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Test Bank
Creating Environments for Learning:
Birth to Age Eight
Fourth Edition
Julie Bullard
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Chapter 1: Understanding the Importance of the Environment
Chapter 1 Learning Outcome Quizzes
Learning Objective 1.1: Explain why the environment is important for children’s
learning.
[Q1]
Which of the following is a true statement about children’s learning during the early
years?
1. The lack of appropriate experiences in the early childhood years can alter a child’s
brain development. [correct]
2. Brain development is most rapid during adolescence.
3. Since children spend more time from fourth to eighth grade than in birth to grade
three environments, they have the opportunity to make up for missed early
experiences.
4. The synapses developed by the brain remain consistent during childhood.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
Children’s brain development is altered by the environment and stimulation that they
receive. This affects not only the brain but even how genes are expressed.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Brain development is most active during the early childhood years.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Children in most early childhood environments will spend more time in these
environments than in the rest of elementary school. Additionally, learning is built on the
foundation of early childhood. If these skills are missing, it is often difficult to make them
up.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The synapses that are developed are strengthened or pruned as a result of
experiences.
[Q2]
Which of the following activities would be the best example of guided play?
1. The children are divided into small groups, and each child is given finger paint to
create a picture. The teacher asks them to create a picture of spring.
2. Children are assigned to a specific learning center where they choose what activity
they would like to participate in. The teacher has them rotate centers every 15
minutes.
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3. The teacher is leading the group in dramatizing the book Caps for Sale. The teacher
assigns some children to be the monkeys, others the trees, and one child to be the
peddler.
4. It is center time and two children have chosen the science center. They are
determining what types of homemade wands will make bubbles. The teacher had
introduced the activity during group time. [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Child choice is a critical aspect of play. This includes whether to participate in the play,
the direction the play will take, and whether the play will continue. In this instance,
choice is limited.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Although there is some choice involved in the activity, the choice of how long to
participate is missing.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
This is an example of playful learning, where the teacher uses a playful approach to
teach a lesson. Many play researchers do not view this as play
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
The example of the children creating bubble wands in the science center would be the
best example of guided play. The children have a choice of whether to participate and
for how long. The teacher has guided the learning through introducing it at group time.
[Q3]
Which is a true statement about play?
1. While play assists children’s social and emotional development, there is no evidence
that it helps them academically.
2. Play is critical in preschool, but once children enter elementary school, they need to
be more academically oriented.
3. If children have choices of activities, they don’t learn to follow rules.
4. Research suggests that guided play enhances children’s learning more than free
play or direct instruction. [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Research demonstrates that play can assist children with social, emotional, literacy, and
cognitive development.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Research demonstrates that play continues to be an effective way for children to learn
even in elementary school.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
As children play, they learn to follow self-imposed rules to keep the play going. For
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example, in dramatic play, they must continue the script and stay within their role to
keep the play moving forward.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
Several studies have shown that guided play can enhance learning more than free play
or direct instruction.
[Q4]
Which of the following teacher statements is most aligned with developmentally
appropriate practice?
1. “Children are in my program for only half a day; therefore, we do not have time for
play. They can always play at home.”
2. “I believe that if we want children to be prepared for elementary school, we need to
spend our time on academics.”
3. “I believe that it is important to have a variety of materials at different levels in my
classroom to meet the needs of all the children.” [correct]
4. “I want to make sure that children are prepared when they go to elementary school.
So I make sure that we complete worksheets each day.”
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Play is often more effective for learning than other approaches.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Play enhances children’s academic and social skills. Both are necessary for school
success.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
The teacher who is most aligned with developmentally appropriate practices (D AP) is
the teacher who states, “I believe that it is important to have a variety of materials at
different levels in my classroom to meet the needs of all the children.” This teacher is
aware that children of the same age will be at different developmental levels.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Children learn best through active, hands-on learning.
[Q5]
Which of the following environmental strategies would be most effective in supporting
positive behaviors?
