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Networking Assignment -1st semester
HND in Computing (ESOFT Metro Campus)
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Pearson Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 02: Networking
Assignment 01
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Unit 02:
Networking
Unit(s)
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
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Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form
Student Name/ID
Unit Title
Unit 02:
Networking
Assignment Number
1
Assessor
27/10/2021
Submission Date
Date
Received 1st
submission
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Date Received 2nd
submission
27/10/2021
Assessor Feedback:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
Pass, Merit & Distinction P1
P2
Descripts
M1
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
Descripts
P3
P4
M2
D1
P6
M3
D2
M4
D3
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
Descripts
P5
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
Pass, Merit & Distinction
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Student Declaration
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Higher National Diploma in Computing
Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number
Unit Number and Title
Unit 2: Networking
Academic Year
2021/22
Unit Tutor
Assignment Title
LAN Design & Implementation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
Issue Date
01/09/2021
Submission Date
27/10/2021
IV Name & Date
Submission format
The submission should be in the form of an individual report written in a concise, formal business
style using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and
subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using
Harvard referencing system. Please also provide an end list of references using the Harvard
referencing system.
The recommended word count is 3,000–3,500 words for the report excluding annexures,
although you will not be penalised for exceeding the total word limit.
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols.
LO2 Explain networking devices and operations.
LO3 Design efficient networked systems.
LO4 Implement and diagnose networked systems.
Assignment Brief and Guidance:
Scenario
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS is a privately owned, well-known Software company located in Colombo. The
Management of SYNTAX SOLUTIONS has purchased a 3-story building in the heart of Matara. They
are planning to make it one of the state-of-the-art companies in Matara with the latest facilities.
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It is expected to have nearly 150 employees in Matara branch.
Department
Number of Users
Customer Care
10
Sales and Marketing
20
Finance
25
Legal
5
HR
10
Developers
55
Network Team
5
Server Room
Servers +ISP connections
Following requirements are given by the Management.

A ll the depa rt ment s must be separated w ith unique subnet and shou ld not
commu nicate with each ot her unless there is a s pecial requirement .

19 2.168 .1 0.0/24 is given an d sh ou ld b e use d for all the de partm ent s exce pt the
server room . I Ps sh ou ld assign us ing DHCP .

ERP and CRM Systems ne ed to be imp le mente d in Mata ra branc h in loca l
servers.

Number of s er vers required for the Ser ver room ne ed to be decide d by the
Network de signe r and sh ou ld be assigne d w it h 10 .2 54.1 .0 /2 4 sub net. (U ses
static IPs )

High level of redundancy is ex pecte d in n etwork desig n to e liminate single point
of failu re s and traffic bottle necks.

Sales and Marketing Tea m nee d to access Network re source s us ing W IFI
connec tivity.

Proper methods for network ing monitoring and troubleshooting nee d to be
esta blishe d.
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
A ll p ossible network security mecha nism s should be imp le mented.
Assu me you have be en app ointed as th e n ew network consultant of SYNTAX SOLU TIONS .
P repa re a n etwork arch itec tural de sign and imp lem ent it wit h your sug gestions an d
re com men dations to me et th e compa ny req uirem ent s.
(Note: Clear ly state your assumptions. You ar e allowed to design the network
accor ding to your assumptions, but main requirements should not be violated)
Activity 01

D isc uss t he benefits an d const ra int s of different n etwork system type s that can be
imp le mente d in the Matara b ranc h an d the main IEEE Ethe rn et sta ndards that can
be u sed in above LAN an d WLA N design .

D isc uss t he im portanc e an d im pact of network topologies an d n etwork protocol
suites wh ile comp arin g the main network topologies an d n etwork protocol suites
th at are used in n etwork desig n u sing exa mp le s. Recomme nd su itab le n etwork
topologies and n etwork protocol suites for above sce nario an d justif y your answe r
w ith va lid points.
Activity 02

Discu ss t he op erating princ ip le s of network dev ice s (Ex : Rou ter, Switc h, Etc .) and
se rve r typ es that can be u sed for above scena rio wh ile exp lorin g different se rve rs
that
are
ava ilab le
in
today ’s
market
with
th eir
spec ification s.
Recomme nd
se rve r/se r vers for the above sce nario and ju stif y you r selection with va lid point s.

Discu ss t he inte r-de pen denc e of workstation hard wa re w ith networkin g softwa re
and provide examp le s for n etworking soft ware that can be use d in above n etwork
desig n.
Activity 03
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
Pre pare a written network desig n plan to meet th e above mentione d user
req uirem ent s inc lu ding a b lue print drawn usin g a modelin g tool. (Ex : Microsoft Visio,
Ed raw Max ).
Supp ort your answe r by prov id in g th e VLA N and IP su bletting sche me for th e above
scen ario an d the list of d evices, n etwork comp on ent s an d soft ware u sed to de sign
the n etwork for above sce nario and wh ile ju stif ying you r se lec tion s.

Test an d eva lu ate the proposed de sign to me et the re qu irements and ana lyze user
feed back by using a User feed back form.

Insta ll and configu re Network ser vices, d evices and ap plication s (E x: VLA N, DHCP,
DNS , Proxy, We b, Etc .) according to the proposed d esign to accomp lish the use r
req uirem ent s and desig n a detaile d Mainte nance sch edu le for above Network.
* Note: - Screen s hots of Confi guration scripts s hould be pres ented.
Activity 04

Imp le ment a networked syste m ba se d on your prep are d de sign w ith va lid ev id ence s
and re com men d potentia l fu ture enh ance ment s for th e networke d system wit h va lid
ju stification s to you r recomm endation s. Use c ritica l reflec tion to c ritically eva lu ate
the design , pla n, config uration , and te sting of you r net work while ju stif ying w it h
va lid conc lu sion s.

