Questionnaire
BIOMOLECULES
Due to the chemical composition of its parts and language, a living cell is called?
Chemical Machine
Essential natural elements that the body requires in large quantities, and their significance surpasses that of other
minerals?
Macro elements
What type of functional group is determined by the distribution of electrons within the molecule and the
electronegativity of the atoms involved?
Polar
Considered as the most critical monosaccharide. Also known as dextrose or blood sugar since it serves as an
immediate energy source during cellular respiration?
Glucose
The major form of stored carbohydrate in plant cells and the most important source of carbohydrates in the human
diet?
Starch
Separates cell components by spinning them at different speeds. This process isolates different parts based on
their size and density?
Differential Centrifugation
Separates particles based on their buoyant density in a gradient medium?
Isopycnic centrifugation
Separates particles based on their sedimentation rates in a density gradient.
Rate Zonal Centrifugation
Operates at speeds below 10,000 rpm, typically falling between 3,000 and 9,000 rpm.
Ultra Centrifugation
Any very large molecule, usually with a diameter ranging from about 100 to 10,000 angstroms (10−5 to 10−3
mm)?
Macromolecule
It explains the makeup and actions of macromolecules, putting them into four groups: carbohydrates, proteins,
nucleic acids, and lipids.
Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Biological molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of approximately one carbon atom
(C) to one water molecule (H2O).
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose.
Sugar
Composed of two monosaccharide units joined by a dehydration event, also referred to as condensation reactions
or dehydration synthesis.
Disaccharides
Long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.
Polysaccharide
Serves as the primary polysaccharide storage type
Starch
Primary structural element of the cell walls of almost all green plants
Cellulose
The minimal amount of branching cellulose found in cell walls.
Callose
This particular heteropolysaccharide gives bacteria's cell walls their stiffness and form.
Peptidoglycan
Pivotal in overseeing metabolic pathways, ensuring that vital processes proceed at optimal rates to support life.
Enzymes
Separates particles by taking advantage of their sedimentation rate
Centrifugation
Also known as gel permeation chromatography.
Gel Filtration Chromatography
Biomolecules can be separated and purified.
True
Two types of ION exchange chromatography. (Choose two answers)
Cation Exchange
Anion Exchange
The mixture of compounds to be separated are partitioned.
Partition Chromatography
Studies how light interacts with colored solutions.
Spectrophotometry
A spectrophotometer is an advanced colorimeter.
True
Two types of techniques based on solubility. (Choose two answers)
Salt Precipitation
Precipitation with Organic Solvents
How many elements are observed in the living cell given that there are 92 naturally occurring elements.
25
Which type of chemical bonds is formed when there is a complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another?
Ionic Bond
This is known as a very weak bond formed between nonpolar molecules and is the bond present in hydrocarbons.
Van der Waals Bond
What type of functional group is present in the figure below?
Hydroxyl Group
Which functional group characterizes the carbohydrates?
Hydroxyl group
Which of the following is true regarding the structure of α-amino acids in peptides and proteins?
The α-amino acids contain a carboxylic acid (–COOH) and an amino (–NH2) functional group attached to the
same tetrahedral carbon atom.
Why do nucleotides play such diverse roles in cellular processes?
Because they serve as building blocks of nucleic acids and have varying chemical basicity due to the presence of
different nitrogen bases.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the fatty acid designated as "16:1Δ9"?
It contains 16 carbon atoms and 1 site of unsaturation between carbons 9 and 10.
This is one of the earliest available biological sequence database books that was written by Margaret Dayhoff and
published in 1965.
Atlas of Protein Sequences and Structures
Is a multidisciplinary field that merges the tools of computer science, mathematics, and biology to analyze the
relationship among various sets of biological data.
Bioinformatics
The following are the products that can be produced by using amino acid as a precursor except:
Maltose
The initial or starting material which undergoes biosynthetic pathways and will produce a metabolically active
compound.
Precursor
It has the same structure as amylopectin except that it has more branches. These extra branches make it more
compact which allows holding more glucose per molecule.
Glycogen
It is a kind of branched cellulose found in small amounts in cell walls and is linked via β-1,3-glycosidic bonds.
Callose
What protein structure has a peptide bond with a partial double-bond character due to resonance?
Secondary Structure
What secondary structure patterns are typically the result of a mixed amino acid sequence that cannot form either
an α-helix or a β-sheet?
Beta Turns
Which molecule plays a central role in metabolism and serves as a primary source of fuel for most organisms?
Glucose
What is the primary end product of glycolysis, the metabolic pathway responsible for the breakdown of glucose?
Pyruvic acid
What is the fundamental process by which photosynthetic organisms utilize light energy to synthesize organic
compounds?
Photosynthesis
Which of the following best describes denitrification in the context of nitrogen cycling?
Conversion of nitrates to gaseous compounds by microorganisms
This is an equal mixture of two enantiomers, resulting in optical inactivity, meaning it does not cause the rotation
of plane-polarized light.
Racemic Mixture
Which of the following is not a biochemical transformation?
Configuration
Molecules have the same chemical formula but different atomic arrangement.
Structural Isomer
An easier way to represent the spatial arrangement of groups around a chiral center. In this arrangement, the most
oxidized group is on top, and the most reduced carbon is at the bottom.
Fischer Projection Formula
Which of the following accurately describes isopycnic density gradient centrifugation?
Each particle sediments to a position in the tube where the gradient density matches its own density.
In gel-filtration chromatography, why do smaller proteins elute later than larger proteins?
Smaller proteins are excluded from the pores of the stationary phase beads.
Which statement regarding ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is incorrect?
Proteins are eluted using a gradient solution of increasing ionic strength.
The following are techniques based on charge, except:
Electromagnetic Radiation
This is a chromatographic technique that facilitates the separation and purification of biomolecules based on their
hydrophobic properties.
Hydrophobic-interaction Chromatography (HIC)
The visible region of electromagnetic radiation spans approximately __________.
400 to 750 nm
This law describes the relationship between the concentration of a substance in a solution and its absorbance light.
Beer-Lambert Law
This is a common technique to isolate proteins and enzymes by exploiting their solubility in aqueous media.
Salt Precipitation
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of enzyme action?
Enzyme Volume
The reaction catalyzed by _____ results in the formation of special covalent linkages like C-C, C-S, C-O, and CN bonds by condensation reaction (with the elimination of a water molecule) coupled with ATP cleavage
Ligases
DNA contains the nitrogen bases:
All of the above
These are a class of hydrophobic molecules but very much miscible with organic solvents such as hexane,
chloroform, ethyl acetate, etc.