1. Teach children to share by reducing the number of toys
2. Have a large, open floor plan so that children have room to run
3. Provide clear boundaries between learning centers. [correct]
4. Place all the toys in toy boxes, so that there are less problems with picking toys up
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
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Providing enough materials assists in reducing conflicts.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
A large, open area often encourages running. This is often not what teachers want
children to be doing in the classroom.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Clear boundaries assist in helping children keep materials in the center and to be able
to focus on the work they are doing there.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
When toys are in toy boxes, children often have to remove everything to find the toy
they are looking for. It is also difficult for children to see their choices. Placing toys and
materials on labeled, open shelves is preferred.
Learning Objective 1.2: Explain how a well-designed environment supports current
early childhood position statements and initiatives.
[Q1]
Which would be the most accurate definition of N AEYC?
1. An association primarily serving childcare providers
2. An association primarily serving early childhood professionals working with children
ages 3–8
3. An association that advocates for young children and the early childhood profession
[correct]
4. An association that only has members in the United States
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
NAEYC is a professional organization that serves those working or advocating for
children from birth to age 8 in a variety of settings.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
NAEYC is a professional organization that serves those working or advocating for
children from birth to age 8 in a variety of settings.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Among other things, NAEYC is a professional organization that advocates for young
children and the early childhood profession. They also develop national standards, grant
accreditation, and provide professional development and resources.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The association serves members around the world.
[Q2]
Which of the following teacher statements is consistent with developmentally
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appropriate practices (DAP) principles?
1. While social and emotional learning is important, the role of schools is to focus on
academics.
2. Learning follows general progressions. [correct]
3. As children get older, learning needs to be less integrated with a separate time for
each subject.
4. Technology should not be used in the early childhood years.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
DAP stresses that all domains of learning (social, emotional, cognitive, physical, and
linguistic) are important and are interrelated.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
Learning follows general progressions that each child follows. However, there are
variations in timing based upon culture, individual differences, and experiences.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
DAP emphasizes integrated curriculum throughout the early childhood years.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Appropriate use of technology is one of the DAP principles. NAEYC considers
technology and interactive media to be valuable tools.
[Q3]
Both the partnership for 21st Century Skills and the Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development (ASCD) Whole Child Initiatives stress 21st Century Skills.
Which of the following is an example of a 21st Century Skill?
1. Engaging in critical thinking [correct]
2. Memorizing large amounts of information
3. Returning to the basics
4. Viewing the teacher as a “sage on the stage”
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
Engaging in critical thinking is one of the 21st Century Skills. Some other skills include
creativity, communication, collaboration, and technology skills.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Memorizing large amounts of information would be counter to 21stCentury Skills, which
emphasize thinking skills.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
While content is important to 21st Century Skills, those advocating for this approach do
not believe that content alone is enough. Children need additional skills such as being
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effective collaborators, communicators, creative problem solvers, and critical thinkers.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The teacher in this approach emphasizes active learning where children engage in
integrated curriculum, project-based learning, collaborative groups rather than just
listening to lectures.
[Q4]
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills emphasize learner-centered curriculum. Which
of the following would you likely see in a school emphasizing this philosophy?
1. Curriculum focusing on one subject at a time
2. Most of the time devoted to teacher-directed whole group activities
3. Project-based learning [correct]
4. Classroom with individual desks facing the interactive whiteboard
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
The Partnership for 21st Century Skills emphasizes integrated learning often with
themes based on children’s interests.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Learning center curriculum is based on student needs and interests. Rather than large
group teacher-directed groups, you would be more likely to see collaborative small
groups.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Project-based learning would be consistent with learner-centered curriculum. As
children engage in projects, they learn content and also 21st Century Skills.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
A learning-centered classroom would be more likely to have tables and chairs
promoting collaborative small group learning than individual desks.
[Q5]
Early childhood textbooks frequently refer to Developmentally Appropriate Practices (D
AP). What is DAP?
1. Methods that assist each child to learn through a strength-based, play-based
approach [correct]
2. A one-size-fits-all teaching approach based upon developmental progressions
3. An early childhood curriculum
4. A mandate to allow free play versus teaching
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
DAP is “methods that promote each child’s optimal development and learning through a
6
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strengths-based, play-based approach to joyful, engaged learning” (N AEYC, 2020, p.
5).
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
DAP is based upon developmental progressions. However, DAP stresses that teaching
and learning needs to be individualized to meet each child’s needs.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
While DAP provides guidance on appropriate methods and content, it is not a
curriculum.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
DAP promotes using a variety of teaching methods including guided play in learning
centers, as well as small group and whole group learning.