Deve lop te st cases and conduc t verification (Ex: P in g , ex ten ded p in g , t race route ,
telnet, SSH, etc. ) to test th e above Network and ana lyse the test results aga inst the
exp ected re su lt s.
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Table of Contents
1.
Network System..............................................................................................................17
1.1.
Network System Types...........................................................................................19
1.1.1.
Peer – to – Peer System...................................................................................19
1.1.2.
Client Server...................................................................................................20
1.2.
Types of Computer Network...................................................................................20
1.2.1.
Personal Area Network (PAN)........................................................................21
1.2.2.
Local Area Network (LAN)............................................................................21
1.2.3.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)................................................................21
1.2.4.
Wide Area Network.........................................................................................22
1.3.
Network Standards..................................................................................................22
1.3.1.
The Websites for Major Standards Organizations...........................................23
1.3.2.
IEEE Standards...............................................................................................23
Suitable Solutions for syntax solutions- 1...............................................................................24
1.4.
Network Models.....................................................................................................25
1.4.1.
ISO OSI Model...............................................................................................25
1.4.2.
TCP/IP Model.................................................................................................25
1.4.3.
OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Model.........................................................................26
1.4.4.
Apple Talk.......................................................................................................26
1.5.
Protocols.................................................................................................................27
1.1.2.
Suitable protocol for Syntax Solutions branch........................................................31
1.6.
2.
Network Topology......................................................................................................31
1.6.1.
Physical Topology...........................................................................................31
1.6.2.
Logical Topology............................................................................................32
1.6.3.
Difference between Physical topology and Logical Topology.........................32
1.7.
Bandwidth...........................................................................................................33
1.8.
Suitable topology for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS...................................................34
Hardware Devices...........................................................................................................35
2.2.
Network security.........................................................................................................39
2.3.
Data Transmission Media............................................................................................42
2.4.
Networking software...................................................................................................44
2.5.
The recommendation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch..............................48
2.6.
Recommendation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS branch................................................53
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2.7.
Compatibility..............................................................................................................54
2.8.
VLAN.........................................................................................................................54
2.9.
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch VLAN and IP subnetting scheme.................56
3.
Network Diagram for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch.......................................58
3.1.
Windows server installation........................................................................................63
3.2.
DHCP.........................................................................................................................66
3.3.
Creating users.............................................................................................................82
3.4.
Active directory configuration....................................................................................88
3.5.
Network Maintenance.................................................................................................92
4.
Implementing and designing the network system...........................................................93
4.1.
Network device configuration.....................................................................................93
4.3.
Network monitoring..................................................................................................105
4.4.
Troubleshooting........................................................................................................106
4.5.
Future enhancement..................................................................................................107
4.6.
Evaluating design......................................................................................................107
Reference List.......................................................................................................................108
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Table of Figures
Figure 1 (Network, Wikipedia, 2021)..........................................................................18
Figure 2(Integrated Network Systems, 2021)..............................................................19
Figure 3 (Advantages and Disadvantages of Network systems, Pinterest, 2021)........19
Figure 4(Peer to Peer Network System, Wikipedia, 2021)..........................................20
Figure 5(Client Server, Wikipedia, 2021)....................................................................20
Figure 7(Perzi, 2021)....................................................................................................21
Figure 6(LAN, Wikipedia, 2021).................................................................................21
Figure 8(Java point, 2021)...........................................................................................22
Figure 9 (BlogSpot, 2021)............................................................................................22
Figure 10(7 Layers of ISO OSI Model, Cloud Flare, 2021)........................................25
Figure 11(Layers of TCP/IP Model, guru99, 2021).....................................................26
Figure 12(guru99, 2021)..............................................................................................26
Figure 13(Apple Talk, Wikipedia, 2021)......................................................................27
Figure 14(How FTP works, Educba, 2021)..................................................................28
Figure 15(How SSH works, Wikipedia, 2021)............................................................28
Figure 16(How Telnet works, network interview, 2021).............................................28
Figure 17(Process of sending and receiving email through SMTP, Wikipedia, 2021) 29
Figure 18(HTTP, javatpoint, 2021)..............................................................................29
Figure 19(TCP, javapoint, 2021)..................................................................................30
Figure 20(UDP, educba, 2021).....................................................................................30
Figure 21(Physical Topologies, Informationq, 2021)..................................................31
Figure 22(Concept Draw, 2020)...................................................................................32
Figure 23(Author developed).......................................................................................32
Figure 24(Physical Topology and Logical Topology, wustl, 2008).............................33
Figure 25-Router..........................................................................................................36
Figure 26-Switch..........................................................................................................36
Figure 27-Modem.........................................................................................................37
Figure 28-Repeater.......................................................................................................37
Figure 29-Access point.................................................................................................38
Figure 30-Proxy server.................................................................................................40
Figure 31-UTP..............................................................................................................42
Figure 32-STP..............................................................................................................42
Figure 33-Coaxial cable...............................................................................................43
Figure 34-Fiber optics..................................................................................................43
Figure 35-PowerEdge R830 rack server......................................................................48
Figure 36- PowerEdge R240 rack server.....................................................................49
Figure 37- PowerEdge R7515 rack server...................................................................50
Figure 38-Fusion server pro 1288H V5 rack server.....................................................51
Figure 39-Dell 3240 Compact Desktop Workstation...................................................52
Figure 40- MySQL / Database.....................................................................................53
