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Contemporary ARTS Notes (L1)
Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Region (Manuel S. Enverga University
Foundation)
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
CONTEMPORARY
Contemporary art- the term used
for art of the present day.
-Usually, the artists are alive and
still making work.
-Often about ideas and concerns,
rather than solely the aesthetic.
Aesthetic- the look of the work
Contemporary
Artistsuse
whatever they think illustrates their
idea most appropriately.
-If we talk in terms of the art
history, contemporary art can be
defined as art produced by artists
living today.
DIFFERENCES OF
CONTEMPORARY ART AND
MODERN ART
MODERN ART
-Typically used to describe the
present or recent times instead of
the remote past, so it’s a fair
assumption that modern art was
created recently.
-Refers to art produced during a
specific period in the past, and
many famous examples of modern
art are almost 200 years old.
-More recent than the Renaissance
or classical art periods, it is by no
mean current.
-Primarily drawing or painting.
-However,
the
rapid
rise
in
technology has drastically increased
the
medium
available
to
contemporary artist
since the
modernist period ended.
CONTEMPORARY ART
-The first difference between the
contemporary
and
modern
is
historical and chronological.
-Contemporary
art
described
current works of art.
-Usually those still living and
creating artworks.
-Today’s contemporary artists are
more
experimental
with
their
mediums.
-Contemporary art could be on
almost any design you can think of –
video art, object design, techenabled artworks, graphic arts, etc.
-Can be challenging to understand,
digest and classify.
-Unlike the art periods that came
before it, contemporary art is not
united by a style and not easily
grouped into different movements
like modern art.
-The age of contemporary art is
believed to have begun after the
Pop Art period of the 1960’s.
SIMILARITIES OF THE
CONTEMPORARY AND MODERN
ART
-modern and Contemporary Art both
can be considered revolutionary,
but Contemporary Art is more about
experimentation and freedom.
Modern art- an expression of
individuality.
Contemporary art- focuses on
social impact with society as the
primary focus.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
-As we have already touched on,
contemporary
art’s
most
memorable
characteristics
is,
ironically, the fact that it has no
single characteristics.
-It is defined by the artist’s ability to
innovate and bring out a modern
masterpiece that is relevant to the
current times.
-Some works are also site-specific.
-They are generally process-based
and integrate various medium and
art forms.
-Integrate
performance
art
theatricality.
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
SOME OF THE PHILIPPINE
ARTISTS ACCORDING TO THE
BOOK
HR OCAMPO
-Hernando Ruiz Ocampo was a
Filipino National Artist in the visual
arts.
-He is also a fictionist, a playwright
and editor
Education
Born
Born
Died
Nationalit
y
Known for
Awards
April 28, 1911 in
Manila, Philippines
December 28, 1978
(aged 67) Caloocan,
Metro
Manila,
Philippines
Filipino
Fiction,
playwright,
editing
Order of National
Artist
of
the
Philippines
Movement
University of
the
Philippines
Cubism Neorealism
*Frugal Meal by Cesar Legaspi
CARLOS FRANCISCO
-Carlos
Modesto
“Botong”
Francisco Villaluz is a Filipino
muralists from Angono, Rizal
Died
Nationalit
y
Another
name
Work
Parent
Honor
*Man on the Stairs by Xyza Bacani
*The Contrast by HR Ocampo
November 4, 1912 in
Angono,
Rizal,
Philippines
March
21,
1969
(aged 56) in Angono,
Rizal, Philippines
Filipino
Botong
Painter/Muralist
Felipe Francisco
Maria Villaluz
National Artist of the
Philippines
*Magpupukot by Carlos Francisco
CESAR LEGASPI
-Cesar Torrente Legaspi was a
Filipino National in painting
-He was also an art director prior to
going full-time in his visual art
practice in the 1960s.