Learning Objective 1.3: Describe how early childhood theorists and curriculum
approaches support play-based learning in a rich environment.
[Q1]
Which of the following is a belief that was promoted by Montessori, Piaget, and
Malaguzzi?
1. They all believe that children learn through play. [correct]
2. They all believe that it is important to first teach the child the correct way to use a
material before giving the material to the child.
3. They all promote the plan, do, review method.
4. They all believe that it is best if the teacher takes a “hands-off” approach to teaching.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
Montessori, Piaget, and Malaguzzi all believed that children learn best through play.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Montessori believed it is best to first teach the child the correct way to use a material,
while Piaget and Malaguzzi did not stress this. Piaget and Malaguzzi also emphasized
using more open-ended materials that could be used in a variety of ways.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
The High Scope model based upon Piaget, promotes the plan, do, review method. This
is unique to this model and is not emphasized by Montessori or Malaguzzi.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
None of the approaches believes in a “hands-off” approach. All view the teacher as a
facilitator of learning.
[Q2]
Which material would be the most likely to provide affordances?
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1. A game where you match the number of dots to the numeral
2. A set of blocks made from cut up tree branches [correct]
3. An activity where a child follows a recipe to make a fruit salad
4. A puzzle of a zebra
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
The game while appropriate is closed ended, needing to be completed in a certain way.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
A set of blocks made from cut up tree branches is most likely to grant the most
affordances or opportunities to learn since they are open ended and can be used in
many different ways.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Following a recipe is appropriate, but is closed ended, needing to be completed in a
certain way.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
A puzzle of a zebra while an appropriate learning activity, is closed ended, needing to
be completed in one correct way.
[Q3]
One of Vygotsky’s well-known theories is the zone of proximal development (Z PD). The
ZPD is assisted by scaffolding. Which of the following is a true statement regarding
scaffolding?
1. Scaffolding is having a teacher or another child complete the work for the child.
2. Scaffolding is the support provided to help a child perform a task in the ZPD zone.
[correct]
3. Scaffolding can only be provided by the teacher or an older child.
4. Scaffolding always involves showing a child what to do.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
While modeling could be a type of scaffolding, completing the work for the child is not.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
Scaffolding uses a variety of techniques to assist a child to perform a task in their ZPD.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Scaffolding can be provided by anyone with increased knowledge or skills including a
younger child.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Scaffolding could be just providing a hint.
8
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[Q4]
What would you most likely see in a HighScope program?
1. Children engaged in plan, do, review [correct]
2. Children participating in several hours of direct instruction
3. Commercial materials only
4. A hands-off approach as children use the learning environment
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
Children engage in plan, do, review in the HighScope approach.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Children in the HighScope approach engage in play-based learning rather than several
hours of direct instruction.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
HighScope emphasizes natural materials in addition to commercial materials.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
HighScope promotes the teacher scaffolding learning as children use learning centers.
[Q5]
What would you be most likely to see in a Montessori program?
1. Plastic hammers
2. Mainly open-ended materials
3. Orderly environments [correct]
4. Adults directing children’s activities
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Montessori advocated using real tools rather than plastic child toys.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Montessori materials are often closed ended, meaning that they are designed so that
there is a correct way to use the material.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Montessori advocated an orderly environment stating that it helped children to develop
order in their lives.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Teachers in Montessori schools give children lessons on how to use materials but then
allow them to work on their own.
Learning Objective 1.4: Describe the role of the teacher in creating effective learning
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environments that support guided play.
[Q1]
Tenille is sitting with a group of preschool children at lunchtime. Which of the following
is an example of an open-ended question she could ask at this time?
1. Do you like apples or oranges better?
2. What are the ways that apples and oranges are alike? [correct]
3. What color are the beets?
4. What do you say when Terrence passes you the meat loaf?
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Closed-ended questions ask the child to recall factual information, give a correct
answer, answer yes or no, or state a preference. In this case, children are asked to
state a preference.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
The best example of an open-ended question is, “What are the ways that apples and
oranges are alike?” Open-ended questions encourage multiword responses that have
more than one correct answer. They invite conversation, require thinking and problem
solving, and ask children to share ideas, theories, thoughts, emotions, and reasoning.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
This question is closed ended, where there is one correct answer.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
This question is closed ended. There is a specific answer the teacher is expecting.