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Figure 41-VIDCO-19 Kandy branch VLAN & IP subnetting scheme........................56
Figure 42-Network diagram for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch...................58
Figure 43-Windows server 2012..................................................................................63
Figure 44- Windows server- Install..............................................................................64
Figure 45-Windows server setup..................................................................................64
Figure 46-Windows server type of installation............................................................65
Figure 47-Installing windows.......................................................................................65
Figure 48-Desktop........................................................................................................66
Figure 49-Start..............................................................................................................67
Figure 50-DHCP configure............................................................................................68
Figure 51- Add roles and features................................................................................69
Figure 52-Select installation type.................................................................................70
Figure 53- Select destination server.............................................................................71
Figure 54- Add features that required for DHCP.........................................................72
Figure 55- Roles...........................................................................................................72
Figure 56-Roles............................................................................................................73
Figure 57-Confirmation................................................................................................73
Figure 58-Installation progress.....................................................................................74
Figure 59- Feature installation.....................................................................................74
Figure 60-Start..............................................................................................................75
Figure 61- Selecting the content...................................................................................75
Figure 62-Selecting Ip4................................................................................................76
Figure 63-New scope Wizard window.........................................................................76
Figure 64-New scope wizard........................................................................................77
Figure 65-Enter IP address details................................................................................77
Figure 66-Add exclusions and delay............................................................................78
Figure 67-Lease Duration.............................................................................................78
Figure 68-Configure DHCP options.............................................................................79
Figure 69- Enter the IP address....................................................................................79
Figure 70-DNS IP.........................................................................................................80
Figure 71-WINS servers................................................................................................80
Figure 72-Activating Scope.........................................................................................81
Figure 73-Completing the New scope Wizard.............................................................81
Figure 74-Start..............................................................................................................82
Figure 75-Window of Active Directory.......................................................................82
Figure 76-Selecting the relevant user group................................................................83
Figure 77-Filling the details of the User......................................................................83
Figure 78-Setting a password.......................................................................................84
Figure 79-Select Password server options...................................................................84
Figure 80-Create...........................................................................................................85
Figure 81-Users............................................................................................................85
Figure 82-Properties.....................................................................................................86
Figure 83-Select Groups window.................................................................................86
Figure 84-Installation type...........................................................................................88
Figure 85- Select features.............................................................................................89
Figure 86- future installation........................................................................................89
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Figure 87-Result...........................................................................................................90
Figure 88- Active directory..........................................................................................91
Figure 89-Network devices configuration....................................................................93
Figure 90-IP configuration...........................................................................................93
Figure 91-Configuration...............................................................................................94
Figure 92-VLAN Switch..............................................................................................94
Figure 93-Switch ports assign to VLANS....................................................................94
Figure 94-Command Prompt........................................................................................95
Figure 95-Ping..............................................................................................................95
Figure 96-Ping..............................................................................................................96
Figure 97-Ping..............................................................................................................96
Figure 98-Ping..............................................................................................................97
Figure 99-Ping..............................................................................................................97
Figure 100-Ping............................................................................................................98
Figure 101-Ping............................................................................................................98
Figure 102- Ping...........................................................................................................99
Figure 103-Test case and test.....................................................................................100
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1.
Network System
It is a collection of computers sharing resources placed on or provided by network
nodes. The computers use common communication with one another. They’re
identified by network unique addresses, and have hostnames.[ CITATION Wik211 \l
1033 ]
Figure 1 (Network, Wikipedia, 2021)
A computer network is a collection of autonomous computing devices that are
interconnected in several ways in order to exchange information by common
conventions, referred to as protocols, over a shared communication medium.
A special fact to remember is that a single computer with its peripherals such as
printers, scanners etc… are not considered as a network.
The speed with which data is moved from one place on a network to another is
referred to as ‘Data transfer rate’. It is a key issue in computer networks. (Lecture
notes)
Advantages of computer networks
Share information and resources
Access databases
E-commerce
Easy administration
Communication
Provide data security
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Factors to be considered when installing a network
1. Performance
2. Reliability
3. Security
The security of a computer is challenged everyday by:
Equipment malfunctions
System failures
Computer Hackers
Virus attacks… are the main reasons for that… (Lecture Notes)
Figure 2(Integrated Network Systems, 2021)
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Figure 3 (Advantages and Disadvantages of Network systems, Pinterest, 2021)
1.1.
Network System Types
1.1.1. Peer – to – Peer System
These networks are very common where less than 10 computers are used and a high
security is not needed.
The term peer presents the idea of that all computers have the same status and they
communicate with one another with equal abilities.[CITATION HND21 \l 1033 ]
Figure 4(Peer to Peer Network System, Wikipedia, 2021)
1.1.2. Client Server
These networks are more appropriate for larger networks. Here a central computer,
or ‘server’, acts as the storage location for files and applications shared on the
network.
Normally a ‘server’ has higher average performance. It controls the network access
of other computers which are referred as ‘client’ computers. Only network
administer has access rights to the server.
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Figure 5(Client Server, Wikipedia, 2021)
1.2.
Types of Computer Network
Computer networks can be classified according to geographical distribution of
computers in the network.
There are mainly 4 network types:
LAN (Local Area Network)
PAN (Personal Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
1.2.1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
It is a network involved with the exchange of vicinity of a person. These systems are
wireless and involve the transmission of data between devices like smartphones,
personal computers, tablet computers etc… [ CITATION Wik211 \l 1033 ]
Figure 6(Perzi, 2021)
1.2.2. Local Area Network (LAN)
A LAN connects computers inside a room or several rooms in a building.
Ex: A computer network built in a school, university, a small-scale business or
an office etc…
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Figure 7(LAN, Wikipedia, 2021)