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
-Fernando Cueto Amorsolo is one
of the important artists in the
Philippines
Born
Born
Died
Nationalit
y
Known for
Awards
April 2, 1917 in
Tondo,
Manila,
Philippines
April7, 1994 (aged
76)
in
Manila,
Philippines
Filipino
Painting
Order of National
Artist
of
the
Philippines
Died
Nationalit
y
Prohibitio
n
Education
Awards
May 30, 1892 in
Paco, Manila
April 24, 1972 (aged
79) in Quezon City
Filipino
Painting
Manila High School,
University
of
the
Philippines,
San
Fernando Academy
National Artist of the
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
Philippines
*Fishing
Amorsolo
Scene
by
Philippines
Fernando
VICTORIO EDADES
-Victorio Candido Edades was a
Filipino painter.
-He led the revolutionary Thirteen
Moderns,
who
engaged
their
classical compatriots in heated
debate over the nature and function
of the art.
-He was named a National Artist in
1976.
Born
Died
Nationalit
y
Education
Known for
Notable
work
Movemen
t
Awards
December 23, 1895
in Barrio Bolosan,
Dagupan,
Pangasinan,
Captaincy General of
the Philippines
March 7, 1985 (aged
89) in Davao City,
Philippines
Filipino
University
of
Washington,
Foundation
Des
Ecoles
D’Art
Americaines
De
Fontainebleau
Painting
“The Sketch”, “The
Builders”,
“Interectio”,
“Fontainebleau,
August 1937”, “The
Model
and
the
Artist”
Modernism
Order of National
Artists
of
the
*The Builders by Victoria Edades
IMELDA CAJIPE ANDAYA
-Social Realism continues to
influence contemporary artists, like
Imelda Cajipe-Andaya’s Filipina
DH (1995) is a social realist, but the
style and medium of the installation
is markedly different.
-Born on September 16, 1949
-Imelda is a Filipino printmaker,
painter,
mixed
media,
and
installation artist, curator and art
project organizer.
-She is also an author of various
texts and books, as well as the cofounder of Kasibulan, an artist
collective in the Philippines.
IBN SAUD SALIPYASIN AHMAD
-Mr. Ibn Saud Salipyasin Ahmad
is from Sibugay Bay of Zamboanga
whose art is on painting.
-He is known on painstaking
watercolor process and detailed
vibrant artworks that encourages
local and indigenous culture of the
Sibugaynons.
-He has no formal training but still
his ability and talent to give life into
their distinct culture has brought
him international just like in
Germany, Italy, United States,
Austria and Singapore.
ILI-LIKHA ARTISTS VILLAGE
-Kidlat Tahimik is known as a
filmmaker, and in fact was awarded
the National Artist honor in 2018 for
his contributions to
Philippine
cinema.
LAS DAMAS ROMANAS
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
-Las Damas Romanas literally, “The
Roman Dames”, also known as
The Roman Maidens, The Roman
Women, or The Roman Ladies.
-An oil on canvas painting by Juan
Luna, one of the most important
Filipino painters of the Spanish
period in the Philippines.
-It was painted by Luna when he
was a student of the school of
painting in the Real Academia de
Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Royal
Academy of Fine Arts of San
Fernando) in Madrid, Spain in 1877.
OMG CHRIST
-To the Philippine-born Concepcion,
OMG
Christ
depicts
the
juxtaposition of the
nostalgic,
religious references of his childhood
and the pop-art culture he has been
exposed to since his adolescent
years.
-Ernest Concepcion (born 1977) is a
studio artist who works both in
Manila and abroad.
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
PRE-CONQUEST
-In stylistic terms, we refer to it as
indigenous to emphasize the idea
that our ancestors have been
making art even before colonization
-It is also described in cultural terms
as “pre-colonial” as a term to use
for the general way of life before
colonization.
HUNTING
-Our ancestors, just like all others in
the world during those time, were
hunter- gatherers.
-They imitated the movement of the
animals and prey, and the sound
that they made.
-This simple activity evolved rituals,
music, dance, theater, and even
literature.
-They perform a ritual before they
hunt.
RITUALS
a. Cañao or Kanyaw
-Ritual dance performed during
native feasts or celebration in the
highlands of the Cordilleras in the
Luzon area of the Philippines.