Lipids
In performing a colorimetric experiment with a red-colored sample, which filter is preferable?
Green Filter
Which of the following materials is suitable for synthesizing Cortisone, a steroid hormone used to treat a number
of ailments, such as inflammation?
Cholesterol
Fluorimetry quantifies the concentration of the emitting substance in a sample. This is possible as radiation is
emitted by an excited atom or molecule as it transitions from __ to __ energy level?
5, 3
What is the numeric symbol for a fatty acid with the following structure?
20: 4 Δ 5, 8, 11, 14
Which of the following does not belong to the macroelement group?
Silicon
Which of the following does not belong to the Hydrophobic Functional Groups?
Acetyl
Which of the following does not belong to the Linkages and Bridges groups?
Phosphate Linkage
Which of the following does not belong to the Polar Functional groups?
Disulfide
Which of the following colors has the longest wavelength and lowest frequency in the visible spectrum?
Red
Which of the following is correct in order of lowest to highest frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum?
Ultraviolet rays < X-rays < Gamma rays
Which of the following illustrations contains a chiral center?
A and C
Determine the reducing agent in the following reaction: Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
Zn
It separates the chemical mixtures of proteins or different chemicals into various components based on differences
in their speed.
Chromatography
What does HIC stand for?
Hydrophobic-interaction chromatography
How many sequences of amino acids in different combinations linked exclusively by peptide bonds are there in
proteins?
20
What is the protein found in the brain?
Endorphin
Nucleic acids are made up of repeating units or monomers, called?
Nucleotides
These are the derivatives of purine.
Adenine and Guanine
What forms the genetic material of some organisms, like viruses?
RNA
Who discovered nucleic acids?
Friedrich Miescher
Its presence allows carbohydrates to interact with an aqueous environment and to participate in hydrogen bonding,
both within and between chains.
Hydroxyl group
Most of the naturally occurring sugars are in what formation?
D-conformation
What is the link that links the straight chains of glucose units in unbranched and water soluble molecules?
α-1 > 4
In centrifugation, what is the relationship between the rate of sedimentation and the molecular weight and size if
all the other factors are constant?
Directly proportional
A system of double-layered membranes in the stroma. Some of these lamellae are disc shaped enclosing an inner
space separated from the outside by a double membrane
Lamellae
These organisms are of ancient origin, presumed to have evolved before oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms
It is the central pathway of aerobic respiration.
Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)
It is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid. It is also the anaerobic catabolism of glucose. It occurs in virtually
all cells.
Glycolysis
Enzymes are thought to operate on a geometric principle. What principle states that substrate binding sites have
exactly the complementary shape of the substrate molecules?
Lock and Key Hypothesis
A change in any of the parameters, particularly factors such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength, can destroy
the enzyme conformation or the three-dimensional structure. What is this change of conformation in the threedimensional structure of an enzyme, followed by the loss of activity, called?
Denaturation
Listed below are part of the five distinct groups of macromolecules except?
Sucrose
It is one of the two components of starch with a linear polymer of glucose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic
bonds and contributes to the semi-crystalline nature of starch and plays a role in energy storage.
Amylose
What polysaccharide contains β-glycosidic linkage composed of long chains of alternating N-acetylglucosamine
(GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)?
Peptidoglycan
A protein structure refers to the arrangement when two or more protein subunits come together to form a
functional protein complex.
Quarternary Structure
What structural alignment facilitates binding the appropriate substrate to the active centers, much like a key
fitting into a keyhole?
Lock and Key Hypothesis
What inhibitors do not engage in competition with the substrate for occupancy within the active site which leads
to eliminating any chance for competitive interactions?
Irreversible Non-competitor
What type of RNA contains rare and modified bases that contribute to stabilizing their structure?
Transfer RNAs (tRNA)
What common phospholipid in plasma membranes differs in structure from phosphoglycerides, wherein instead
of a glycerol backbone, this has amino alcohol with a long unsaturated hydrocarbon chain?
Sphingomyelin
What are the two principles/laws used in colorimetry?
Beer-Lambert’s Law
In fluorescence spectroscopy, what do you call when the natural compound shows fluorescence?
Intrinsic fluorescence
It is one of the gentlest ways to precipitate protein without compromising its viability.
Salt Precipitation
What are the three key requirements for X-ray crystallography research?
X-ray source, crystal under study, and an X-ray detector
During this process, CO2 is reduced to the level of carbohydrate by the reducing power generated during the
light reaction, through a series of enzymatic reactions.
The Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis
It is known as turning ammonium into NO3 (pathway 3-4). The bacteria are responsible for this, as they have
evolved to oxidize ammonium to obtain energy and use CO2 as a carbon source to create organic molecules.
Nitrification
It is a bifunctional enzyme that, in addition to binding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate, can also bind O2.
Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase
5 ATP molecules are used per carbon dioxide
C4 plants
The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called
Biological Macromolecules
It is the most abundant among the four major macromolecules. It also serves as a primary energy sources for
living organisms
Carbohydrates
It acts as the monomer or building block of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
The following are examples of physiologically significant disaccharides except
Heptose
It serves as the primary stored carbohydrate in animals
Glycogen
It is a versatile method for separating charged molecules, spanning proteins to nucleotides.
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC)
It is utilized in separating small nucleic acid molecules like RNA or oligonucleotides in nucleic acid sequencing.
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
It is the specific pH at which a protein carries no net charge.
Isoelectric point (Ip)
A distinctive chromatographic method where molecules undergo separation based on their hydrophobic
interaction with the stationary and mobile phases.
Hydrophobic-Interaction Chromatography (HIC)
A subtype of chromatography involves the partitioning of compounds between liquid stationary and mobile
phases.
Partition Chromatography
A type of isomer differs in the arrangement or distribution of covalent bonds that occurs when two or more
different compounds share the same molecular formula and different structural formula.
Structural isomerism
It is a method where the asymmetric carbon is in the plane of projection, the groups at the top and bottom are
inclined equally below the plane of projection and the groups on the left and right are inclined equally above the
plane of projection.
Fischer Projection Formula
Exhibits equilibrium reactions indicating the presence of at least two weak acidic groups.
Amino acids
Long hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxylic acid group, play dual roles as components in complex
membrane lipids and major components of stored fat.
Fatty acids
Cell and Development
It is a special feature of an organism’s morphology, anatomy, and physiology, which improves its interaction
with its environment.
Adaptation
What are the mechanisms of Evolution?
Descent with modification and Natural selection
Which of the following is considered to be a threat to Biodiversity?