1.2.3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
MAN is a combination of several Local Area Networks which covers less than 16
miles.
Ex: Banking networks, institute and universities with branches.
Figure 8(Java point, 2021)
1.2.4. Wide Area Network
These networks cover a wide area. This can be inside or outside a country. The best
example for Wide Area Network is Internet.
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Figure 9 (BlogSpot, 2021)
1.3.
Network Standards
These standards are essential in creating and associated maintaining an open among
the competitive world market for product manufactures and guaranteeing national and
international ability of data information and telecommunication technology and
processes. They provide tips to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and
different service suppliers to make sure their interconnectivity necessary in today’s
marketplace and in international communications.
1.3.1. The Websites for Major Standards Organizations
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) www.ansi.org
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) www.ieee.org
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) www.iso.org
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) www.ietf.org
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) www.w3c.org
1.3.2. IEEE Standards
The computer society of the IEEE started a project called “Project 802” to set
standards and enable intercommunication among equipment from variety of
manufacturers.
Basically, this can specify functions of the physical layer and the data link layer of
major LAN protocols.
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Ex: - IEEE 802.x
This deals with LAN and MAN, and they are restricted to networks carrying variablesize packets.
The services and protocols which used this standard are map in the lower two layers
of the OSI networking reference model.
IEEE 802.3
This is a working group and a collection of IEEE standards produced by working
group defining the physical layer and data link layer’s media access control of wired
Ethernet.[ CITATION HND21 \l 1033 ]
Suitable Solutions for syntax solutions- 1
1.1.
1.1.1. According to the scenario Client server is the best network model. In
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS have 7 departments except for the server room, so
there are lot of client computers. That’s why I suggest Client- Server network
model. The main reason why Peer-to-peer network model is not suitable is that
it is only suitable for a network with less than 10 computers.
If we consider the first requirement given for this scenario, it has said that every
department should be separated with unique subnet and in the server room a DHCP
should be used as the protocol, so because of that I think that the Local Area
Network (LAN) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)are the networks
which has to be implemented here as mentioned in the question. The major reason
for my suggestion is that because it spans relatively small area, and the other reasons
are
It allows multi-access to high-bandwidth media.
Control the network privately under local administration.
And if the employers in each department have to connect to one another’s system if
there is a special requirement, so in that case local administrator must distribute
passwords for each employer to log in to the system via a VPN (Virtual Private
Network) connection. It is a network that uses a public telecommunication
infrastructure, such as the internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with
secure access to their organization’s network.[ CITATION Qui21 \l 1033 ]
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The main benefit of this network is that it uses encryption and other security
mechanisms to ensure that only authorized users can access the network and that the
data cannot be intercepted.
So, in overall I think the network types LAN, WLAN, VPN are the types
which have to be used for this scenario while the network model which must be
implemented is the Client- Server Network system.
I suggest IEEE 802.11 should be used for the interior design of this
branch here because it is especially devoted to wireless LAN. And also, IEEE 802.7fibre optic connection can be used for this case. These days the most popular way to
connect devices is WIFI which has the IEEE 802.11 especially in branches like this so
as I said before those are the IEEE standards which are going to useful in for this
process. Except for those IEEE standards Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) also will be
useful in sharing information.
1.4.
Network Models
What are Network Models?
Those models are conceptual models that help to explain the data
communication within a computer network.
There two types of models
1. ISO OSI Model
2. TCP/IP Model
1.4.1. ISO OSI Model
The Open System Interconnection model is a conceptual model that characterizes
and standardises the communication functions of telecommunication or computing
system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
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Figure 10(7 Layers of ISO OSI Model, Cloud Flare, 2021)
1.4.2. TCP/IP Model
This is the set of communications protocols used in the internet and similar
computer networks. In long form it is transmission control protocol and internet
protocol. There are 4 layers in this model. [ CITATION Wik211 \l 1033 ]
Figure 11(Layers of TCP/IP Model, guru99, 2021)
1.4.3. OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Model
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Figure 12(guru99, 2021)
1.4.4. Apple Talk
Apple Talk is a set of local area network communication protocols. It is
originally created for Apple computers by Apple Company. This network
supports up to 32 devices. The data exchanging speed is 230.4Kbps. From
connecting Apple Talk equipped systems mechanically assign addresses,
update the distributed namespace and configure any necessary inter
networking routing. It has 4 basic components such as sockets, nodes,
networks, and zones and it is hierarchically arranged.[ CITATION
Wik211 \l 1033 ]
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Figure 13(Apple Talk, Wikipedia, 2021)
1.5.
Protocols
It is a set of rules and procedures for transmitting data between two or more devices.
A protocol defines
What is communicated?
How it is communicated?
When it is communicated?
Protocols can be categorized into 3 main groups as,
1. Application Layer Protocols
2. Transport Layer Protocols
3. Internet Layer Protocols
[ CITATION HND21 \l 1033 ]
Below are some examples for protocols
1. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – Transfer files from the server to a client
computer. This is built on client server model.
Figure 14(How FTP works, Educba, 2021)
2.
Secure Shell Protocol (SSH)
It is a network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured
network. Any network service can be secured with Secure Shell Protocol.
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Figure 15(How SSH works, Wikipedia, 2021)
3. Telnet
This protocol connects one system with another. It is types of client- server
protocol that can be used open a command line on a remote computer.
[ CITATION Tec21 \l 1033 ]
Figure 16(How Telnet works, network interview, 2021)
4. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
This protocol is an internet standard communication protocol for electronic mail
transmission. This protocol is responsible in sending and receiving mail
messages.[ CITATION Wik21 \l 1033 ]
Figure 17(Process of sending and receiving email through SMTP, Wikipedia, 2021)
5. Post Office Protocol (POP3)
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As mentioned in the above example SMTP is the protocol use in emailing but it
is not the only protocol needed in this process as in the above figure when
receiving an email, it come across the protocol POP3 which is a one version of
Post office Protocol.
6. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
This protocol is designed for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information
systems.
It transmits hypertext messages between client and servers in order to give the HTTP
user a way to interact with web resources such as HTML files.
Figure 18(HTTP, javatpoint, 2021)
It is very popular communication protocol which enables application programs
and computing devices to exchange messages over a network.
Figure 19(TCP, javapoint, 2021)
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7. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
It is a communication protocol which creates low- tolerating and low – latency
linking between different applications. It comes under Transmission Control
Protocol.
Figure 20(UDP, educba, 2021)
8. Internet Protocol (IP)
This protocol is the network layer communication protocol. It consists
datagrams across network boundaries.
The functions of this protocol are internetworking, and essentially establish the
internet. [ CITATION Wik212 \l 1033 ]
1.1.2. Suitable protocol for Syntax Solutions branch
I think for this scenario TCP/IP is the best option, since it is the open protocol
standard and the other reasons are that it is freely available and anyone can implement
in any hardware or operating system unique to the device. It is widely use in such
branches.
1.6.
Network Topology
The geometric way of how computers are connected to each other is referred to as
Network Topology.
These topologies can be mainly divided into two categories
1. Physical Topology
2. Logical Topology
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1.6.1. Physical Topology
It is the term which refers the way in which a network is laid out physically.
Examples for Physical Topologies
1. Star Topology
2. Bus Topology
3. Ring Topology
4. Tree Topology
5. Mesh Topology
6. Hybrid Topology
Figure 21(Physical Topologies, Informationq, 2021)
1.6.2. Logical Topology
This topology defines the architecture of the communication mechanism for all
nodes in a network. The topologies fall under this category contrasts with physical
topologies, which refer to the physical interconnections of all devices in the
network.
1. Ethernet
2. Local Talk
3. Token ring
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Figure 22(Concept Draw, 2020)
1.6.3. Difference between Physical topology and Logical Topology
Physical Topology
Logical Topology
Depicts physical layout of network
Depicts
Can be modified based on needs.
(Logistics of network)
No Interference or manipulation involved
hoe
data
is
transmitted.
here.
Has major impact on cost, scalability and Has major impact on speed and delivery