-It is a symbol of triumph or
expectation for abundant crops.
b. Kashawing
-In Lake Lanao in Mindanao
-Ritual to ensure abundance during
rice planting and harvesting is
observed and performed.
c. Tagbanwa
-In Palawan
-Believe that every 13th moon, 3
goddesses descend from heaven to
bless the planting rice.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
-Long before the coming of the
Spaniards, the pre-colonial people
of the Philippines already possessed
a varied and vibrant musical
culture. The country’s indigenous
cultures through the existence of
ethic musical instrument such as:
*Pipes
*Flute
*Zithers
*Drums
*Kudyapi
*Kulintang
*Agong
NATIVE DANCE
*Mandayas’ Kinabua
*Banog-banog of the Higaonon and
of the B’laan Communities
*Man-manok of the Bagobos of
Mindanao
*Talip Dance of the Ifugaos used for
courtship and mimetic of the
movements of wild fowls
*Kadaliwas Dance of the T’bolis
represent the comedic movement of
monkeys.
*Tinikling
CARVING
*Bulul- Cordilleras
*Hagabi- Ifugao
*Santos- Pampanga and Laguna
*Sarimanok
*Sunduk
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
*Okir
*Torogan
POTTERY
a. Manuggul Jar
-Discovered at Manunggul Cave,
Lipuun Point, Palawan (890-710 BC)
-A secondary burial vessel, where
buried and exhumed bones are
placed.
b. Palayok
c. Tapayan
d. Banga
e. Pagbuburnay
-In Vigan thrives and is currently
valued in Ilocos as part of its
creative industry.
WEAVING
a. Textile
-Reverence for spirits and nature
-Criteria for the beautiful
-Societies’ sociopolitical structure
*Malong
*Pis Siyabat
*Langkit
BODY ORNAMENTATION
a. Tattoos
-A means of protection of an
individual from evil spirit
-A badge of maturity and bravery
-Provinces like Kalinga, Kankanay,
Ibaloy
and
Ifugaopractices
tattooing.
b. Jewelry
-Make the wearer more attractive
and pleasing to the Gods
-T’boli- wear brass chains, bells,
and colorful beads
-Metals like lotoans or betel but
boxes are made of brass or bronze
(Maranao of Lanao del Sur)
-Lost wax or cire perdue- metal
casting, molds filled with liquefied
metal that eventually hardens.
-Other vessels- brass kendi and
the gadur, status symbols or as
heirloom pieces.
ISLAMIC COLONIAL
(13TH CENTURY TO THE
PRESENT)
-Filipino Muslims believes that they
belong to an “ummah”- community
of believers
-Doctrine of tawhid- unity of God
-Philippine Muslims organize space
in architecture with parts of the
mosque like the mihrab or (niche) &
Qible (wall).
ART INFLUENCES OF ISLAMS IN
ARCHITECTURE
a. Dome
-Having dome- how to order of the
universe is imagined
-As the central feature - “all levels
of cosmic existence”
-Octagonal base symbolizes the
spirit
-Four-sided main base - earth or
material world
-Islamic forms would project grow or
have an upward orientation - for
heaven and to veer from the
“material earth”
-Panolong- carved protrusion a kin
to a wing attached to the torogan
-Torogan- royal house of the
Maranao
-Aside from the mythical sarimanok;
he burraq, a horse with the head of
a woman is to Prophet - ascension
to heaven.
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
(1521-1898)
-The colonizers used art as a tool to:
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
*Propagate the catholic faith
through beautiful images.
*Explain concepts behind
Catholicism.
*To tell stories of Christ’s life
and passion
CHURCHES
a. Churches
-The
baroque
style
are
predominantly employed to appeal
emotions.
-European inspired but with local
interventions
suits
its
native
sensibilities and adjustments to
local environmental conditions.
b. Sculpture and Ornamentation
-Santos are displayed most on
decorative altar niche, which are
called retablo
-Town’s patron saint implies with
architecture and sculpture which
embellished with rosettes, scrolls,
pediments and Solomonic columns
and are color dependency classified
(gilded or polychromed)
c. Via Crucis
-(14 paintings or relief sculptures)is
series of relief which shows Christ’s
crucifixion and resurrection.
d. Trompe L”oeil
-French for “fooling the eye”
-It refers to paintings that give a
heightened
illusion
of
threedimensionality.