[Q2]
Which of the following is the most effective approach in designing an environment for
the four-year-old children in your program?
1. Duplicate an environment that has proved to be successful in another program.
2. Observe the children in your classroom to understand their interests and
developmental levels, and then use this information to design an environment.
[correct]
3. Set up an environment with all the recommended learning centers and then
eliminate any centers that are not used.
4. Duplicate the five-year-old classroom in your program so the children will be familiar
with it when they transition to the next room.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Duplicating environments does not allow you to meet the unique interests and needs of
the children in your classroom. It also does not take into account the unique philosophy
of the program.
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[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
To design an effective environment, it is important to begin by understanding the
interests and developmental levels of the children in the classroom and use this
information to create an effective environment. You will also want to consider the
philosophy of the program including the curriculum approach.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
If centers are not being used, you will want to analyze why this is happening and make
necessary adjustments rather than removing them.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Duplicating environments does not allow you to meet the unique needs of the children in
your classroom.
[Q3]
Scott is just beginning to learn the names for the letters of the alphabet. Which of the
following would be an example of the teacher scaffolding his learning?
1. The teacher requires Scott to spend 15 minutes a day working with letter flash cards.
2. The teacher tells Scott, “You need to learn all your letters and then you will be ready
to read.”
3. The teacher does not want to push Scott to learn letters before he is ready, so she
takes a “hands-off” approach.
4. The teacher says the names of the letters as she writes down words that Scott
dictates. [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
It is often more effective and more motivating for children to learn the letters in a
meaningful context rather than through repeated drill.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Telling a child that he needs to learn the letters without providing appropriate support is
not effective.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
The “hands-off” approach will not help Scott to learn the letters.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
An example of scaffolding would be to name the letters as you write down the words
that Scott dictates. This allows Scott to learn the letters in a meaningful context and
supports him in learning the letter names.
[Q4]
Four teachers are discussing how they support children’s play during center time. Which
is facilitating learning through guided play?
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1. “Since I do not want to disrupt children’s play, I take a hands-off approach during
learning center time.”
2. “I give each child specific tasks to perform during learning center time.”
3. “I direct the children’s play, that way I know that they are learning and that all the
children are involved.”
4. “I observe children while they use learning centers and interact when appropriate to
support their learning.” [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Guided play is when the child directs the play, and the teacher scaffolds the child’s
learning. A total hands-off approach does not provide scaffolding.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Guided play is when the child directs the play, and the teacher scaffolds the child’s
learning. In this case, the teacher is directing the play.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Guided play is when the child directs the play, and the teacher scaffolds the child’s
learning. In this case, the teacher is directing the play.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
This is an example of guided play. The child directs the play, and the teacher supports
the learning as needed.
[Q5]
Your local mall is having a children’s event. Your organization is attending and wants to
promote play as a primary way that children learn. Which of the following would be the
most effective in advocating play-based learning?
1. Provide a sink and float activity for children and have a display board that describes
what children are learning as they participate in the activity. [correct]
2. Have an art display with children’s work from various programs.
3. Give each family a handout that provides research about what children learn during
play.
4. Set up a booth with a finger painting activity for children to participate in.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
A hands-on activity will entice families to visit your booth. The activity is appropriate for
young children. The display board will help families to understand what children are
learning especially if it is written with a bullet list containing as few words as possible to
make the point.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
An art display can be a way for the public to see children’s work. However, without an
explanation of what children are learning, many will not understand the value of what
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they are seeing.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
While a research handout could provide valuable information, it is likely that most
families will not read it and it will get lost as they move from booth to booth.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
A finger painting activity would be enticing and would most likely cause many families to
visit your booth. However, if you don’t explain the value of the activity, a prime
opportunity will be wasted.
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Application Exercises
Application Exercise 1.1
Learning Objective 1.1 Explain why the environment is important for children’s
learning.
[Q1]
Use the opening photo in Chapter 1 of your text or eText to answer the following
question. How does the environment support positive behaviors?
