PRESENTATION BY:
AR. QUEENIE B. QUINTINITA
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
TIMELINE
Pre-Historic
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Near East
Indian
Early Christian
Islamic
Chinese & Japanese
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
18th-19th C:
Revival
20th C:
Modern
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
TIMELINE
Pre-Historic
Byzantine
Greek
Near East
Roman
Early Christian
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
●Geography
●Geology
●Climate
●History
●Social
●Religion
GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
1. Geographical
2. Geological
3. Climatic
4. Historical
5. Social
6. Religious
• Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by a
narrow strip of water
• Art and architecture executed by original
Greek craftsmen
• Influence reached Greece, Serbia, Russia, Asia
Minor, North Africa, further west
Byzantine Empire in 565 AD
under Emperor Justinian
BULGARIA
ROME
GREECE
SPAIN
CONSTANTINOPLE
CORDOBA
ASIA MINOR
ATHENS
ANTIOCH
CARTHAGE
JERUSALEM
SYRIA
DAMASCUS
AFRICA
ALEXANDRIA
EGYPT
HISTORY
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
1. Geographical
2. Geological
3. Climate
4. Historical
5. Social
6. Religious
• Fierce barbaric tribes such as the Goths and Vandals
attacked from outside the empire
• In 285 – 293 AD, the empire had split into two – an
Eastern and Western empire
• Constantine, a converted Christian, changed the
capital of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople in
330 AD
• The western empire based in Rome finally collapsed
in 476 AD
HISTORY
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
1. Geographical
2. Geological
3. Climate
4. Historical
5. Social
6. Religious
• Eastern empire lasted another thousand years and
was known as the Byzantine empire
• Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek
town called Byzantium (present-day Istanbul)
• Known as the "new Rome", most commanding
position and most valuable part of eastern Roman
empire
• Bulwark of Christianity during the Middle Ages
HISTORY
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
1. Geographical
2. Geological
3. Climate
4. Historical
5. Social
6. Religious
• Strongly Christian people
monasteries and churches
-
founded
many
• Converted the Russians and Eastern Europeans to
Christianity - this form of Christianity survives today
as the Eastern Orthodox Church
HISTORY
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
1. Geographical
2. Geological
3. Climate
4. Historical
5. Social
6. Religious
• Under Emperor Justinian, regained control of lost
lands of the Western Roman Empire, such as
Northwest Africa, Italy and Spain
• Persians, Arabs and Muslims from east
RELIGION
INFLUENCING
FACTORS
1. Geographical
2. Geological
3. Climate
4. Historical
5. Social
6. Religion
• 330 AD, Constantinople became capital to
first official Christian Empire
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
DESCRIPTION:
•First buildings constructed were churches
• Dumped Early Christian style for new domical
Byzantine style
• Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox
church
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM:
• Fusion of domical construction with classical
columnar style
• Domes of various types placed over square
compartments using pendentives
• Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns,
with capitals able to support springing of arches
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM:
DOMES
• The dome was the prevailing motif of
Byzantine architecture
• Practice of using domes contrasts with Early
Christian timber truss system
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM:
DOMES
• The dome was the prevailing motif of
Byzantine architecture
• Practice of using domes contrasts with Early
Christian timber truss system
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
COLUMNIATION:
DOMES
• Used Roman Ionic, Corinthian and composite
style
• Cubiform Capital, shaped to form a transition
from square abacus to circular shaft
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
COLUMNIATION:
•Dosseret Block used a deep abacus, invented
to enlarge surface for receiving wide voussoirs
of arches or thick walls
• Cubiform Capital, shaped to form a transition
from square abacus to circular shaft
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
COLUMNIATION:
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
3 Types of Dome:
1. Simple
- Pendentives and domes are of same sphere
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
3 Types of Dome:
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
2. Compund
- Dome of separate
sphere, rises independently
over sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high
drum
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
3 Types of Dome:
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
3. Special Designs
Melon-shaped
Bulbous Dome
-like roof ending in
a sharp point,
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
Dome Parts:
Dome
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
Squinch
Drum
Pendentive
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
DECORATIONS:
•Stone bands instead of mouldings
• Decorative arches
•Internal marble, mosaic and fresco decorations
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
DECORATIONS:
•Stone bands instead of mouldings
• Decorative arches
•Internal marble, mosaic and fresco decorations
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
DECORATIONS:
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ORIENTATION:
•West
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
CHURCH EXAMPLES:
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
1. S. Sophia, Constantinople
-a.k.a Hagia Sophia
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
CHURCHESEXAMPLES:
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
2. S. Mark’s Basilica, Venice
-Faces the piazza of San Marco, vast marble-paved
open space serving as atrium to church
- An exterior quality all its own: blending of features
from many foreign lands
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
CHURCHESEXAMPLES:
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
2. S. Mark’s Basilica, Venice
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
CHURCHESEXAMPLES:
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
3. S. Basil’s Cathedral
-A multi-tented church on the Red Square in
Moscow, traditionally perceived a symbolic of the
unique position of Russia between Europe and Asia
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
CHURCHESEXAMPLES:
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
3. S. Basil’s Cathedral
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
CHURCHESEXAMPLES:
1. Description
2. Construction
System
3. Columniation
3. Roof and Ceiling
4. Decorations
5. Orientation
6. Examples
4. Little Metropole Cathedral
REFERENCES
●Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
●Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.
●Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume III:
History & Theory of Architecture
●Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History of
Architecture
THANK YOU