bandwidth capacity of networked based of data packets. Also handles flow control
on selection and availability of devices.
and ordered delivery of data packets.
Can be arranged in star, ring, bus, mesh Only exists in bus and ring topologies.
and bus topologies.
Figure 23(Author developed)
Both the physical and logical topologies are equally important in designing and
implementing a network. However logical topology has a negative impact on the data
transmitting in the form of packets, if not planned carefully. [ CITATION Tec211 \l
1033 ]
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Figure 24(Physical Topology and Logical Topology, wustl, 2008)
1.7.
Bandwidth
In networking, this term refers to the measure of the capacity of a medium to transmit
data. A medium that has a higher capacity for example, has a high bandwidth, whereas
a medium that has limited capacity has a low bandwidth.
Importance of Bandwidth
a. Bandwidth is limited by physics and technology
b. Bandwidth is not free
c. Bandwidth requirements are growing at a rapid rate
d. Bandwidth is critical to network performance
[ CITATION HND21 \l 1033 ]
1.8.
Suitable topology for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
With a properly managed network topology, a business will improve the potency of
data transfer. Better efficiency, in turn can reduce cost for maintenance and
operations.
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For this SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch, the topology I suggest is star
topology because in star topology all devices are connect to a central switch, which
makes it easy to add new nodes without rebooting all currently connected device and
this topology makes efficient use of cable and is easy to administer. Also, this is a
commonly encountered topology especially in companies like this.
2. Hardware Devices
Computer hardware means the physical components of a computer and related
devices. Hardware devices that used to connect computers, printers, and other
electronic devices are called network devices. Network devices can be inter network
or intra network. Some devices are installed on the device, as NIC card or RJ45
connector and some parts of network are;
• Router
• Switch
• Modem
• Repeater
• Access point
[ CITATION tut21 \l 1033 ]
Router
The router is a physical or virtual internet networking device that designed to
receive, analyze and forward data packets between computer networks. A router
works on the third layer of the OSI model. It is based on the IP address of the
computer and it is used for protocols such as ICMP to communicate between two or
more network. A router is used in LAN and WAN network and it ideal for officers’
connectivity. It shares information with other routers in network and used to routing
protocol to transfer the data across the network. It is more expensive than other
network devices like switches and hubs. A router reads its routing table to determine
on the best possible route the packet can take to quickly and reliably reach it
destination. There are two group of routing table; Static the routes are fed manually
inside a static routing table. It is also only suitable for very limited network with
approx. two or three routers Dynamic the router communicates with other routers
through protocols in a dynamic routing table to decide the routes are accessible. This
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is ideal for wider networks where due to a large number of routers, feeding may not
be feasible in manually.[ CITATION jav21 \l 1033 ]
Static
Routes are fed manually in a static routing table. It is only suitable for networks with
two to three routers.
Dynamic
The routers communicate with each other through protocols to determine which
routes are free. It is suitable for lager networks where manual feeding may not be
feasible.
Figure 25-Router
Switch
The switch is a network device that connects other devices to Ethernet networks
through twisted pair cables, packet switching technique is used to receive, store and
forward data packets. The switch has a list of network addresses of those all devices
connected to it. The packet is sent to correct port. The packets are checked for
network errors before they are forwarded. In full duplex mode, the data is
transmitted.
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Figure 26-Switch
[ CITATION tut21 \l 1033 ]
Modem
Modems are used to transmit digital signals through phone lines. The two main
functions of Modem are Modulation and Demodulation. Digital signals are converted
into analog signals and transmitted to a modem at receiver location. A computer
connected to a modem gets a digital output when the receiving modem turns the other
way. Digital data can be transmitted via the RS-232 standard interface of the serial
line modem. Most cable operators use modems as final terminals to locate and
remember their homes and personal clients. The data link layers are in the modems.
[ CITATION EDU21 \l 1033 ]
Figure 27-Modem
Repeater
A repeater is an electronic device that re-transmits a signal. It is used to extend
transmissions so that the signal can be received on the other side of an obstruction.
It is a type of hardware that is simple to operate. This device operates at the physical
layer of the ISO open system interconnection reference mode, which is where the
signal is received on cable segment and then transmitted onto cable segment.
[CITATION tut20 \l 1033 ]
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Figure 28-Repeater
Access point
A wired or wireless link in an AP is usually means a wireless device. An AP can
either act as a bridge that connects a standard wireless network to wireless devices
or as routers that send data to another access point. WAP or a wireless connection
point is a device that is used to generate a wireless LAN (WLAN) transmitter and
receiver. An access point is a machine with an integrated antenna, transmitter, and
adapter. It is usually networked in separate machines. [ CITATION EDU21 \l 1033 ]
Figure 29-Access point
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2.2.
Network security
A wide range of technologies, devices and processes are covered by network
security. It is a set of rules and configurations designed to protect the integrity,
confidentiality, and accessibility of computer networks and data using both software
and hardware technologies. There are three different controls, such as; physical,
technical and administrative.
Following devices can be used for the SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch
network security enhancement.
Proxy server
Proxy server is an intermediary server between client and the internet. It has
different basic functionalities. Such as; firewall and network data filtering, network
connection sharing and data caching. If you using this on its way to address you
need, internet traffic flows through the proxy server. The request then reruns from
the same proxy server and then the proxy server will forward to you the data
obtained from the websites. Organizations and individuals use proxy server for
different reasons. Such as;
• To control internet usage of employees
Proxy server setting up in organizations is to monitor and control how their members
use the internet. Most of companies don’t want you to look at particular company
time websites and they can configure the proxy server to block access to some
websites. They can even track and monitor all web requests there for they know how
much time you spend on cyber loafing, even though they do not block the websites.
• Bandwidth saving and improved speeds
Organizations with a good proxy server will get best overall network efficiency.
Proxy servers will cache famous websites. There for when you ask for
www.SYNTAXSOLUTIONS.com. The proxy server can search to see if it has the
site’s current copy and give you the saved copy afterwards. In other word that when
hundreds of users from the same proxy server hit www. SYNTAXSOLUTIONS.com
at
the
same
time,
the
proxy
server
only
sends
one
request
to
www.SYNTAXSOLUTIONS.com. This saves the company bandwidth and increase
the network efficiency. [ CITATION ava20 \l 1033 ]
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Figure 30-Proxy server
Firewall
A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network
traffic and decides based on a set of explained security rules if allow or not to allow
specific traffic. A firewall can be hardware, software or both. Firewall can be stand
alone or can used in other devices for infrastructure, as routers or servers. Firewall
used to both corporate and consumer setting.it can installed at an organizations
network perimeter to protect against external threats or within the network to create
segmentation and protect against insider threats. Hardware firmware firewalls are
often used for setting restrictions between in home devices. Some firewalls are
available as applications which serve as the primary device that separates two
networks. It excludes unnecessary and unwanted network traffic from accessing
networks inside the company. The firewall can be completely blocked. Some or all
traffic depends on firewall policy of the organization or it can conduct a check on
some or all of the traffic. There are two types of firewall policies used in widely;
• Whitelisting
The firewall rejects all connections except for those specifically listed as acceptable
• Blacklisting
The firewall allows all connections except those specifically listed.
Intrusion detection system (IDS)
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An intrusion detection system is a monitoring system that detects unsure activities
and generates alerts when they are detected. A security operation center (SOC)
analyst or incident responder can investigate the issue and take the appropriate
action to remediate the threat based upon these alerts. There is a wide range of IDS,
ranging from antivirus tools to tiered control systems that track whole network
traffic. When installed at strategic point or points in the network to manage traffic to
and from all devices on the network. IDS perform a passing traffic analysis and
compare the traffic transmitted to the library of known attacks on the subnets.
[ CITATION Gee21 \l 1033 ]
IDS classifications;
• Network intrusion detection system (NIDS) NIDS operate at the network level and
monitor traffic from all devices going in and out of the network.
• Host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS) HIDS is a system that monitor
important operating system files.
Intrusion prevention system (IPS)
IPS is a technology that keeps an eye on a network for any malicious tasks