[Q1 Model Response]
The environment is divided into learning centers allowing small groups of children to
work together. There are dividers between the centers. There appears to be an
abundance of interesting materials allowing engagement and child choice. This would
help to prevent boredom and children from fighting over limited resources. Each center
appears well developed, which would keep children from all congregating in one area.
Materials are organized, aesthetically displayed, and appear to be in good condition
encouraging children to respect the materials and return them to the proper places.
There appear to be activities that would help children to manage their emotions such as
the music and dance center.
[Q2]
Use the opening photo in Chapter 1 of your text or eText to answer the following
question. What could be added to this environment to support positive behaviors?
[Q2 Model Response]
A private retreat space is not obvious from the photo. This would assist children to
reduce stress.
Application Exercise 1.2
Learning Objective 1.2 Explain how a well-designed environment supports current
early childhood position statements and initiatives.
[Q1]
Scenario: You visit a classroom in which the Pre-K children are sitting at tables. All the
children are completing the same alphabet worksheets.
Question: What are two developmental principles this practice violates?
[Q1 Model Response]
The described practice violates the development principle of learning in active ways. It
does not take into account that development is variable between children, or that
learning follows well-documented sequences becoming more complex over time.
Instead, the assumption of someone using this practice is that all the children are at
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exactly the same developmental level and that they learn through drill.
[Q2]
Scenario: You visit a classroom in which the Pre-K children are sitting at tables. All the
children are completing the same alphabet worksheets.
Question: What is at least one example of an authentic opportunity to practice learning
letters that you might find in learning centers? Why would this activity be more
developmentally appropriate than having all the children complete the same alphabet
worksheet?
[Q2 Model Response]
There are many different examples, children might practice writing letters as they write
their name on their art creation or create a book in the writing center. They might
complete an ABC puzzle or play an ABC matching game in the manipulative center.
Each of these activities involves active, play-based learning. As children write their
name, they will be using individualized skills. For example, some children may be able
to write all the letters in their first name, while others will only be able to write the first
letter of their name. Since children are choosing the puzzle and game, they are likely at
a level that children find challenging.
Application Exercise 1.3
Learning Objective 1.3 Describe how early childhood theorists and curriculum
approaches support play-based learning in a rich environment.
[Q1]
Your text or eText discusses five early childhood theorists: Montessori, Piaget,
Vygotsky, Malaguzzi, and Steiner. What are the similarities between at least three or
more of the theorists?
[Q1 Model Response]
They all believed in play-based, active learning and child choice in activities.
They all believed in the importance of the environment in promoting children’s learning.
They all viewed the role of the teacher as a facilitator of learning who is a careful
observer, using the knowledge gained to establish effective environments and
interactions.
A beautiful, aesthetic environment was promoted by Montessori, Malaguzzi, and
Steiner. Montessori, Malaguzzi, and Steiner also all developed their approaches
following the devastation of war.
[Q2]
Your text or eText discusses five early childhood theorists: Montessori, Piaget,
Vygotsky, Malaguzzi, and Steiner. What is at least one unique idea that each theorist is
credited with developing and promoting?
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[Q2 Model Response]
Montessori stressed self-correcting materials allowing the child to learn through the
scaffolding the material provides.
Piaget stressed that learners are motivated by disequilibrium causing the learner to
either assimilate this new information or accommodate or modify their thinking.
Vygotsky developed the theory of the zone of proximal development and the idea that
adults or more knowledgeable peers can scaffold children’s learning within this zone.
Malaguzzi developed the idea that programs should have an atelierista and an atelier to
promote children using art as a tool to express their ideas, thoughts, and knowledge
and also to further their thinking.
Steiner promoted using natural materials such as beeswax, plant-dyed sheep’s wool,
and stones.
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Test Items
Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which answer is the best example of free play as described in the textbook?
a. The teacher engages the children in a game of red light and green light.
b. Children participate in a scripted drama.
c. A group of children pretend that they are preparing and eating a meal.
d. A group of children and their coach participate in little league baseball.
