x + z 2 = 0 y ≥ 0, RR which is oriented outward. Prove that: (x − y)dxdy + (y − z)dydz + (z − x)dzdx = 0. S Chapter 6. Field theory Exercise 55. Find the directional derivative of the function ~` of the fucntion u = x3 + 2y 3 + 3z 2 + 2xyz ~ B(3; 2; 3). at A(2; 1; 1) with ~` = AB, −−→ Exercise 56. Compute the length of vector gradu, with u = x3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz at A(2; 1; 1). When is −−→ −−→ gradu perpendicular to Oz, and when is gradu = 0? −−→ Exercise 57. Evaulate gradu, with p 1 u = r2 + + ln r where r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 r Exercise 58. Find the directions in which the rate of change of the function u = x sin z − y cos z at the origin O(0, 0, 0) is maximum? −−→ Exercise 59. Evaluate the angle of two vectors gradz at (3; 4) of the fucntions: p z = x2 + y 2 p z = x − 3y + 3xy Exercise 60. Which of the following fields are conservative and find their potential functions. a) F~ = 5(x2 − 4xy)~i + (3x2 − 2y)~j + ~k b) F~ = (yz − 3x2 )~i + xz~j + (xy + 2)~k c) F~ = (x + y)~i + (x + z)~j + (z + y)~k x~i + y~j + z~k d) F~ = C p , C 6= 0 is a constant (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3 x 2 ~ e) F~ = (arctan z + 4xyz)~i + (2x2 z − 3y 2 )~j + ( 1+z 2 + 2x y)k Exercise 61. Let F~ = xz 2~i + yx2~j + zy 2~k. Find the flux of F across the surface S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, with the outward direction. Exercise 62. Let F~ = x(y + z)~i + y(z + x)~j + z(x + y)~k, L be an intersection of the cylinder x2 + y 2 + y = 0 and the half of sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2, z ≥ 0. Prove that the circulation of F~ around L equals to 0. 11