attempting to exploit a known vulnerability. This is used to recognize malicious task,
record detected threats, and report detected threats and take preventative action to
stop a threat from doing damage. And also, it can used to monitor a network
continually in real time. An IPS will work through all network traffic by scanning.
To do this, IPS stands directly behind the firewall and offers a complementary
inspection layer that searches for dangerous content in a negative way. As this, IPS
tools are placed in direct communication paths between a system and network,
enabling the tool to analyze network traffic. The IPS has number of methods for
detecting but the three main techniques. [ CITATION pal20 \l 1033 ]
They are;
• Signature based detection
• Anomaly based detection
• Policy based detection
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2.3.
Data Transmission Media
This is another important factor that should be considered when creating a system.
There are two types of data transmission media
1. Guided/wired
2. Unguided/wireless
Guided/wired
If the medium used in data transmission is a physical medium, it is called
guided/wired.
1. Twisted pair
a. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
This is the twisted copper wire pairs used for telephone connections.
These are very flexible and low-priced. However, it is difficult to transmit
data for a long distance through UTP wires.
Figure 31-UTP
b. Shielded twisted pair (STP)
STP is a better quality and secures data transmission medium. However, it
is expensive.
Figure 32-STP
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3. Coaxial cable
It consists of an electronic cable pair. The outer cable which is like a braided
copper net produces electromagnetic field around the central cable. These two
cables are separated by a plastic shield. These cables are expensive and used for
CCTV and TV antenna.
Figure 33-Coaxial cable
4. Fiber Optics cable
It consists of pair of cables. The data transmission is carried out by while
reflecting light. These are used in present very commonly. The cable is relatively
more expensive. This is the fastest data transmission media at present.
As I mentioned in activity 1 for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch fiber
optic cable is the best option because it is the fastest data transmission media.
Figure 34-Fiber optics
Unguided/wireless media
Data is transmitted as signal through the air without using physical medium.
Ex: 1. Radio waves
2. Microwaves
3. Infrared
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When SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch want to use Wi-Fi or Bluetooth or
options like that, they are using radio waves in communication. And like wise other
wireless media like microwaves and infrared are also will be used. As an example,
mouse, wireless keyboards use infrared data transmission.
2.4.
Networking software
Networking software is any software that interact, increases and facilitates the
functions of computer network. This is a backbone for every network. Traditional
networks were hardware based with software embedded. Network software is not
same as a software application. It is invisible to end users. It is simply used to
facilitate the access those users have to network resources in a seamless way.
Functions of network software
• Helps to set up and install computer network
• Enables users to have access to network resources in a seamless manner
• Enables virtualizations of network
• Helps to define locations of data storage and allows users to access that data
• Allows administrations to add or remove users from the network
Cisco IOS
It is world widely most developed networking software Cisco IOS main function is
to enable data communication between network nodes. It combines cutting edge
technology, business critical services and broad hardware platform support. From
these routing and switching can be used to improve the performance and security of
network traffic. Cisco IOS has the ability to share and maintain consistent features
with reusable code across the network. This help to deliver services faster and
improve innovation.
[ CITATION tec20 \l 1033 ]
Server OS
It is specifically designed to run on servers, which are specialized computer that
operate within a client or server architecture. Server operating systems help enable
and facilitate typical server roles such as Web server, mail server, file server,
database server, application server and print server. [ CITATION web20 \l 1033 ]
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As for the SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch it has to use Microsoft server
2019.
Active directory
Active directory is database and group of service which is developed by Microsoft
for windows that connect users with the network resources they need to get their
work done. It stores data as objects. It classifies directory objects by name and
attributes. Active directory main server is Domain services. It stores directory
information and handles the interaction of the user with the Domain. Active
directory Domain server verifies access when a user signs into a device or try to
connect to over a network. Active directory Domain controls which users have
access to each resource or group of policies. [ CITATION Wik216 \l 1033 ]
Solar winds
Solar winds network show monitor can be configured quickly. Solar winds reduce
network downtime and detect, diagnose and resolve network performance issues
with affordable, easy to use network monitoring software. In an hour the tool
automatically discovers and deploys network devices. It has an intuitive interface
because it uses a straightforward approach in running a whole network. The
interface of the software is very easy to use and change. It is able to create a
topology that is customized to the entire network infrastructure and also can create
smart alerts tailored to the dependency aware and much more. [ CITATION tec21 \l
1033 ]
Server
Network server is a powerful computer that provides workstations and other servers
in a network with different shared resources. A user can set up a server to control
access to a network, send or receive email, manage printing or host a website. They
are also good at making tough calculations. Some servers are dedicated to a specific
task, often referred to as commitment. Many servers today are shared servers that
take responsibility for email, DNS, FTP and multiple websites on a web server. A
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server may have more RAM installed than a typical workstation. [ CITATION
PAE21 \l 1033 ]
Importance of server
Remote accessibility
If employees want to work from home or elsewhere a server is very useful. And
above all of that this information is much safer because the server uses a range of
tools to ensure that all information is encrypted, allowing those who choose to
download at the other end to keep a secure file that does not in any way affect their
desktop or laptop. Geographical constrains become an issue as those who choose to
work outside of the office have access to all of their email addresses.
Increased reliability
Many servers now have an excess power supply. This means that no data is lost in
this case and the data can still be backed up during a power cut. Most servers
prevent data loss in RAID configuration and do not interfere with the workflow. As
mentioned earlier, it will make the unit look more reliable.
Expand easily
If you are looking to expand your business in the future, a client will allow you to do
so. A server allows you to easily configure a variety of devices, computers, and users
and add new applications. There for meaning there is no disruption to anyone in the
business. Servers can classify according to their intended function There are
different types of servers are available in today.
Such as;
• Application server
There are large numbers of application servers, which is also referred to as
middleware calculate the terrain between the database servers and the end sure and
often connect both.
• Mail server
It transfers and store mail over corporate networks (LAN and WAN) through the
internet, web server are also important.
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• Web server
Simply, a web server supports a web browser with static content by loading a file
disk and servers as a web browser for a user across the network. Entire
communication is facilitated by the use of HTTP by browser and server
communication with each other. [ CITATION PAE21 \l 1033 ]
Server components
Client consists of different components and sub-components. At the hardware level,
clients usually have a rack mounted chassis that includes a power supply and
system. Keyboard, one or more CPUs, memory, storage, network interface and
power supply. Many server hardware networks support out of zone control over a
dedicated port. External management systems can be used to enable or disable the
server. Most of the hardware on the network off zone is using a dedicated port.
External management system can be used to remotely rotate the server.[ CITATION
Hyp20 \l 1033 ]
Server physical types;
Rack server
A rack server is known as a rack mounting server or a rack mounting computer. It is
a computer called a server rack located in a rectangular structure. Rack servers are
the most widely used servers in military, industrial and commercial programs and
applications because of their high size, scalability, upgrade capability and support
for computer intensive software but tower and blade servers from time to time.
[ CITATION Rac18 \l 1033 ]
Tower server
The tower server is a computer intended to be used as a server and is built into a
standalone cabinet. A cabinet called a tower is similar in shape and shape to a
cabinet for tower type personal computer. This is in contrast to rack server s or blade
server s, which is designed to be rack mounted. It is easier when cooling because the
overall component density is fairly low and scalability, because an unlimited number
of servers can be added to an existing network. [ CITATION ser21 \l 1033 ]
Blade server
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The blade server, sometimes referred to as a high-density server, is a compact
device that contains a computer used to manage and distribute data over a collection
of computers and systems known as a network. Its role is to act as a path between
computers, programs, applications and systems. Many blade servers are dedicated
and focused on a single application because professionals have more control over
how they access and use and transfer data between devices.[ CITATION Rac18 \l
1033 ]
2.5.