MUSIC AND LITERATURE
a. Doctrina Christiana
-First printed book in the Philippines
compiling
song
lyrics,
commandments, sacraments, and
other catechetical material.
b. Kundiman
-Traditional Filipino love song
PERFORMANCE ART
a. Pasyon o Pagbasa
-Biblical narration of Christ’s passion
chanted in an improvised melody.
b. Zarzuela or Sarsuwela
-Operetta which features singing
and dancing interspersed with prose
dialogue.
c. Senakulo
-Dramatic presentation
the Passion of Christ.
depicting
d. Komedya
-Colorful theatrical tradition that
describes the conflicts between
Muslims and Christians.
PAINTINGS
-Paintings are expressed through
visual interpretation through biblical
texts in Catholic devotion.
-Like; Heaven, Earth, and Hell
(1850) is a mural of Jose Dans
placed now in Paete.
-Church, Laguna that shows the
map of the universe and the
terrifying depiction of hell.
-Usually uses Chiaroscuro interplay
of light and dark in their contrast
-Landscapes, still life, and genre
were popular choices.
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
(1898-1940) TO THE POSTWAR
REPUBLIC (1946-1969)
-Lingua franca in English, poems
and stories from books in classroom
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
to facilitate the teaching of the
English
through
public
school
system, which the Americans had
brought.
-In less than a decade, Filipino –
began to write plays in English.
-In 1915, Lino Castillejo and Jesus
Arullo
authored
A
Modern
Filipina which first Filipino play
written in English.
-City
Beautiful
Movement
introduced in 1893 at Chicago
World Fair in which new urban
design, Neoclassic architecture are
integrated parks and lawns, to make
attractive buildings impressive and
places for leisure amid urban blight.
-Manila’s
Neoclassic
Architecture examples are:
*Post Office and the Legislative
Building
*National Art Gallery
Which are monumental in scale and
are ironically composed of thick
columns.
PAINTINGS
-Inclination
towards
still
life,
portrait, and genre still persisted.
a.Fabian de La Rosa (Naturalist
Painting)
-Depiction of realistic objects in a
natural setting
-Used subdued and cool colors
-First dean of UP school of Fine Arts
*Planting Rice
*Casas de Pescadores en Tondo
*Wishing by the River
b.Fernando Amorsolo (Romantic
paintings)
-Busting with yellow-orange and
golden sunlight
-Idealized rural life of working men
and women
-Was able to show the ideal beauty
of the Philippines Landscape, rural
life, and Filipinas
-He was also a graphic artist who
rendered drawings for textbooks
series
-The Philippine Readers as well as
illustrations for the newspaper The
Independent
-First National Artist
*Dalagang Filipina
*Fruit Gatherer
*Fruit Pickers Harvesting Under the
Mango Tree
SCULPTURE
a.Guilermo Tolentino
-Amorsolo’s counterpart in sculpture
*Oblation
*Bonifacio Monument
MODERN ART AND ITS
CHALLENGE TO ACADEMIC ART
-The proponent of Modern Art,
Victorio Edades style were initially
rejected and misunderstood in
which his modernist sensibility was
shared by several artists:
-Carlos “Botong” V. Francisco had
his magisterial mural tiled the
Filipino
Struggles
Through
History in 1964 placed in Manila
City Hall.
-Galo Campo another piece is
Brown Madonna in 1938.
-Edades, Francisco, and Ocampo are
called “triumvirate” of modern art
with their collaborative work that
survives to this day is Nature’s
Bounty, (ca 1935)
-With various medium techniques,
and themes it is defined as “new”
and even “shocking”
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
-Edades publicized a roster of artist
modernist learning
-They are the “Thirteen Moderns”
included himself and 12 others:
Arsenio Capili
Bonifacio Cristobal
Demetrio Diego
National Artist Carlos Francisco
National Artist Cesar Legaspi
Diosdado Lorenzo
Anita Magsaysay-Ho
Galo Ocampo
National Artist Hernando R. Ocampo
Jose Pardo
Ricarte Puruganan
JAPANESE OCCUPATION (19411945)
-Modern art project slowdown in
pace but they continued to produce
art and even participated in
sponsored art competitions.
