
Business communication
According to Ricks and Gow defined Business Communication as a system that is responsible to
affect change throughout the whole organization while according to W.H. (WeidenfeldHoffmann) Business Communication is exchanging business-related different views, ideas, and
news within the related parties.

Organizational communication
The sending and receiving of messages among interrelated individuals within a particular
environment or setting to achieve individual and common goals. Organizational communication
is highly contextual and culturally dependent. Individuals in organizations transmit messages
through face-to face, written, and mediated channels.

Upward communication
Is participative as it involves employees giving their opinion. In contrast, downward
communication is characterized by issuing directives as top-level management instructs low-level
employees on how to carry out their tasks. The main reason for upward communication is to
have low-level employees issue suggestions on how some things within the organization should
be done or give feedback on earlier communicated issues.

Downward communication
Is meant to issue low-level employees instructions on their job responsibility or pass the
information on organizational policies.

Lateral communication
Is the sharing of information, ideas, feelings, or concerns between peers within an organization
or same-level coworkers regarding their tasks.

Grapevine communication
Type of informal social interaction in the workplace. This type of communication focuses on how
professional share information. If you're a manager or leader in your workplace, it's helpful to
recognize the types of grapevine communication occurring within the company.

Business letter
Business communication is not the same as regular communication. A business letter is a written
document you share with your clients, investors, potential hires, and other companies. It
addresses the issues or agenda at hand and suggests ways to complete it.

Letterhead or Heading
A printed heading on stationery, especially one giving the name and address of a business
concern, an institution, etc.

Dateline
A line in a written document or a printed publication giving the date and place of composition

Inside Address
The inside address is the receiver’s address. It includes the name of the person you are writing
to, followed by the person’s home address or by the person’s business title, department (if
applicable), company name and company address.

Salutation
A salutation is a greeting used in a letter or other communication. Salutations can be formal or
informal. The most common form of salutation in an English letter includes the recipient's given
name or title.

Body of the letter
The body of the letter is the main and largest part of a letter. The body is made up of one or
more paragraphs in which the main idea of the letter is relayed. The first paragraph of the body
of a letter should include the reason for writing.

Complimentary Close
The complimentary close is the word (such as "Sincerely") or phrase ("Best wishes") that
conventionally appears before the sender's signature or name at the end of a letter, email, or
similar text. Also called a complimentary closing, close, valediction, or signoff.

Signature Block
A signature block is a personalized block of text that is automatically appended at the bottom of
an article, email message, document, or contract.

Reference Initials
Business letters are often concluded by the inclusion of reference initials. These initials are
designed to serve as a reference regarding the writer of the letter, the signer and the typist.
Many companies require the use of reference initials on all business letters; others do not.

Full Block Style
In a full block business letter, every component of the letter (heading, address, salutation, body,
salutation, signature, identification, enclosures) is aligned to the left. Also, first sentences of
paragraphs are not indented.

Modified Block Style
In a modified block business letter, the heading, complimentary close, the signature, and
identification is aligned to the right. Address, salutation, the body, and enclosures are aligned to
the left. First sentences of paragraphs are indented.

Semi-Block Style
In the semi-block format business letter, all text is aligned to the left margin. As in other business
letter templates, each paragraph is separated by double or triple spacing. The main difference
between this type of correspondence and others is that the first line of each paragraph is
indented.

Simplified NOMA (National Office Management Association)
This type of style omits the salutation. and the complimentary close. All parts are flushed to the
left margin as in the full block. The National Office Management Association recommends that
the letter writer adopts its simplified.

Open Punctuation
Uses fewer terminal punctuation marks like period and other marks that denote the end of a
sentence as well as fewer commas than closed punctuations. When you think of open
punctuation, “monopoly” is the name of the game.

Standard Punctuation
Stuffs like comma, semicolon, and colon. you use closed punctuation with abbreviations,
introductory greetings, or a letter closing.

Closed Punctuation
Uses terminal punctuation marks, while open punctuation leaves them out. Terminal
punctuation refers to the commas and colons you typically use at the end of phrases, such as the
colon after the salutation and a comma after the complimentary close.

Interoffice Memorandum
Interoffice memorandum also called as memo is an inter all document written to inform
employees of the company or organization's policy, procedures, announcements, events, or to
give instructions.

Minutes of the Meeting
Are notes that are recorded during a meeting. They highlight the key issues that are discussed,
motions proposed or voted on, and activities to be undertaken. The minutes of a meeting are
usually taken by a designated member of the group. Their task is to provide an accurate record
of what transpired during the meeting.
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