The recommendation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara
branch
According to the scenario, my recommendation is to use rack server because it is
easy to mount server room, server rack. As well as it increased scalability,
maximized air flow when coupled with a cooling systems and ease of regular
computer maintenance and diagnostics given that their design allows technicians and
operators to easily slide rack servers in and out of them.
PowerEdge R830 rack server
It has excellent functionality and cost effectiveness productivity for mainstream
databases, virtualization and VDI.
Features
Processor
Technical specification
Intel®Xeon®processor E5-4600 v4 product
Supported Operating System
family
Microsoft
Microsoft
Windows
Server®2012
Windows
Server
R2
2012
Novell®SUSE®Linux Enterprise Server Red
Hat®Enterprise
Linux®
VMware
Chipset
Memory
vSphere®ESXi®
Intel C612
(48 DIMM slots): 8GB/16GB/32GB/64GB
Slots
DDR4, RDIMM, LRDIMM up 2400MT/s
7 Pcle slots; 2×16 half-length, full-height 1×8
half-length, full-height 3×8 half-length, fullheight 1×8 half-length, full-height for the
Storage
RAID controller
16×2.5” SATA/SAS
SSD,
SAS
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HDD
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(15K,10K), nearline SAS HDD (7.2K)
Figure 35-PowerEdge R830 rack server
PowerEdge R240 rack server
It is specially designed for web hosting and multitasking applications with an
accessible 1U rack server that simplifies performance and scaling.
Features
Processor
Technical specification
Segment 14G Wave 4 XL CPUs Advanced E-
Supported Operating System
2176G Standard E-2136, E-2144G
Certify XenServer Citrix® XenServer®
Microsoft Windows Server® with Hyper-V
Red Hat® Enterprise Ubuntu server
4×DDR4 DIMM slots, Supports UDIMM, up
Memory
to 2666MT/s, 64GB Max. Supports registered
ECC
Networking options; 2×1GbE LOM network
Slots
interface controller (NIC) ports Front ports;
1×USB
2.0,1×IDRAC
micro-USB
2.0
management port Rear ports; 2×USB 3.0 VGA,
serial connector
Internal controllers: PERC H730P, H330,
Storage
HBA330 (non-RAID) Software RAID: PERC
S140 External HBAs: 12Gbps SAS HBA (nonRAID) Boot Optimized Storage Subsystem:
2×M.2 240GB (RAID 1 or No RAID), 1×M.2
240GB (N0 RAID Only)
Figure 36- PowerEdge R240 rack server
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PowerEdge R7515 rack server
Features
Processor
Technical specification
One 2nd Gen AMD EPYC™ processor with
Supported Operating System
up to 64 cores
Canonical®Ubuntu®Server LTS
Citrix®Hypervisor® Microsoft® Windows
Server® with Hyper-V Red Hat® Enterprise
Linux SUSE® Linux Enterprise Server
Memory
VMware® ESXi®
RDIMM 1TB
Slots
LRDIMM 2TB
PCIe Up to 4: 2×Gen3 slots (1×8;1×16),
Storage
2×Gen4 slots (2×16)
Up to 8×3.5” hot plug SATA/SAS (HDD) Up
to 12×3.5” hot plug SAS/SATA (HDD) Up to
24×2.5” hot plug SATA/SAS/NVMe
Figure 37- PowerEdge R7515 rack server
Fusion server pro 1288H V5 rack server
The Huawei fusion server pro 1288H V5 is a 1U, 2-socket rack server. Deployment
of dens to process workloads generated by cloud computing virtualization is high. It
has high performance. Excellent scales while enhancing the use of space in data
centers total expenses.
Features
Processor
Technical specification
1st or 2nd Generation Intel® Xeon® Scalable
processors
(3100/4100/5100/6100/8100
Supported Operating System
series)
Microsoft windows server Red hat enterprise
Memory
server Cent OS
24 DDR4 DIMM slots, 2933 MT/s; up to 12
Internal storage
Intel® Optane™ PMem modules (100 series)
Supports hot plug hard drives and the
following configuration options: 10×2.5-inch
hard drives (6-8 NVMe SSDs and 2- 4
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SAS/SATA drives with a total number of 10
or less)
Power on password Administrator password
Up to 5PCIe 3.0 slots, including 1 for a RAID
Security
PCIe Expansion
controller card and 1 for a flexible NIC
Figure 38-Fusion server pro 1288H V5 rack server
Dell 3240 Compact Desktop Workstation
Feature
Processor
Technical specification
Intel Core i5-10500 (6 core, 12M cache,
Supported operating system
base 3.1GHz-4.5GHz) DDr4-2666
Windows 10 pro 64bit English, French,
Graphic card
RAM
Spanish
Intel Integrated Graphics – core i
8GB 1×8GB DDR4 2666MHz
or
2933MHz (2933MHz required level core
i7 or above) SoDIMM Non-Ecc Memory
256GB PCIe NVMeClass 40M.2 SSD
Storage
Figure 39-Dell 3240 Compact Desktop Workstation
2.6.
Recommendation for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS branch
According to scenario, I recommend to use three server computers for this Matara
branch requirement. In SYNTAX SOLUTIONS there are lots of projects out there.
Many software engineers work in SYNTAX SOLUTIONS. Therefore, MySQL and
oracle can be configured as database server. I recommend, Dell PowerEdge R830
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rack server to configure the database because of the system required, server
installation required.
Features
Processor
RAM
Supported
MySQL
Oracle
Windows Server 2012 or Linux7 or higher 64bit
higher
Minimum of 4GB RAM
operating Minimum 30GB hard disk
system
Hard drive space
Red Hat enterprise
Minimum of 2GB RAM
Typical Install Type total:
10GB
Intel® core (™) dual core Intel
2Ghz
(×86)
AMD64
InteIEM64T
Figure 40- MySQL / Database
I recommend DNS server, DHCP server, Proxy and mail server because for the work
in this branch they are essential. Dell PowerEdge R7515 rack server can be used
because this server computer has powerful hardware therefore it can manage these
all the services and Dell PowerEdge R240 rack server for web server because web
server has lots of traffics and more load.
2.7.
Compatibility
Compatibility is the ability to work together on two systems without modification to
do so. Compatible software applications use the same data formats. Compatibility
may interaction of any two products; hardware and software, same or different types
or different versions of the same product. Designed accessories compatibility with
future versions is called forward compatible.
In the network following should be compatible;
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• Hardware
• Operating system
• Software
If these are not compatible lot of errors will occur
Such as,
• Without minimum requirement for server OS, you install the OS for server it cab
be crash
• Routers, switches and other main networking devices are in deferent models, so it
will be a big trouble in configure that
• When install some server without there are requirements it will be not work or
crash
• Servers and clients are in deferent OS so; compatible devices must be select as
requirement.
[ CITATION tec211 \l 1033 ]
2.8.
VLAN
A VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a logical subset of devices that can be grouped together
in separate physical local area network (LANs). Network virtualization is part of the
virtualization described above and it is virtualization. We use network virtualization
with VLANs on switches to allow connecting multiple broadcast domains with a
single switch with the VLANs we divide switches in to multiple switches.
[ CITATION Lif211 \l 1033 ]
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch has seven department. And 192.168.10.0/24
IP address is divided to subnet for departments. IP address are allocated for
department member count. VLAN can configure because it can categorize many
broadcast domains into number of logical subnets. A team at VLAN high security
users can be included and external users can be removed. VLAN cannot interact
with them.
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2.9.
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch VLAN and IP subnetting
scheme
Departmen
Users
VL AN
t
Customer
Care
Sub
Network ID
net
10
VLAN
10
Mask
27
Broadcast
IP Range
ID
192.168.1
192.168.1
192.168.
0.1
0.11
1
0.2-
192.168.
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Sales
and 20
Marketing
VLAN
27
20
192.168.1
192.168.1
1 0.10
192.168.
0.12
0.33
1
0.13-
192.168.
HR
10
VLAN
27
30
192.168.1
192.168.1
1 0.32
192.168.
0.34
0.45
1
0.35-
192.168.
Legal
10
VLAN
27
40
192.168.1
192.168.1
1 0.44
192.168.
0.46
0.57
1
0.47-
192.168.
Finance
25
VLAN
27
50
192.168.1
192.168.1
1 0.56
192.168.
0.58
0.84
1
0.59-
192.168.
Developers
55
VLAN
27
60
192.168.1
192.168.1
1 0.83
192.168.
0.85
0.146
1
0.86-
192.168.
Network
Team
5
VLAN
70
27
192.168.1
192.168.1
1 0.145
192.168.
0.147
0.153
1 0.147192.168.
1 0.152
Figure 41-VIDCO-19 Kandy branch VLAN & IP subnetting scheme
Wireshark
Wireshark is the world’s leading network traffic analyst. It is an essential tool for
security system administrator. This free software allows analyzing network traffic in
real time, often the best tool for troubleshooting in network. It allows keeping
network traffic under a microscope and filtering that traffic, magnifying the root
cause of the problem. Administrators use it to detect faulty network devices that
drop packets, delays caused by machines disrupting traffic around the world and
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data leakage or unauthorized access attempts against your organization. [ CITATION
Wik217 \l 1033 ]
FileZilla
The FileZilla software is an open-source FTP tool that allows a user to transfer files
to a remote computer from a local computer. This is consisting of client and server.
Client binaries are available for Windows, Linux and MacOS but server binaries are
available for only Windows. Client and server both are supported protocol for FTP,
SFTP and FTPS. [ CITATION Wik218 \l 1033 ]
PuTTY
PuTTY is a free terminal emulator that supports various network protocols such as
SSH, Telnet, SCP and rlogin. It is originally available for Windows and Linux.
[ CITATION Wik219 \l 1033 ]
According to the scenario,
to monitor the network traffic SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch has to use the
wireshark. Because it analyzes the malicious data packet enters the network.
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch can use FileZilla as the remote file transfer
tool. PuTTy software use as the remotely login tool for routers and switches. In this
network the devices that should be used are switch, routers, access point and servers
which are already explained under Hardware devices.
3. Network Diagram for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch
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Figure 42-Network diagram for SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch
User feedback from about network
Employee Email
Department
Job role
Date
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kamal@syntax.lk
Developer
Very Good
Good
Are you satisfied
about
this
network?
What do
you
2021/10/20
Manager
Excellent
Bad


