CRITICAL THINKING
Christopher Hitchens
● “The essence of the independent mind
lies not in what it thinks, but in how it
thinks”
● True nature of independent mind is
revealed through process of reasoning,
questioning, and evaluating rather than
simply being compliant
ESSENCE OF INDEPENDENT MIND
● Intellectual autonomy, critical analysis,
willingness to question and explore
ideas
BIOLOGY OF THINKING
● Process in your brain
● Chemicals are being activated and
deactivated as a result of thinking
THINKING
● Special human characteristic
● Involves organization and
reorganization
● New responses
● 2 main activities:
A. Gather information or
collecting data
B. Drawing conclusion
CRITICAL VS NON CRITICAL THINKER
● Differs on how they evaluate the data
and conclusions
CRITICAL THINKING
● Ability to analyze
● Present evidence for your ideas rather
than simply accepting your personal
reasoning
● Self Directed, self disciplined, self
monitored, self corrective
● Cognitive activity
● Thinking outside the box
● Finding new and creative solutions
● Curiosity
● Biggest amount of information
● Better control of your own learning
● Empathy for other POV
● Compare your informations or thoughts
with facts
IMPORTANCE OF CRITICAL THINKING
● Our country needs critical thinkers
instead of “parrots”
● In working life, people will face a lot of
difficulties that will need critical thinking
to find better solutions
● Critical thinker will get advantages in
term of the work position and in society
HOW CAN YOU BECOME A CRITICAL
THINKER?
● By asking important questions
● By observing in an open mind
● By becoming interested in finding new
solutions
● By listening to other opinions then think
about what they said and then reply
CHARACTERISTICS OF CRITICAL
THINKING (COVIDOQIAI)
● CREATIVITY
❖ Problems come in all forms
❖ Break from the established norms to
find solutions
❖ Stirred up your imagination and
creative juices
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OBSERVATION
❖ Most crucial part
❖ Best way of learning about the
world, its limitation, and laws
❖ Senses
❖ Experience is what primarily builds
our potential to observe the minutest
details
VERSATILITY
❖ Vital role
❖ Routine
❖ Does not depend on old process
❖ Crucial
❖ Different set of skills to face more
than one problem at one go
INQUISITIVENESS
❖ Quality of curiosity
❖ Do not settle for facts
❖ Raise questions and challenge them
constantly
❖ You must be interested in the things
happening around you
❖ Gather much more info than most
people
❖ Spark your spirit
DETERMINING RELEVANCE
❖ Cannot use all data
❖ Sifting
❖ This skill might take some time to
build up
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OBJECTIVITY
❖ Free yourself from emotion
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QUESTIONING STATUS QUO
❖ Never settle for things if the don't
satisfy you
❖ Radical
❖ Examine prevalent practices
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INTROSPECTION
❖ Analyze our thoughts
❖ Indispensable
❖ Meditation
❖ It determines how engaged you
become in observing the problem
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ANALYTICAL THINKING
❖ All sides of issue
❖ Assessing all the decisions and
consequences
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IDENTIFYING BIAS
❖ Challenge your attitude towards a
problem
WHAT CRITICAL THINKERS DO?
(CARDMSAFE)
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Critiquing
Assessing
Rating
Drawing conclusion
Making inferences
Synthesizing
Analyzing
Forming opinions
Evaluating
LOGIC AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT IN
CRITICAL THINKING?
● Ancient greek “logike”, referring to the
science or art of reasoning
● Evaluates arguments and reasoning
● Strives to distinguish bad and good
reasoning
● Make good decisions
● Evaluate claims
● Form sound beliefs
THE CRITICAL THINKING MODEL
(SEEIIA)
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SELF REGULATION
❖ Self consciously monitor one’s
cognitive activities
❖ Questioning, confirming, validation
❖ 2 subskills:
a. Self examination
b. Self correction
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EXPLANATION
❖ Evidential, conceptual,
methodological, contextual
consideration
❖ Subskills:
a. Stating results
b. Justifying procedures
c. Presenting arguments
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EVALUATION
❖ Assess the credibility
❖ Perception, experience, situation,
judgment, belief, opinion, logical
strength[
❖ Comparing strength and
weaknesses of alternative
interpretations
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INFERENCE
❖ Identify and secure elements
❖ To form conjecture and hypothesis
❖ Reading, identifying, securing the
information needed to formulate a
synthesis from multiple sources
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INTERPRETATION
❖ Comprehend and express the
significance of
❖ Experiences, situations, data,
events, judgments, conventions,
beliefs, rules, procedures, criteria
❖ Subskills:
a. Categorization
b. Decoding significance
c. Clarifying meaning
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ANALYSIS
❖ Identify actual relationships among
statements, questions, concepts,
descriptions
❖ Intended to express belief,
judgment, experiences, information
or opinions
❖ Subskills:
a. Examining ideas
b. Detecting arguments
c. Analyzing arguments
❖ Identifying the similarities and
differences between 2 approaches
to the solution