All of the above
The state of maintaining a constant internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment is
known as
Homeostasis
Arrange the following stages:
I, IV, II, III, V
This follows a hierarchy in a structured and organized way.
Organization of life
It involves placing a small volume (50 to 100ml) on an agar petriplate, spreading it uniformly, and incubating
under appropriate conditions.
Spread or Pour Plate Method
It is a common asexual reproduction method, especially in unicellular organisms like bacteria.
Binary Fission
It involves disruption of cells and tissues into components.
Cell Fractionation
Examples are the structural components such as cuticle, wax, lignin, tough bark, and strong materials act as
physical barriers to prevent penetration by pathogens.
Passive Defense
Including sugars (sucrose, fructose, trehalose), sugar alcohols (mannitol, inositol), it maintains water content
and counter cellular dehydration.
Osmolytes
It is a vital characteristic of living organisms, enabling responses to stimuli and essential functions:
Movement
It serves as the method by which organisms procure the materials and energy essential for sustaining life.
Nutrition
Gas exchange is governed by three key factors, which of the following is not included.
Osmosis
It serves as the body's protective measure against invading organisms
Immune response
Which of the following statement(s) correctly defines the “Unified Cell Theory”;
Statement I & II only
Devoid of blood vessels, these cells safeguard internal tissues from injury and infection.
Epithelial Tissues
Describe the impact of body size on biological features, revealing general patterns in how organisms function,
sleep, consume food, and develop brain size.
Allometric Relationships
Unidirectional, entering from the sun, passing through producers to consumers, and leaving as metabolic heat.
Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling
Which of the following is not an assumption for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
There is migration in population
Which of the following describes the interphase of a cell cycle?
The genetic content of the cell exists as dispersed chromatin.
A phase in the embryonic development of an animal in which the cell of blastula rearranges into three-layered
embryo
Gastrulation
What is the correct order of stages of cell signaling?
Reception, transduction, response
The following are the characteristics of secondary metabolites, EXCEPT?
can’t be overproduced
What is the purpose of antibacterial peptides in insects' hemolymph?
Defense against bacterial infections
Which of the following statement/s is/are TRUE?
Statement I & III only
What is a method by which a particular population of cells can be separated from other types of cells in a
tissue?
Cell Sorting
It is a vital component of the body, consisting of cells within a matrix, which can be fluid, semi-fluid, or a
composite structure containing fibrous proteins. What type of animal tissue is this?
Connective tissue
Which hormone is responsible for controlling sperm production in males?
Testosterone
During the menstrual cycle, which hormone is responsible for triggering the resumption of meiosis in a few
primary oocytes in females?
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
What is the first step in cell fractionation where cell will be broken apart?
Homogenization
At what speed of differential centrifugation can chloroplasts and mitochondria be isolated?
Slightly higher
The point in bacterial growth where cell growth is equal to the rate of cell death
Stationary phase
These are often referred to as "self-feeders," employing light or chemical energy to produce their own food.
Autotrophs
These are essentially genetic information enclosed in a protein coat, possibly featuring external structures and a
membrane.
Viruses
The __________ forms a network of interconnected tubules, vesicles, and sacs, with specialized functions in the
cell such as glycogen storage and production, protein synthesis, steroid production, insertion of membrane
proteins, and calcium sequestration.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes, and is crucial for life.
Homeostasis
In angiosperms, flowers serve as the reproductive organs, comprising four main parts arranged in circles. Which
of the following is NOT included in the group?
Stem
It is a method of asexual reproduction for animals wherein the parent cell undergoes nuclear division followed
by the cleavage of the protoplast, resulting in the formation of two or more daughter cells. Typically, two
identical cells are produced.
Binary Fission
The defense mechanism in animals and humans to fight against these parasitic and pathogenic organisms is
called the ______.
Immune System
What is the correct ascending order of how life is commonly organised?
Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere
What type of natural selection is encountered in the example of the theoretical giraffe selectionary pressures
preferring the extremely long necks as opposed to short or middle-length necks?
Directional selection
Extinctions that are not caused by mass extinction and is caused by ecological factors such as competitive
exclusion or habitat destruction is called ________ __________.
Ordinary extinction
It is the general term for a process wherein the genetic material of a parent cell is distributed among the
daughter cells.
Cell division
Cancer cells have the ability to enter the G0 phase of the cell cycle, where they temporarily stop dividing and
remain in a quiescent state.
False
In the cell cycle, DNA replication happens during _____ phase.
S
Match the stages in the process of cell signaling with the key event that corresponds to them
L:P; M:Q; and N:O
What is apoptosis, and how does it differ from necrosis?
A systematic removal of cells crucial for organism development.
What are the two categories of defense mechanisms in plants, and how do they differ?
Constitutive and inducible, with both involving responses to microbial attacks.
Why are studies on plant-pathogen interactions considered important?
To devise strategies for crop protection and reduce losses.
What is the significance of secondary metabolites, and how are they produced?
They contribute to defense against microorganisms and pests and are produced in response to attacks.
What is a characteristic defense mechanism observed in bacteria during unfavorable conditions?
Formation of endospores
This is a single-layered tissue that covers the whole plant body. It protects the internal part from infection and
loss of water. This layer of cells has a waxy coating on the surface, which is secreted by the cells.
Epidermis
The existence of disadvantageous alleles in heterozygous genotypes within the population.
Genetic Load
This is thought to be the most common form of speciation. It occurs when a population is split into two (or
more) geographically isolated subdivisions that organisms cannot bridge.
Allopatric Speciation
Researchers originally thought that electrical impulses jumped these gaps in neurons, like electricity jumps
across the gap in a spark plug. Now we know this is not true. Chemicals, not electrical impulses, travel across
the gaps. What are these chemicals called?
Neurotransmitters
Scientists use only one kind of microscope. The discoveries in biology, medicine, and materials research are
independent of advances in microscopy.
Both statements are false.
Hooke is the first one to describe cells and bacteria. Leeuwenhoek described cork and its ability to float in
water.
Both statements are false.
Numerical Aperture is the ratio of the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction of the light. Refractive index
is the ability of the lenses to collect the converged lights.
Both statements are false.
In the procedure of cell sorting, the first thing to do is to break open extracellular matrix and intercellular
junction by proteolytic enzyme or with agents that chelate O++. The second step is gentle shaking to macerate
the tissue.
Second statement is true. First statement is false.
What type of tissue that functions to support and structure various body parts?
Connective tissue
It is a chance-driven variation in allele frequencies that occurs due to binomial sampling errors during
reproduction.