-KALIBAPI
–
Kapisanan
sa
Paglilingkod ng Bagong Pilipinas
*Art production once again
titled to fulfill the agenda and
demands of the new colonial order.
-Puruganan & Francisco – won
the KALIBAPI award
-Greater
East
Co-Prosperity
Sphere, a propaganda movement
that sought to create a Pan-Asian
identity that rejected western
traditions.
-Slogan such as “Asia for Asians”
made its way to the public through
porters, ephemera, comics and
Japanese
sponsored
publication
such
as
Shin-Seiko
and
in
newspapers and magazines such as
Liwayway and Tribune.
-National Artist Felipe P. De
Leon write Awit sa PAglikha ng
Bagong Pilipinas, it was said to
have been “commanded at the
point of the gun” just to write a
song.
-Declared as anthem especially for
the period, it conveyed allegiance to
the nation reared in East Asia,
where Japan was actively asserting
its political power.
-Fernando Amorsolo’s painting
evoked the semblance of peace,
idealized work in the countryside
and promoted values of docile
industrious.
-His Paintings are Rice Planting and
Harvest Scene.
-Sylvia La Torre’s hit song Sa
Kabukiran, written in Tagalog in
the 1940’s by the acclaimed
composer Levi Celerio (National
Artist for Music and Literature,
awarder 1997)
-His Excellency – Jorge B. Vargas
who is considered as the Chairman
of
the
Philippine
Executive
Commission.
GENRE PAINTINGS
-Colonizers
preferred
to
have
showed indigenous and pre-colonial
traditions
representing
different
ethnolinguistic groups – Crispin
Lopez’s Study of an Aota 1943
-Although scenes of war made
imagery remained neutral but
rather on the aesthetic qualities of
ruin and disaster
-Amorsolo’s
Bombing
of
the
Intendencia
-Ruins of the Manila Cathedral, 1945
– elegant handling – value in the
billows of smoke or the pile ruins
-Works that depicted the horrors:
*Diosdado Lorenzo’s Atrocities in
Paco
*Dominador Castañeda’s Doomed
Family were painted after 1945
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
NEO-REALISM
-Art that exposed “true social
conditions”, shapes, and colors of
daily life.
-Artist-writer E. Aguilar Cruz
named the movement Neo-Realism
-Manansala, Legaspi and HR
Ocampo – other artist associated
with Neo-Realism
-Vicente Silva Mansala’s
*The Beggars
*Tuba Drinkers
-Cesar Torente Legaspi’s
*Gadgets II
*Bar Girls
-HR Ocampo’s
*The Contrast
*Genesis
SUPPORT INSTITUTION
-Art
Association
of
the
Philippines
(AAP)
were
established in 1948 under the
leadership of artist Purita KalawLedesma
-Philippine Art Gallery (PAG),
which provided and laid out
programs for modern, was put up in
1951 through the efforts of the
artist – writer Lydia Arguilla
-Awardees of the AAP’s 1953 art
contest
Cebu-based
Martino
Abellana’s Job was also a Man
Fernando Zobel’s Carroza.
MODERN ARCHITECTURAL
STRUCTURES
-UP Diliman’s Church of Holy
Sacrifice (1955) Church of the
Risen Lord
-Czech-American architect Antonin
Raymond’s Chapel of St. Joseph
the Worker (Victorias, Negros)
-Angry Christ
*A striking mural of Christ by
Filipino-American
artist
Alfonso
Ossorio
*It utilizes the expressive use of
color, jagged angularity of the
rendering and the use of flame-like
motifs to bring the visual tentacle of
Bacolod’s Maskara Festival
ABSTRACTION
-a strand of Modern Art that consists
of simplified forms which avoided
mimetic representation.
-Also
referred
to
as
nonrepresentational
or
nonobjective art
-It emphasized the relations of line,
color, and space or the flatness of
the canvas.