think about the
network
topology
implement
that
in
network
system?
Did you satisfy

with the speed
of the internet
in network?
How about the
security

and
efficiency in this
network?
Did you satisfy
with

response
time with server
room?
Overall

experience
Employee Email
henry@syntax.lk
Department
Customer Care
Good
Are you satisfied
about
this
Job role
Manager
Very Good
Date
2021/10/20
Excellent
Bad

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network?
What do
you

think about the
network
topology
implement
that
in
network
system?
Did you satisfy

with the speed
of the internet
in network?
How about the
security

and
efficiency in this
network?
Did you satisfy
with

response
time with server
room?
Overall

experience
Employee Email
devin@syntax.lk
Department
HR
Good
Are you satisfied
about
this
network?
What do
you
Job role
Officer
Very Good
Date
2021/10/20
Excellent
Bad


think about the
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network
topology
implement
that
in
network
system?
Did you satisfy
with the speed

of the internet
in network?
How about the
security

and
efficiency in this
network?
Did you satisfy
with
response

time with server
room?
Overall
experience

The feedback was really good as in the above forms. According to those feedbacks it
is able to conclude that the overall system was a success.
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3.1.
Windows server installation
Windows server is a brand name for a group of server operating system released by
Microsoft. That allows network activities such as print server, Domain controller,
Web server and file server to be performed by a computer. It is also the framework
for separately obtained server applications such as Exchange server or SQL server as
a server operating system. In SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch it can use
Windows Server OS for server machine. After creating a bootable USB or DVD
media, insert it and boot your computer. Virtual box, KVM and VMware users need
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to attach the ISO file when creating a VM and follow the installation steps shown.
Then click install now on the install screen.
Figure 43-Windows server 2012
Start the installation by clicking on “Install now”
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Figure 44- Windows server- Install
Select the Windows server 2012 edition to installed click Next
Figure 45-Windows server setup
Read the License term, turn on checkbox “I accept the License term” and then click
next.
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Click custom: Install Windows only (Advanced)
Figure 46-Windows server type of installation
Select the disk you will be installing on. If you do not want to change drive option
and click Next It will then start copying files. This will take a while (could be 20
mins or so depending on hardware performance). It will reboot a couple times
(automatically)
Figure 47-Installing windows
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The system should automatically reboot after the installation. Set Administrator
password when prompted on the next screen. Click Finish to complete the
installation.
Then use Ctrl + Alt + Del combination.
Figure 48-Desktop
That’s all now the installation is fully finished.
3.2.
DHCP
A DHCP server is a server that automatically assigns IP addresses to computers and
other devices on the network.
DHCP configure process
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Open server manager ----- Start Server manager
Figure 49-Start
Server manager------ Manage-------- Add roles and features
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Figure 50-DHCP configure
Before
Next
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Figure 51- Add roles and features
Select role based or feature based installationRole and feature based
Select
Next
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Figure 52-Select installation type
Select destination server Choose the server that wants the DHCP service installed on. In this example can
choose the local server
next
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Figure 53- Select destination server
Select server roles- Select DHCP server roles
next
When select the roll you will get a pop up asking to add features that are required for
DHCP server
Add Features
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Figure 54- Add features that required for DHCP
Back on the select server roles page
Next
Figure 55- Roles
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Figure 56-Roles
On features
DHCP
Next
Net Framework
Next
On the confirmation page can select to automatically restart the server if required.
Figure 57-Confirmation
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Click install and Finish the installation Install progress page, it will say install
succeeded when complete.
Figure 58-Installation progress
Figure 59- Feature installation
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That completes the install of the DHCP role Move onto the next section for steps on
configuring the DHCP server.
Figure 60-Start
Click DHCP
Figure 61- Selecting the content
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Figure 62-Selecting Ip4
Select Ip4 and click New Scope
Figure 63-New scope Wizard window
Click ‘Next’
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Figure 64-New scope wizard
Figure 65-Enter IP address details
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Figure 66-Add exclusions and delay
Figure 67-Lease Duration
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Figure 68-Configure DHCP options
Select the first one which says ‘Yes, I want to configure DHCP options’
And click ‘Next’
Figure 69- Enter the IP address
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Enter the default gateway which is the IP of your Router then click on Next
Figure 70-DNS IP
Add DNS IP
Figure 71-WINS servers
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Figure 72-Activating Scope
Select Yes I want to activate the scope now
Figure 73-Completing the New scope Wizard
Click Finish
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3.3.
Creating users
Following screenshots show the step-by-step procedure of creating users.
Figure 74-Start
Select Active Directory
Figure 75-Window of Active Directory
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Figure 76-Selecting the relevant user group
Figure 77-Filling the details of the User
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Figure 78-Setting a password
Figure 79-Select Password server options
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Figure 80-Create
Click Finish
Figure 81-Users
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Figure 82-Properties
Figure 83-Select Groups window
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3.4.
Active directory configuration
Microsoft’s proprietary directory service is an active directory (AD). It runs on
windows allows clients and administrators to control network resource access and
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permissions. The data is stored as objects by the active directory. A single thing, like
a user, a party. A computer is an object such as a program or a printer. Objects are
usually described as user or groups of principals or a printer. As users or group of
principals or security printers such as printers or computers. The active directory
configuration follows;
Server manager
Manage
Add roles and features Wizard
Select installation Type
Add roles and features
Next
Select role based or feature based installation
Next
Figure 84-Installation type
Select a server from the server pool. In server pool ensure that the local computer is
selected
Next
After select Active Directory Domain services from roles
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Figure 85- Select features
Click Add features
Next
Figure 86- future installation
Active Directory Domain Servers page
Next
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Confirmation page
Install -to install the roles, role services, or features on
the server
Figure 87-Result
After complete installation click on notification in server manager
click on
the link promote this server to a domain controller
When the Active Directory Domain Servers configuration wizard
Select Add a new forest and enter root domain name
Then verify NetBIOS domain name
open
Next
Next
Given specify locations for AD DS database folder
log files folder
SYSVOL folder
The wizard all validates the prerequisites before installing AD DS. When all checks
are passed successfully,
Install
When the installation is completed
Close to finish wizard
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Active Directory Domain Services have been successfully installed. Machine will be
rebooted automatically.
Figure 88- Active directory
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3.5.
Network Maintenance
It is the range of services a company intends to use to keep the work running
smoothly. [ CITATION MGl21 \l 1033 ]
Network Maintenance schedule
SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch maintain schedule
Service
Occurrence
Start time
Duration
Notice
Affected
Backup schedule
File server
Daily
12.00AM
3 hours
Email server
Weekly
2.00AM
2 hours
Database
Daily
12.00AM
2 hours
Weekly
2.00AM
2 hours
server
A 2-3 hours’
notice will be
given when
the
administrative
server is
taking down.
We will give
you 2-3
hours’ notice
on taking
down of our
server.
No additional
notes
Update testing
Server update
No additional
notes
Windows
Weekly
2.00AM
2 hours
update
We
provide
will
4
hours’ notice
when
longer
down time is
Security update
Daily
12.00AM
50 minutes
requires.
No additional
notes
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4. Implementing and designing the network system
4.1.
Network device configuration
Bellow given is the SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch network design.
Figure 89-Network devices configuration
Figure 90-IP configuration
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Figure 91-Configuration
Figure 92-VLAN Switch
Figure 93-Switch ports assign to VLANS
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Change IP
Figure 94-Start
Figure 95-Adjust computer settings
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Figure 96-Network settings
Figure 97-Network connection
Click on Ethernet then property window will appear.
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Figure 98-Ethernet properties
After clicking ok the IP version properties will appear.
Figure 99-IP Version 4 properties
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Click on use following IP address
After typing the address, the subnet mask will appear automatically.
Then select the use the following DNS server address and give the address.
Now click on ok to finish.
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4.2.
Ping
First go to apps and select command prompt.
Figure 100-Command Prompt
After selecting it this window will appear
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Figure 101-Ping
Then ping the IP address
Figure 102-Ping
After that it’ll give the reply if it is correctly pinged.
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Figure 103-Ping
As in the following screenshot now it is successfully pinned.
Figure 104-Ping
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Figure 105-Ping
Figure 106-Ping
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Figure 107-Ping
Figure 108- Ping
*The process of create users is included in Task 3.
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Test case and test above the network
Test no
Description
Expected
1
result
Telnet to router Successfully
Actual result
Successful
in network team login
client pc.
2
Ping
customer Ping
care
pc
Successful
to successfully
developer’s
3
client pc
Check
Ping
connectivity
successfully
between
room
4
server
and
department
DHCP
server Client pc get Successful
working
5
Successful
IP
address
correctly
from DHCP
Check routing Ping between Successful
working
two networks
Figure 109-Test case and test
Test 01: Telnet to router in network team client pc
Test 02: Ping customer care pc to developers’ client pc
Test 03: Check connectivity between server room and department
Test 04: DHCP server working correctly
Test 05: Check routing working
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4.3.
Network monitoring
It is the use of a system that constantly monitors a computer network for slow or
failing components and that notifies the network administrator in case of outages or
other trouble. The ping program is one example of s basic network monitoring
program.
Finding performance issues and barriers can help identify problems at an early stage.
Effective active monitoring can prevent network malfunctions or failures.
Important features of network monitoring;
• Monitoring the essentials
• Selecting the correct protocol
• Setting the threshold
• Optimizing the monitoring time interval
[ CITATION HND21 \l 1033 ]
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4.4.
Troubleshooting
Network administrators will need to use different resources to amplify the problem in
order to avoid network distortion.
Troubleshooting is the process use to identify and solve the problems if anything
happens in the computer network. It is the logical process that network engineers use
to resolve network problems and to improve network operations.
The network should be subject to troubleshooting in the following order;
1. Identify the problem
2. Make an educated guess of the possible cause of the problem.
3. Explore the system to check whether your idea is valid.
4. Identify system elements in error; plan and implement remediation steps.
5. Check that the solution worked and change procedures to prevent the problem
from happening again.
[ CITATION com20 \l 1033 ]
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4.5.
Future enhancement
As for the future enhancement of the network security in SYNTAX SOLUTIONS
Matara branch author recommends IPS (Invasion Prevention System). The reason
for thinking that IPS is much suitable is that it has the ability to detect and secure the
system. However, on the other hand IDS can identify risks.
A slow running network is the main concern of companies like this SYNTAX
SOLUTIONS for that infrastructure upgrade is needed. Finally, the internet of things
is a trend that continues to grow, so we must also keep that in our mind and work
with the newest technology for the best result.
4.6.
Evaluating design
According to the requirements of SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara branch I provide
the best suitable resources. First this plan started by giving suggestions for protocols,
network system type and topology which were also described very well. Then I
presented the devices which should be used. After that I also came up with server
suggestions. Likewise, the designing part was over. Then the next step was to ensure
the security more. For that I provide the steps to follow. When designing the plan, I
also suggest some ways that can make the officers who wants to work from home
access the system. In order to increase network efficiency and productivity several
networks control several tools was introduced. As mentioned earlier security is one
of the main things which we are concerned about so as an example I use firewall
because it acts as a barrier between the internet and the network.
Finally, to confirm that this network design was a success author got feedbacks from
some of the workers from several departments. And the feedbacks were positive
which concluded that overall network design of SYNTAX SOLUTIONS Matara was
a huge success.
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Reference List
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%20may%20be%20inter-network%20or%20intra-net
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Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria
Achieved
Feedback
LO1: Examine networking principles and their protocols.
P1
Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types
and standards.
P2
Explain the impact of network topology, communication and
bandwidth requirements.
M1
Compare common networking principles and how protocols
enable the effectiveness of networked systems.
LO2 : Explain networking devices and operations
P3
Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and
server types.
P4
Discuss the inter-dependence of workstation hardware with
relevant networking software.
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M2
Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a
server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and
performance optimization.
LO 1 & LO2
D1 Critically evaluate the topology protocol selected for a given
scenario to demonstrate the efficient utilisation of a networking
system.
LO3 : Design efficient networked systems
P5
Design a networked system to meet a given specification.
P6
Test and evaluate the design to meet the requirements and
analyze user feedback.
M3
Install and configure network services and applications on your
choice.
D2
Design a maintenance schedule to support the networked
system.
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LO4 : Implement and diagnose networked systems
P7
Implement a networked system based on a prepared design.
P8
Document and analyze test results against expected results.
M4
Recommend potential enhancements for the networked
systems.
D3
Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid
conclusions.
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