Genetic Drift
It occurs when a population is split into two (or more) geographically isolated subdivisions that organisms
cannot bridge.
Allopatric Speciation
Its mechanism is a strong selection pressure that pushes the population towards one end of the phenotypic
spectrum.
Directional Selection
_______ include biomes, large geographical areas, and collectively form the biosphere, encompassing all living
organisms and their physical environment on Earth.
Ecosystems
It is the structural and functional units of life. It is also capable of self-replication and contains the body's
genetic material.
Cell
It is also known as the lacking cell, such as virus.
Acellular cell
It takes part in the metabolism and respiration of cells to produce energy. It is commonly referred to as the
powerhouses of the cell because it produces energy required to power cells.
Mitochondria
These are the green plastids specialized for photosynthesis. They contain photosynthetic pigments such as
chlorophylls and carotenoids.
Chloroplasts
It is part of Earth inhabited by living organisms. It consists of specific geographical areas known as biomes.
Biosphere
It is represented as the two identical DNA double helices in the chromosomes.
sister chromatids
Statement A: The purpose of mitosis is to produce reproductive cells. Statement B: Meiosis has two cell
divisions.
Statement A is false but Statement B is true.
The prokaryotes and other single-celled eukaryotic organisms move by hair-like structures.
flagella and cilia
These molecules are small molecules present in the cytoplasm.
secondary messengers
Animals and all other organisms that depend on organic food materials synthesized by producers are identified
as _________.
Heterotrophs
This refers to a cellular layer restructuring process that rearranges cells and places them where they are needed.
Gastrulation
Gaseous exchange is governed primarily by the following except:
Energy expended by the organism
These refer to animal organisms that depend on the external environment to maintain their temperature.
Ectotherm
Which of the following is not asexual?
Pollination
Which does not feature in plant organism internal transport?
Open and closed circulation
The body's protective reaction against invading microorganisms, executed by immune cells.
Immune response
Defined as programmed cell death, occurring systematically in contrast to necrosis.
Apoptosis
It is caused by living organisms, and can severely impact crop quantity and quality.
Biotic stress
________ produce distinct antibody molecules (immunoglobulins) with over a million different B-lymphocytes
in each individual.
B-Cell
_______ mature in the thymus, producing diverse receptors that recognize specific antigens.
T-Cell
What happens to the intensity of light as the amplitude of wavelength decreases?
Decreases
The person most widely known as the Father of Microbiology.
Anton van Leeunwenhoek
What is the total magnification of the image observed through medium power objective? *Note: Assume that
the instrument used has the common values of magnification.
100x
A stage in cell fractionation wherein the tissue is disrupted to release its cellular components.
Homogenization
The specimen is placed between the ________.
Condenser and objective
Interphase is the portion of the cell cycle that is not accompanied by visible changes under the microscope
which includes the following phases, except:
Gap 0
Pivotal tools in various scientific fields, notably in drug development, toxicity testing, and functional analysis of
biological processes.
Cell-based Assay
What method encompasses reverse transcription, converting RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA), followed
by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the cDNA?
RT-PCR
The first stage of Karyokinesis.
Prophase
A cytometric method where cells, suspended in a fluid, pass individually through a focused beam of exciting
light.
Flow cytometry
It is a type physical method in cell transfection where genetic material is injected directly into the cell using a fine
needle
Microinjection
Refers to a group of powerful techniques that allow scientists to make precise changes to an organism's DNA
sequence, like targeting and cutting a specific section with CRISPR-Cas9.
Genome Editing
Is a process for growing and maintaining cells outside their natural environment, like this scientist nurturing cells
in a dish?
Cell Culture
Involves isolating a desired gene and inserting it into a vector (like a plasmid) to be replicated within a host
organism, ultimately producing copies of that gene.
Gene Cloning
Which of the following techniques CANNOT be directly combined with the others?
Studying the effects of genome editing on the behavior of cultured cells.
It refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell in terms of cytoplasmic increase.
Cell Cycle
This process can occur without cell growth.
Cell Division
Which of the following factors contributes to the gradual decline in a cell's function and ability to divide during
aging?
DNA damage
Which term describes the process of programmed cell death used during early development to eliminate unwanted
cells?
Apoptosis
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the role of cell replacement in the regeneration and
repair of tissues?
The goal of the repair process is to fill the gap resulting from tissue damage and restore structural
continuity.
According to the biological species concept, species are defined as groups of interbreeding natural populations
that are:
Reproductively isolated from other groups
Which of the following encompasses all lifeforms in the biosphere and is influenced by speciation and
evolution, impacting ecosystem and biosphere stability?
Biodiversity
What is the primary role of mutation and natural selection in the creation of adaptations?
They contribute to genetic variation necessary for evolution.
What type of selection occurs when both extreme phenotypes are favored over the intermediate one, often due
to the disadvantage of the heterozygous?
Disruptive Selection
What level of the hierarchical organization of life consists of multiple organisms of the same species?
Populations
What describes the influence of body size on biological features, revealing general patterns such as sleep patterns,
food requirements, and brain size?
Allometric relationships
What is the primary function of the cell membrane in a cell?
Substance transport
Which tissue type is responsible for body movement, posture, and functions such as blood pumping and food
digestion?
Muscle tissue
What is the primary purpose of genetic drift in population genetics?
Random variations in allele frequencies
What is the founder effect in the context of population genetics?
Creation of a distinct gene pool
What is the gel-like fluid that fills cells and helps chemical reactions happen, giving organelles a place to live?
Cytoplasm
It is a unique type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is decreased.
Meiosis
It refers to the process of nuclear division within a cell, involving the distribution of genetic material
(chromosomes) to daughter cells.
Karyokinesis
The following are gene expression analysis applications, except:
High-Throughput Screening
It is a natural part of the cell life cycle
High-Throughput Screening
GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
By random mutation, a gene can be mutated to more than one form in a population. This is a gene that is present
in more than one form.
Multiple Alleles
This is often referred to as “cumulative gene action” or “polygenic-inheritance” wherein traits such as height,
weight, yield in crops, and IQ are some of its examples.
Quantitative Inheritance
This is also called the “photoreactivation mechanism”, which operates in the presence of light.
Light Repair System
It is a type of dark repair system, which is a last-resort mechanism activated in cases of severe DNA damage
that renders normal repair mechanisms ineffective.
SOS (Save our Soul) Repair
Which of the following does not belong to the Law of Inheritance by Mendel?
Law of Dependence
Who is the Father of Genetics?
Gregor Mendel
Which of the following does not include in Chromosome Mutation?