-More Modern Artists:
*Arturo Luz’s Street Musicians
(1952)
*Nena Sagul’s Cargadores (1951)
70’S TO CONTEMPORARY
-Helm to Ferdinand and Imelda
Marcos in 1965 cultural projectsbuilt backdrop of poverty and
volatile social conditions.
-National chaos of emergency
proportions emerged as Martial Law
was declared on September 21,
1972 that envisioned a New Society
or Bagong Lipunan.
-This vision was propagated and
implemented through an art and
culture program that combined the
fine arts, architecture, interior
design, tourism, convention city
building
(hotels,
theater,
coliseums),
engineering,
urban
planning and health.
-The optimism toward a new
beginning
was
articulated
for
example, in Levi Celerio and Felipe
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
Padilla de Leon’s composition for
the New Society titled Bagong
Pagsilang.
-Cultural
Center
of
the
Philippines (CCP) is a bureaucratic
entity of art acquisition that upholds
exhibition
making,
workshops,
grants, and awards created on June
25, 1966 in the inaugurated in
1969, the year Marcos was elected
to his second term as Philippine
President Marcos Regime Bloom.
-Leandro
Locsin
designed
the
modernist
building,
crossing
between the vernacular bahay kubo
and art but minimalist structures as
shrines to High Art.
Folks Arts Theater
*Venue of the first Ms. Universe
Pageant in the Philippines in 1974
Philippine
International
Convention Center (PICC)
*1976 IMF World Bank Conference
Tahanang Filipino or Coconut
Palace
*Anticipation of a papal visit
Manila Film Center
*Manila International Film Festival
Rival Cannes
Roberto Chabet
*Director of a museum, artistprofessor. He emphasized the idea
behind his art rather than technique
and form. He considered himself as
Flux
artist.
He
sis
collages,
drawings,
sculpture,
and
installation.
Objects
*A group exhibition held at the CCP
in 1973
Tearing into Pieces
-Work of Chabet which was seen as
scandalous
critique
of
the
conventions of the world of art
-The Struggle for the Philippine Art,
book created by Purita KalawLedesma, founder of the Art
Association of the Philippines, artist,
collector, and critic who claims that
the above mention artwork is an
“anti-museum art”
SOCIAL REALISM
-Significant
strand
of
intense
political ferment in the 70s and 80s
-Uses various medium, techniques,
and styles was referred to as protest
art in sociopolitical issues
-A form of protest art that exposed
the
sociopolitical
issues
and
struggle
*Itak sa puso ni Mang Juan by
Antipas Delovato
*Kinupot by Edgar Fernandez
KINUPOT
-The artwork’s name originates from
two Filipino words. First one being
“kinuha” meaning “got” and
“sinupot” meaning “bagged”
-The artwork represents and refers
to the abductors of political activists
by the military during Philippine
President Ferdinand Marcos martial
law role
KAISAHAN
-Group of artist who constantly
discussed their social and political
orientation which strengthened the
foundation of their practice
-Kaisahan
was
composed
of
Antipas Delotavo, Neil Doloricon,
Renato Habulan, Edgar Talusan
Hernandez, Al Manrique, Jose Tence
Ruiz, and Pablo Baen Santos
-Kaisahan’s influence as a collective
reached organization like the group
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
of UP Fine Arts Students who
eventually became known in the
80s as the Salingpusa.
EXPRESSIONIST
-Works that conveyed emotional
and qualities/states
-In sculpture. Eduardo Castillo’s
gigantic metal works Pieta, 1969,
evoke a strong feeling of anguish
and loss through the expressive
poses of Mary the mother and the
oversized body of Christ
Francisco
*Creates paintings influence folk
scenes
Santiago Bose
*Explored ethnicity, identity and
alternative historical narratives who
drew insight from his native Baguio
ancestors
Roberto Feleo
*Create installations that retell
creation
stories
drawn
from
indigenous elements and combine
them into foreign interventions
Brenda Fajardo
*Create art works that would
foreground – the histories of ethnic
communities through her tarot card
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Lesson 2
Brief History of Philippine Art
Downloaded by Adrian Maratas (maratasadrian12@gmail.com)