Chapter 13 assessment
1. c. hybridization.
2. a. inbreeding.
3. c. inbreeding.
4. a. genetic engineering.
5. a. restriction enzymes.
6. b. recombinant DNA.
7. c. becomes part of the transformed cell's genome
8. c. plasmids
9. a. transgenic
10. a. clone.
11. Hybridization involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together their best
characteristics, while inbreeding involves crossing individuals with similar
characteristics. Both are forms of selective breeding as they aim to produce
offspring with desired traits.
12. Breeders induce mutations or use techniques like genetic engineering to produce
new genetic variations not found in nature.
13. Polyploidy is a condition where an organism has more than two complete sets of
chromosomes. It can be useful in creating new plant species with desirable traits.
14. Genetic engineering involves altering the DNA of an organism, similar to
reprogramming a computer game where the code is modified to change its
behavior or characteristics.
15. Large DNA molecules are cut up using proteins called restriction enzymes.
16. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size, helping in the
study of DNA by allowing visualization and analysis of DNA fragments.
17. Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA
from different sources.
18. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific
segment of DNA by repeatedly copying it, allowing for the creation of many
copies of the DNA sequence.
19. Cell transformation involves introducing foreign DNA into a cell, leading to the
integration of that DNA into the cell's genome. Types of cells that have been
transformed include bacterial cells and plant cells.
20. Genetic markers are specific DNA sequences that can be used to identify
individuals or track the inheritance of a gene. Scientists use them to study
genetic variations or trace relationships between organisms.
21. The successful transfer of the luciferase gene from an animal to a plant indicated
that genes from one organism can function in another organism, demonstrating
the universality of genetic processes.
22. A transgenic organism is one that contains genes from other organisms.
Transgenic bacteria have been useful in producing various products, such as
insulin and growth hormones.
23. Ian Wilmut cloned the sheep known as Dolly using a technique called somatic
cell nuclear transfer, where the nucleus of an adult sheep's cell was transferred
into an egg cell that had its nucleus removed.
24. A transgenic plant contains genes from other organisms, while a hybrid plant
results from the cross-breeding of different plant varieties.
Chapter 14 Assessment
Reviewing Content
1. b. 46 chromosomes.
2. a. pedigree.
3. c. polygenic.
4. b. ABO blood groups.
5. d. X chromosome.
6. a. sex-linked.
7. d. heterozygous normal-vision mother, father with colorblindness.
8. c. sickle cell disease.
9. a. DNA fingerprinting.
10. a. gene therapy.
11. A karyotype is prepared by arranging and analyzing an individual's chromosomes. It
helps in identifying chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders.
12. Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes, while sex chromosomes determine an
individual's sex.
13. A family pedigree can help determine the probability of having a child with a genetic
disorder by tracing the inheritance pattern of the trait within the family and identifying
carriers.
14. The shaded symbols in the pedigree indicate individuals with hemophilia. Carriers are
determined based on the inheritance pattern and the presence of affected individuals in
previous generations.
15. It's not possible for a person with blood type alleles A and O to have blood type A
because blood type A requires at least one A allele from both parents.
16. The Rh factor in blood groups refers to a specific antigen present on the surface of red
blood cells. It's important for blood transfusions and pregnancy.
17. Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder caused by a defective gene that leads to the
accumulation of harmful substances in the brain and nervous system, resulting in severe
neurological problems.
18. Whether an allele is dominant, recessive, or codominant depends on its interaction with
other alleles and its phenotypic expression in heterozygous individuals.
19. A chromosomal disorder is an abnormality in the number or structure of chromosomes.
Down syndrome is an example of a chromosomal disorder resulting from nondisjunction.
20. DNA fingerprinting is a technique used to analyze and compare DNA samples, primarily
for forensic and paternity testing purposes.
21. Rapid sequencing refers to fast and automated techniques used to determine the
sequence of DNA or RNA molecules, aiding in genomic studies and diagnostics.
22. An open reading frame (ORF) is a sequence of DNA that can potentially encode a
protein. Molecular biologists search for ORFs to identify genes within a genome.
Chapter Test A
1. c. desired traits in offspring.
2. b. hybridization.
3. d. mutations
4. a. increase diversity in populations.
5. a. changes a species' number of chromosomes.
6. c. a restriction enzyme producing a DNA fragment
7. a. identify similarities and differences in the genomes of different kinds of organisms.
Chapter Test B
1. c. selective breeding.
2. d. all of the above.
3. a. inbreeding.
4. b. hybridization.
5. c. inducing mutations in bacteria.
6. a. separate DNA fragments.
7. b. genetic engineering.
8. d. recombinant DNA.
Standardized Test Prep 1
1. (B) II only
2. (E) in animal cells
3. (D) II and III only
4. (B) II only
5. (B) Plasmid
6. (C) Polymerase chain reaction
7. (E) DNA synthesizer
8. (A) Gel electrophoresis
9. (E) A and C only
10. (E) B and C only
Standardized Test Prep 2
1. (D) II and III only
2. (A) I only
3. (D) The father carries one allele and has color-blindness.
4. (A) 0%
5. (A) I only
6. (E) Mother Ww, Father Ww
7. (C) Student ww, her sister-Ww
Picture 1
1. b. cytosine and guanine
2. d. all of the above
3. d. double-stranded DNA molecules
4. c. transformation
5. b. a gene for antibiotic resistance
6. a. increasing the food supply
7. a. the adult female sheep whose DNA was used to produce Dolly
8. d. body cell and egg cell
Picture 2
1. e. study specific genes.
2. c. foreign DNA is inserted into a plasmid.
3. d. all of the above.
4. c. genetic marker.
5. b. The foreign DNA is integrated into one of the cell's chromosomes.
6. d. genetic engineering.
7. b. sheep.
8. Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits from one generation of
organisms to the next.
9. Inbreeding is the technique of selective breeding that has led to deformities in
certain dog breeds.