Insertion of Genes
Down’s Syndrome is a genetic disease caused by?
Aneuploidy
It is the complete genetic or DNA complement of an organism and includes genetic material from both the
nucleus and cytoplasm.
Genome
They are non-living particles requiring host cellular machinery for reproduction.
Virus
They are the focus in molecular genetics and Used in gene cloning in molecular biology, allowing for the
insertion of DNA fragments.
Bacteriophages
It comprises two genomes: a complex nuclear genome, contributing to 99.9995% of the total genetic
information, and a simpler mitochondrial genome, making up the remaining 0.0005%.
Human genome
Which describes the activity and duration of a hypothetical cell in G stage?
Growth and increase in cell size for 10 hours
Who among these scientists presented experimental evidence suggesting each DNA strand serves as a template
for new synthesis in a process called semiconservative replication in 1957?
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
This enzyme attaches a small RNA primer to the single-stranded DNA to act as a substitute 3’ OH for DNA
polymerase to begin synthesizing from.
Primase
The strand which grows in the 3'-5' direction is synthesized discontinuously as a series of short DNA fragments
known as _____________?
Okazaki fragments
These genes can be compared to the brakes of a car, and function in the cell to regulate cell division.
Tumour Suppressor Genes
This term refers to the scientific discipline that studies the molecular and genetic basis of the immune response.
Immunogenetics
Which evolutionary force serves as the ultimate source of new genetic variation within populations?
Mutation
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental process in the transfer and utilization of genetic information?
Mutation
Who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden?
Gregor Mendel
DNA is a two-stranded mole and each strand is a polynucleotide composed of?
A (adenosine), T (thymidine), C (cytidine), and G (guanosine
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Free Ribosomes?
Are found in exterior of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
These are cytoplasmic organelles found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are also the sites of assembly of
the polypeptide.
Ribosomes
Immuno-staining involves using antibodies that exhibit high selectivity in binding to specific gene sequences.
Stains based on antibodies
It is the process by which a karyotype is discerned by determining the chromosome complement of an
individual, including the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities
Kyrotyping
This banding technique, not reliant on fluorochrome-based pretreatment, proves well-suited for animal cells,
resembling the C-banding approach without additional preparation steps.
G-banding
It refers to the deliberate mating of two distinct plants possessing complementary traits to produce progeny that
inherit a blend of those characteristics.
Hybridization
Researchers can gain valuable insights into human genetics by maintaining detailed records in large families,
This process is known as ________.
Pedigree Analysis
It is the process that occurs in nature whereby strong and well-adapted plants survive while weak and poorly
adapted plants eventually die out.
Natural Selection
He is considered as the Father of Genetics.
Gregor Mendel
It refers to the complete set of an individual's chromosomes.
Karyotype
He coined the term "genetics," defining it as the scientific study of heredity and variation.
Bateson
This law states that when parents have different traits for two or more characteristics, the inheritance of one trait
is not affected by the inheritance of the other traits.
Law of Independent Assortment
Alkylating agents, base analogs, and intercalating agents are all examples of what causes mutation?
Chemical Mutation
What is the study of genetic variation within populations and is concerned with the kinds of alternate gene
forms (alleles) within a population?
Population Genetics
What type of mutation occurs when the expected lifespan of an organism is significantly reduced?
Lethal Mutation
A type of dye used in histological or histochemical staining that is used for chromosome and nuclear
counterstain, as well as impermeant dead cell stain.
Propidium iodide
A diagrammatic representation of karyotype where chromosomes are generally organized in pairs, ordered by
size and position of centromere for chromosomes having the same size.
Both A and B
A chromosome painting technique that allows the multi-color detection of human chromosomes and is a method
of choice for studying complex interchromosomal rearrangements
Multiplex-fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
In what pattern of inheritance does genes inherited only from the mother?
Mitochondrial
In DNA isolation, this method refers to concentrating and desalting nucleic acid solutions.
Ethanol precipitation
Which of the following statements is true?
Emasculation prevents self-pollination in plants and helps control pollination between selected parents.
Which disorder follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance?
Huntington's disease
A type of DNA replication where the original DNA molecule unwinds, and each separated strand acts as a
template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. The result is two DNA helices, each consisting of
one strand from the original DNA and a newly synthesized complementary strand.
Semi-conservative
It separates the original double helix by disrupting the hydrogen bonds that bind the strand, enabling their
division and acting as templates for the creation of new complementary strands.
Helicase
It is termed as ‘genetic glue’ which is responsible for combining the DNA fragments to create a single,
continuous DNA strands.
Ligase
Who presented the experimental evidence on semiconservative replication?
Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
The _____ is the entire collection of genes and all other function and non-functional DNA sequence
Genome
Which of the following statements is correct?
All statements are correct.
It is a virus with a simple structure consisting double-stranded DNA surrounded by a protein coat that infects
bacteria only.
Bacteriophage
They may also have independently replicating circular double-stranded DNA molecules known as
Plasmids
What distinguishes a multigene family from an operon?
The multigene family involves multiple genes with related functions located at different loci, while an operon
consists of a group of functionally related genes organized in tandem.
How are the genes arranged in a multigene family compared to an operon?
In a multigene family, genes are scattered throughout the genome, while in an operon, genes are arranged in a
tandem fashion.
What defines the regulation of gene expression in a multigene family versus an operon?
Operons are regulated as a single unit, while genes in a multigene family are individually regulated.
What is the main function of a promoter?
Controlling gene expression
Which region is typically found at the beginning of a gene and is crucial for transcription initiation?
Promoter
What does the operator do in the context of gene expression regulation?
Acts as a binding site for repressor proteins
Where is the promoter region located in relation to the operator?
Upstream
Which of the following is involved in the regulation of operons in prokaryotes?
Both a and b
What is the primary role of a promoter in gene expression?
Initiating transcription
It is responsible for obtaining energy from β-galactosides such as lactose.
lac operon
When the lactose is present in the cell, it is said to be that in this state the operon is said to be inducible because
Lactose must be present for the structural genes of the operon to be expressed
It is a sequence of DNA located about 40 bases upstream of the start site. It is found in all eukaryotic genes.
Core Promoter
These are threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic
information from cell to cell.
Chromosomes
It is the term used to describe cases where the population has more than two alleles of the same gene.
Multiple alleles
He is known as the father of genetics.
Gregor Johann Mendel
Which of the following is a non-mendelian inheritance?
All of the above
According to this law, different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently of each other. The result is
that new combinations of genes present in either parent are possible.