2) Research reveals that outcomes for children are better if they are in classrooms with
.
a. more teacher-directed instruction
b. more play-based instruction
c. more large group activities
d. less center time activities
3) Which statement is not true? The value of play is supported by
.
a. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
b. Theorists including Montessori, Vygotsky, Piaget, and Malaguzzi but not Steiner
c. Curricular approaches including Waldorf, Reggio Emilia, HighScope, Tools of the
Mind, and Montessori
d. Developmentally Appropriate Practices
4) Teachers support the learning through the environment in all the following ways
EXCEPT ___________.
a. building interest in the centers and materials
b. taking a hands-off approach as children use the centers
c. assessing children and documenting their learning
d. having large and small discussions about the center activities
5) Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question?
a. Do you want peaches or pears?
b. What is your favorite type of flower?
c. How many buttons do you have on your shirt?
d. How are cows and horses the same or different?
6) Which statement is not true? Children generally exhibit more positive behaviors if
the teacher
.
a. provides retreat areas where children can be alone
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b. provides children with many choices so they are actively engaged
c. keeps the room open for easy supervision
d. reduces density through using all areas of the classroom
7) Teresa has all the children in her class make the letter “S” out of play dough so that
they can learn the shape of the letter. Where would this activity fit on the play
continuum?
a. This is an example of free play.
b. This is an example of guided play.
c. This is an example of co-opted play.
d. This is an example of direct instruction.
8) Three core considerations are at the heart of developmentally appropriate practice.
These considerations influence early childhood curriculum, relationships, and
environments. They are
.
a. commonality, individuality, and context
b. culture, socioeconomic background, and age
c. trends, regulations, and research
d. teachers, children, and families
Short Answer and Essay Questions
1. List at least two reasons why the early childhood environment is crucial for young
children’s learning.
2. You believe that play is a critical learning tool for kindergarten children, but the
principal is questioning whether children will learn what they need to through play.
Respond to the administrator’s concerns giving a rationale for why play is important.
Include at least three different reasons.
3. Describe at least four ways that a high-quality environment can support
developmentally appropriate practice.
4. Why did Lev Vygotsky believe that play is the ideal way for children to practice selfregulation?
5. Tanitha, a four-year old who is very interested in insects, is observing the
grasshoppers, crickets, and centipedes that are in the bug jars in the science center.
List three open-ended questions the teacher might ask her about the bugs.
6. List at least one way that you would support families in understanding the value of
learning centers.
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Test Answer Key
Chapter 1—Multiple Choice Questions
1. c
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. d
6. c
7. d
8. a
Chapter 1—Short Answer and Essay Questions.
1. The early childhood environment is important because children are in the stage of
rapid development in all domains including brain development, many children spend
more time in early childhood environments than they will in elementary or secondary
school, children have little choice about the environments they are in, and the
environment supplies the ingredients for play-based learning. Play is necessary for
healthy development.
2. Play is important for many reasons. There is global recognition that play is an
important right for children. Through play children gain self-regulation skills and have
the opportunity to practice academic, social, and communication skills in an
authentic context. Play is an integrated activity that is at the child’s ideal
developmental level and is a highly motivating activity. Play allows children to learn
cultural roles. Play encourages 21st centssury skills such as critical thinking. Play
allows learning to be scaffolded by a more competent peer. Research supports playbased learning.
3. A high-quality environment can support developmentally appropriate practice by:
•
allowing active learning
•
promoting learning in the different domains
•
promoting high levels of play
•
providing materials and activities that meet the needs and interests of individual
children with varying abilities
•
increasing child motivation
•
allowing for integrated learning
•
providing a range of challenges
•
integrating technology as a tool for learning
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4. Lev Vygotsky believed that play was the ideal avenue for practicing self-regulation
skills because children need to use self-regulation skills to sustain a plot and to stay
in character. Additionally, it is a highly motivating activity for practicing these skills.
5. There are many appropriate open-ended questions that could be asked. For
example, “How are grasshoppers, crickets, and centipedes alike? How are they
different? Where do you think you might find a cricket? Where do you think you
might find a centipede?”
6. A teacher could help families understand the learning center approach through
introducing learning centers at a family night, posting skills that children are learning
in each learning center, displaying and sending home children’s artifacts that are
created during learning center time, planning special events to showcase what
children are learning, or creating a booklet to send home to each family of learning
center photos with what children are learning in each center.
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