Law of Independent Assortment
They ___ are the controlling elements and are located upstream to the coding region of a gene.
Promoters
It is the first step in gene expression.
Transcription
It carries the message of genetic information for protein synthesis.
mRNA
What are the nucleotides present in the DNA?
I, II, IV, and V
DNA-directed RNA synthesis and RNA directed protein synthesis forms the ___.
Central dogma of Life
Involves the induction of genetic mutations in bacteria, typically through exposure to mutagenic agents such as
chemicals, radiation, or certain environmental factors.
Bacterial Mutagenesis
Involves the deliberate induction of genetic mutations in plant seeds to generate genetic diversity for crop
improvement.
Seed Mutagenesis
Refer to methods and technologies used to study and manipulate chromosomes.
Chromosomal Techniques
Is a valuable research tool used to determine the chromosome complement within somatic or cultured cells
Karyotyping
_______ in plant breeding involves the controlled crossbreeding of two different plants within the same species
to create hybrids with desirable traits.
Hybridization
Initially identified the DNA
Friedrich Miescher
A Mutation dependent on the individual’s specific environmental
Conditional Mutation
Certain nucleotides are deleted, which affects the coding of proteins that use this DNA sequence.
Deletion
Contributes significantly to efficient food production, and biotechnological procedures like artificial
insemination and embryo transfer that have been integral to modern animal husbandry.
Animal Breeding
Under the specified conditions, the total frequency of the two alleles at any given time will sum up to one.
Hardy-Weinberg Law
Under the specified conditions, the total frequency of the two alleles at any given time will sum up to one.
Genome
This mechamism pertains to how a virus virus relicate through attacking the host cell, as the cell replicates the
viral DNA stays dormant until triggered by external factors.
Lysogenic cycle
Which of the following are not organellar genomes?
Nuclear genomes
This a multiple gene system that is controlled by one region of the DNA called the regulatory site, it regulates
the enzyme/ protein translation from the RNA polymerase.
Operon
It accomplishes the unwinding of the original double strand, once supercoiling has been eliminated by the
topoisomerase. The two strands very much want to bind together because of their hydrogen-bonding affinity for
each other, so the helicase activity requires energy (in the form of ATP) to break the strands apart.
Helicase
Which of the following are not included in eukaryotic gene regulation points?
Operator Region
They are irrespective the environmental factors and they are essential in maintaining the life activities of a
living system of an organism.
Housekeeping gene
Philadelphia chromosomes is caused by the genetic material exchange between what two chromosomes?
9 and 21
What Charles' law states that the new species evolve naturally from the existing ones?
Law of speciation
These genes determine the structures to be formed in each segment.
Homeotic genes
What factor primarily influences the likelihood of crossing over between two genes on a chromosome during
meiosis?
Their proximity on the chromosome
When genes on the same chromosome are close together, what is the likely outcome during meiosis?
Less frequent formation of recombinant gametes
How is linkage distance calculated in genetic mapping, and what does a lower percentage of linkage distance
indicate?
By dividing recombinant gametes by total gametes; physically closer genes
Which Mendelian principle states that different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring without any influence on
each other, resulting in the possibility of new combinations of genes from either parent?
Law of Independent Assortment
When a gene exists in more than one form, is it referred to as ______.
Multiple alleles
What is the term for the interchange of genes between homologous chromosomes?
Crossing over
This happens when one or two nucleotides are added or deleted. Substances like ethidium bromide can induce
this mutation.
Frameshift mutation
This functions to eliminate photodimers, particularly thymine dimers induced by UV radiation from sunlight.
Light Repair System
These genes exhibit the ability to relocate within the genome, moving from one position to another.
Transposons
Who are the two scientists who presented experimental evidence suggesting each DNA strand serves as a template
for new synthesis in semiconservative replication?
Meselson and Stahl
DNA replication that is responsible for the initiation of the unwinding of the DNA?
Topoisomerase
Exhibit a significantly higher level of complexity compared to bacterial genomes, encompassing a vast size range
and varying degrees of structural intricacy.
Eukaryotic Genomes
An autonomously replicating circular DNA structures which carry genes not found in the bacterial chromosomes
Plasmids
Aims to obtain comprehensive genome sequences, enabling the identification of potential genes and their
functions across various organisms.
Genome-Sequencing Project
Which staining method involves the use of antibodies labelled with fluorescence to visualize nucleic acid or
chromosome components?
Antibody-based stain
What does G-banding primarily involve?
Giemsa staining
What is karyotyping used for?
Capturing a comprehensive image of chromosomes
What does Q-banding utilize for chromosomal analysis?
Quinacrine
To avoid the introduction of foreign pollen and maintain purity, it is necessary to protect both the seed and
pollen parents. This can be accomplished by:
Both a and b
This process involves inserting stamens into a receptacle, removing the protective covering from the seed
parent, and using tweezers to brush the stamen's anther across the stigma.
Crossing
Pedigree analysis is a fundamental task for human geneticists, involves creating ___________ by commonly
collecting family history data during significant family occasions and using pedigrees to trace the transmission
of characteristics across multiple generations.
Genealogical Charts
This process involves plant molecular biologists to employ a CTAB extraction buffer to shield DNA from
potential interactions with metabolites such as mucilage and phenolics.
DNA Isolation from Plant Tissues
It refers to the phenomenon where different types of cells within an organism, despite having the same DNA,
produce distinct proteins.
Differential Gene Expression
These genes exhibit constitutive expression at relatively low levels in all cells of the body, ensuring the basic
metabolic functions and activities required for life.
Housekeeping Genes
These genes, when mutated or inactivated, contribute to the tumorigenic state by failing to suppress
inappropriate cellular growth.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
These molecules adapt information and serve as the link between a protein’s amino acid sequence and DNA
information.
tRNA
It is a cyclic, with the A site emptyafter each round of amino acid additions, ready to accept the next mRNA
codon.
Elongation
Also known as co-repressor in binding the operator region
Tryptophan
Also known as the unit of heredity
Gene
These are unique signals that identify the end of a cistron, or coding region.
Termination Codon
PROTEIN AND GENE MANIPULATIONS
Which level of protein structure is characterized by the spatial arrangement of amino acid residues, forming
alpha helices and beta sheets?
Secondary structure
How does the structure of a protein relate to its function?
The primary structure determines the overall three-dimensional shape.
What is the primary purpose of dialysis in obtaining a pure sample of protein?
To remove excess salts and small molecules from the protein solution
What type of restriction enzyme cuts at a specific area between the recognition site?
Type II Res
It is defined as a catalyst that prevents damaging of the diphosphate and triphosphate linkages
alkaline phosphatase
It is the type of vector or plasmid with the highest insert DNA size in kb units.
Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)
It is the analysis of the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.
Genomics
What does SNP stand for, and what does it involve?
SNP stands for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. It involves changes in the nucleotide sequence (A, C, T, G) of
DNA.
What is the primary focus of Pharmacogenomics?
Drugs' response is influenced by inherited genetic variations.
It integrates elements of biology, computer science, and information technology to create a unified discipline.
Bioinformatics
Which of the following is not included in the three-level classification in various areas of biological science?
Analysis of bioinformatics
These are sequences of the DNA directly isolated from the chromosomes or the total genome. They include
both coding parts and non-coding parts.
Genomic DNA
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institute of Health established an information center
for Biotechnology in 1988, evolving into the distinct institute for Bioinformatics known as the
________________.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
What base has the symbol R and a meaning of G or A?
Purine
Which of the following describes a linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds?
Protein
What is the name of the enzyme that was first isolated in 1968 from Haemophilus influenzae?
Hind II
It can be used as a landmark in a genetic map if it is inherited from the parent to the offspring as per standard
genetic laws.
Genetic Marker
The following are applications of Microarrays except:
Tree Building
Derived from the Greek word ‘protos’ which means “first”, playing a fundamental role in all lifeforms.
Protein
It determines the order of the As, Ts, Cs and Gs that make up an organism’s DNA.
Genome Sequencing
What bacterium is utilized in synthesizing Taq DNA polymerase?
Thermus aquaticus
The type of technique that utilizes a particle gun to accelerate microprojectiles made up of gold or tungsten to
introduce DNA into the target.
Biolistic Method
An example of a mechanical shearing method that fragments genomic DNA in a non-enzymatic manner.
Sonication
A common laboratory technique that generates several replicates of specified target DNA through several stages
of heating and cooling procedures.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A molecular biological technique that involves a series of steps to identify specific DNA sequences within
complex genomic DNA
Southern Hybridization
What are the available information in the PDB (Protein Database)?
Three-dimensional structures of proteins elucidated by NMR and X-ray crystallography techniques
What is the meaning of IUPAC?
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The growth of bioinformatics led to the development of essential resources like the ____________________
and the ____________________, facilitating the collection, classification, and distribution of molecular biology
data. Collaboration among these databases has resulted in a wealth of freely accessible information and software
for research and academic purposes.
European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
It is a chemical analysis technique employed to determine the mass of unidentified molecules through
ionization, segregation, and identification of ions based on their ratios of mass to charge.
Mass Spectrometry
It allows the development of designer proteins by altering their primary structure, leading to the creation of
proteins with desired characteristics.
Gene Modification
What is the meaning of the Greek word "protos," from which the term "proteins" originated?
Primary
At which stage of protein structure do two or more independent polypeptides or proteins assemble to form a
multimeric protein?
Quaternary
What fundamental force, influenced by water presence and exhibiting weaker bonding strength compared to
covalent bonds, involves charged groups attracting oppositely charged groups, forming ionic bonds or ion pairs?
Electrostatic bonds
What is the consequence of compounds like organophosphates on chymotrypsin's active center?
Permanent deactivation
Who identified sickle cell anemia in 1910, recognizing its impact on oxygen levels due to molecular changes
and obstructive properties of sickled cells?
James B. Herrick
Which technique utilizes a polymer support with specific molecules to allow certain proteins to strongly bind
and be separated from impurities?
Affinity chromatography
In the process of obtaining a pure protein, which technique employs a partially permeable membrane to separate
the protein from smaller molecules and ions?
Dialysis
What was the pivotal achievement in the field of modern biotechnology that originated in 1982?
Marketing of recombinant human insulin
Which enzyme is responsible for binding DNA fragments together in recombinant DNA technology?
Ligase
What is a drawback of the traditional approach to constructing recombinant DNA, and how can it be addressed?
Re-annealing of sticky ends; treating digested vector with alkaline phosphatase or employing a double digestion
strategy.
In what year did Kary Mullis develop the laboratory technique used to make many copies or simply amplify a
particular region of DNA or the so-called Polymerase Chain Reaction or PCR?
1983
How is a gene probe produced, and what is its function in hybridization reactions?
Gene probes are generated from mRNA using reverse transcriptase and function by binding to the target DNA
sequence in hybridization reactions.
In the context of DNA hybridization, what does the process of "Southern hybridization" involve?
Transferring DNA fragments to a membrane for visualization.
In Southern hybridization, after the DNA fragments are transferred to a membrane, why is it essential to
immobilize or restrict their movement to the membrane's surface?
To ensure that only the labeled probe binds specifically to the DNA fragments.
Which of the following components is not needed/required for DNA sequencing?
mRNA
What do you call a type of genomics that determines the physical nature of genomes including sequencing and
mapping?
Structural Genomics
Which of the following statements is true about genome mapping?
I and II
Which genome sequencing project identified, stored, and publicly shared the sequences of nearly all the genetic
material present in the chromosomes of the human organism?
Human Genome Project
Which of the following steps is NOT part of a comparative hybridization experiment with microarrays?
Synthesizing mRNA from cDNA
Which of the following best describes the two general approaches in molecular phylogenetics (1) Studying the
Evolution of Organisms using DNA and (2) Studying the Evolution of DNA using Different Organisms to
studying evolution in the context of DNA?
The first approach analyzes how alterations in DNA reflect the evolutionary processes of organisms, focusing
on genetic variations. The second approach centers on examining the evolution of DNA itself.
It is the discipline that investigates how an individual’s genetic composition influences their response to various
drugs.
Pharmacogenomics
What does the term "homologs" refer to in the context of molecular phylogeny?
Sequences with common ancestry but different structures.
What is the science of collecting, modeling, storing, searching, annotating, and analyzing biological
information?
Bioinformatics
Who published the Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure?
Margaret O. Dayhoff
What are small random fragments of the genome that can be sequenced and used as a probe for the
identification of genome parts for sequencing?
Genome Sequence Tags
What type of information is primarily available in the PDB (Protein Database)?
Three-dimensional Structures of Proteins
Which among the following is NOT an objective of bioinformatics?
To integrate biological data and create a holistic representation of these activities.
Which category of bioinformatics applications primarily deals with analyzing the genomes of various organisms
to search for clues about structure, function, and control?
Sequence Analysis
In bioinformatics, which field is dedicated to the study of proteins, including the identification and
characterization of all proteins involved in organelles, cell tissues, organs, or organisms?
Proteomics
What is computer-assisted storage, retrieval, and analysis of chemical information from existing data to
chemical knowledge?
Cheminformatics
The following are the basic steps for PCR-amplification cycle except:
Hybridization
It is a process that ‘amplifies’ or ‘copies’ a piece of DNA repeatedly until there is an amount which is great
enough to observe visually.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
He is an American Biochemist who invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method.
Kary Mullis
It is a small, fluorescently or radioactively labeled DNA molecule that is used to locate similar or
complementary sequences among a long stretch of DNA molecule or bacterial colonies.
DNA Probes
The following are the different types of hybridization techniques except:
Eastern Hybridization
The following are major applications of rDNA technique except:
Nanotechnology
It is required for autonomous replication of the plasmid using the host’s replication machinery.
Origin of Replication
It is the collection of cloned restriction-enzyme-digested DNA fragments from individual chromosomes.
Chromosomal Library
It is a specialized technique by which the DNA fragment or gene can be directly injected into the nucleus of
plant and animal cells.
Microinjection
It is a genomic sequencing method that involves the step-by-step analysis of specific DNA fragments, known as
clones, in a systematic and organized manner.
None of the above
Which of the following is not a goal of the Human Genome Project
The human genome contains three billion nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G)
It involves analyzing how genetic variations can influence a person's ability to metabolize drugs, their
likelihood of experiencing side effects, and their overall response to medication.
Pharmacogenomics
It estimates the distance between genetic markers and provides a means to localize various genetic markers and
genomic fragments to defined map positions.
Radiation Hybrid (RH) Maps
This is the branch of genomics that determines the genome size of a species in mega-bases (Mb) and identifies
the genes present in the entire genome. It is primarily concerned with the organizational aspects of genes,
detailing their arrangement, location, and physical features on the respective chromosomes.
Structural Genomics
Approximately, how many percent of the human genome is identical across individuals.
99.8%
These are the proteins and peptides structures based on four levels of complexity, except one:
Thirdary
He received the Nobel Prize in 1958 for determining the sequence of the peptide hormone insulin
Dr. Frederick Sanger
They are critical to most of the work done by cells and are required for the structure, function and regulation of
the body's tissues and organs.
Proteins
The following are non-covalent molecular interactions, except one:
Hyaluronic Acid
The overall chymotrypsin molecule is folded into two domains, each containing six beta strands arranged as
antiparallel sheets that form a circular structure.
Beta Barrel
It determines the mass and structure of unknown molecules by ionizing, separating, and detecting ions
according to their mass-to-charge ratios.
Mass spectrometer
Type of proteomics which studies the three-dimensional shape and structural complexities of functional
proteins.
Structural Proteomics
They are used for the treatment of burns and injuries during skin transplantation for skin growth.
Epithelial Growth Factor
Which among the following is not a separation technique and mass spectrometry combination?
MA/MS
Which among the following is not found in a mass spectrometer?
Ion Meter
A Computational tool for conducting sequence homology searching and alignment.
BLAST
The following is DNA sequences stored in bioinformatics databanks EXCEPT:
Protein
A database center started back in 1988 by the National Library of Medicine (NLM)
NCBI
_________ is described as the field of science that combines biology, computer science, and information
technology in one discipline
Bioinformatics
Their research led to the development of bioinformatics which started in the year of 1965-1978.
Margaret Dayhoff
What is the most commonly adopted method for introducing a recombinant DNA into a host cell, involving
cells taking up foreign DNA from their environment?
Transformation
__________, better known as PCR, is a process that ‘amplifies’ or ‘copies’ a piece of DNA repeatedly until
there is an amount which is great enough to observe visually.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
The ________ is the collection of clones of DNA, which are the corresponding copies of messenger RNA
(mRNA) isolated from the respective cells.
Complementary DNA Library
He first developed the Southern Hybridization to distinguish particular DNA fragments on an agarose gel.
Edwin Southern
The ________ refers as protein-protein hybridization, such as antigen-antibody or protein-ligand binding.
Western Hybridization
Which of the following is/are not a property of a DNA probe?
DNA probe should have more GC content.
It is a process used to make specific and targeted alterations and double-stranded plasmid DNA.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis
What is the significance of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) microbes in downstream processing?
They serve as sources for industrial enzymes and proteins.
How does dialysis contribute to protein purification?
By allowing small molecules and ions to pass through a membrane, leaving behind larger proteins.
What is the purpose of ion-exchange chromatography in protein purification?
To attract proteins with opposite charges to the polymer beads.
These are industrially significant non-catalytic functional proteins that play crucial roles in the food industry,
serving as emulsifiers and contributing to gelation, water binding, foaming, and whipping, among other
functions.
Whey Proteins
It serves as a metric assessing the amount of protein nitrogen retained by the body following the consumption of
a specific quantity of protein nitrogen.
Biological value
A protein engineering technique that predicts how changes in α-amino acids may affect protein structure and
activity.
Computer modeling
In which protein type according to function does insulin belong to?
Hormones
Its variety in shape, size, charge, and reactivity allows amino acids to be grouped accordingly.
Side chain
This is a usual manner in which a polypeptide chain maximizes hydrogen bond formation, adopting a righthanded screw-like structure.
α-helix
One of the covalent forces that is strongest in vacuum and weaker in water is _______.
Ionic bonds
A Swiss microbiologist who discovered restriction enzymes that led to the development of recombinant DNA
technology.
Werner Arber
Art of cutting and pasting genes.
Recombinant DNA technology
What is not a tool of recombinant DNA technology
Genomic Library
__________ is an approach that examines the genomes of different species, aiming to discern both similarities
and distinctions to comprehend evolutionary relationships and functional components.
Comparative genomics
What do you call a bond between amino acids?
Peptide
Which is not part of the three basic steps in PCR amplification?
Collection
__________, a computational method for gene identification based on DNA sequence properties, operates
without the need for prior knowledge of gene sequences or similarities to previously identified genes.
Ab-initio prediction
This is the similar sequence that can be found in all organisms that is likely code for essential genes.
Conserved Genes
Bioinformatics, also known as biological informatics, combines the disciplines of?
Biology, computer science, and information technology/statistics
In ____ project, bioinformatics is commonly utilized as a repository for genetic and protein data. Additionally,
it has the potential to offer extensive details regarding protein annotation and categorization.
Proteomic
__________, encompasses the prediction of both protein-coding and RNA-coding genes, as well as additional
functional components like regulatory regions.
Gene Prediction
What are the four nucleotide letters?
A, C, T, G
What are SNPs often referred to as?
snips