PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
Pablo B. Matel
RESEARCH
DESIGN
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
RESEARCH DESIGN
 an overall strategy that a researcher uses to
logically and coherently integrate the various
components of a study (Barrot, 2017)
 an important part of research methodology
which describes the research mode (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
RESEARCH DESIGN
Descriptive
 gather information on certain characteristics within a
particular field of study
 no experimental manipulation, and the researcher does not
start with a hypothesis
 the goal of descriptive research is only to describe the
person or object of the study
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
RESEARCH DESIGN
Comparative
 compare and contrast representative samples from two or
more groups of subjects in relation to certain designated
variables that occur in normal conditions
 no experimental manipulation, but with a hypothesis
 the results obtained from these analyses are frequently not
generalized in a population
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
RESEARCH DESIGN
Correlational
 investigate the direction and magnitude of relationships
between variables in a particular population
 no experimental manipulation, but with a hypothesis
 the sample should reflect the full range of scores on the
variables being measured
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental
 establishes the cause-and-effect relationship of two or
more variables
 provides a more conclusive result because it uses random
assignment of subjects
 experimental manipulations and with a hypothesis
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
REMINDER
To identify the appropriate research design
for your study, refer to the formulated
statement of the problem.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
Example Specific Problems for
Descriptive Research Design
1. What is the academic performance of the students in
terms of first quarter average grade?
2. What is the level of job satisfaction of government
employees in Trece Martires City?
3. What is the status of the learning environment of the
students?
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
Example Specific Problems for
Comparative Research Design
1. Is there a significant difference in the spending habits of
the students when grouped according to household
income?
2. Is there a significant difference in the students’ reading
comprehension skills when grouped according to age?
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
Example Specific Problems for
Correlational Research Design
1. Is there a significant relationship between students’
reading
comprehension
skills
and
mathematical
problem-solving skills?
2. Is there a significant relationship between leadership styles
and job satisfaction of government employees in Trece
Martires City?
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
Example Specific Problems for
Experimental Research Design
1. What are the effects of the traditional methods of teaching
on the level of performance of the students?
2. Is there a significant difference in terms of reducing blood
sugar level among the treatments?
3. Is there a significant difference between the post test
gains of the control group and the treatment group?
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
Research Design Example 1
This study is quantitative in nature since the questions posed
will be answered by numerical data. Specifically, the investigation
utilized a true experimental design or a pre-post test design
(Cristobal, 2009). In a pre-post design, a pretest was given to
students of Algebra. Then, after the pretest, an intervention
method was conducted. Polynomials were taught using a computer
program. After 10 hours of teaching, a posttest was given to the
students.
Source: Cristobal, A. & Cristobal, M. (2017). Practical research 2. C & E Publishing, Inc. p. 143.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
Research Design Example 2
The descriptive-comparative method was used in this study in
order to describe the samples under investigation and to determine
difference between and among the variables of the study.
The
descriptive design was appropriate for describing the students’
gender and socio-economic status. The comparative design was
used to determine the significant difference of gender and socio-
economic status on the performance of students in mathematics
and English.
Source: Matel, P.B. (2016). Gender, Socio-Economic Status and Academic Performance in Mathematics and English of High School Students. Unpublished research paper, Cavite State University. Indang, Cavite.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
Research Design Example 3
The descriptive-comparative-correlational method was used in this study in order to describe the
samples under investigation, and to determine the relationship and difference between and among
the variables of the study.
The descriptive design was appropriate for describing the work environment, the stress level,
and the performance of teachers together with the variables age, sex, marital status, educational
attainment, field of specialization, number of subjects taught, and length of teaching experience.
The comparative design was used to determine significant differences between stress level and
profile of teachers, and between performance and profile of teachers. Additionally, correlational
design was employed to determine significant relationships between the work environment of the
schools and the stress level of teachers, between the work environment of the schools and the level
of performance of teachers, and between the stress level and the level of performance of teachers.
Source: Matel, P.B. (2019). Work Environment, Stress Level and Performance of Senior High School Teachers in Cavite: Basis for School Development Program. Unpublished research paper, Cavite State University. Indang, Cavite.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 1
Research Design
RESPONDENTS OF
THE STUDY
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
 describes the samples or target population and
sampling method of a study (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Ways To Determine The Sample Size
Heuristics
 the rule of thumb for the sample size used in a study
 below are the suggested sample sizes in the different
quantitative research designs (Lunenburg & Irby, 2008 cited in
Barrot, 2017)
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Research Design
Number of Participants
Survey
800
Correlational
100 to 200
Ex post facto
30+
Experimental
30 or more
Respondents of the Study
Ways To Determine The Sample Size
Literature Review
 you may want to read studies similar to yours and check
the sample size that they used
 these studies can serve as a reference in proving the
validity of the sample size that you plan to use
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Ways To Determine The Sample Size
Slovin’s Formula
 used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population
size (N) and a margin of error (e)
𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
RANDOM SAMPLING
 a part of the sampling technique in which each
sample has an equal probability of being chosen
 a sample chosen randomly is meant to be an
unbiased representation of the total population
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Types of Random Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
 the basic sampling technique where we select a group of
subjects (sample) for study from a larger group
(population)
 each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each
member of the population has an equal chance of being
included in the sample
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Example of Simple Random Sampling
Selecting the names of 25 employees out of a box
from a company of 250 employees.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Types of Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
 a type of sampling method wherein the researcher divides
the population into separate groups, called strata
 a probability sample (often a simple random sample) is
drawn from each group
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Example of Stratified Sampling
Researcher may divide a sample of adults into
subgroups by age, like 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and
60 and above. To stratify this sample, the researcher
would then randomly select proportional amounts of
people from each age group.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Types of Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
 a type of sampling method in which the researcher divides
the population into separate groups, called clusters
 a simple random sample of clusters is selected from the
population
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Example of Cluster Sampling
A researcher wants to survey the academic performance of
high school students in Cavite. He can divide the entire population
into different clusters (cities). The researcher selects a number of
clusters depending on his research through simple or systematic
random sampling. Then, from the selected clusters the researcher
can either include all the high school students as subjects or he
can select a number of subjects from each cluster through simple
or systematic random sampling.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Types of Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
 a type of probability sampling method in which sample
members from a larger population are selected according
to a random starting point and a fixed periodic interval
 the interval is calculated by dividing the population size
by the desired sample size
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Example of Systematic Sampling
A researcher wanted to create a systematic sample of
100 students at a certain public school with an enrolled
population of 1,000, he or she would choose every tenth
person from a list of all students.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Source: https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Respondents of the Study Example 1
The respondents of the study were the 222 fourth year high school students
selected from the total population of 496 students under the general curriculum at
Tagaytay City Science National High School during the school year 2013 – 2014.
To arrive at the sample size, the researcher used the Slovin’s formula. The
computation resulted in a sample size of 222 respondents. After determining the
sample size, the researcher used the stratified proportionate sampling procedure to
distribute the sample size to the different sections and finally chose the respondents
systematically. Stratified proportionate sampling was used to ensure that different
groups of the population were adequately represented in the sample.
Source: Matel, P.B. (2013). Reading Comprehension and Mathematical Problem-Solving Skills of Fourth Year High School Students of Tagaytay City Science National High School. Unpublished research paper, Cavite State University. Indang, Cavite.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
Respondents of the Study Example 2
The respondents of the study were the total population of 124 senior high school
teachers from the different public stand-alone senior high schools in the Division of
Cavite Province.
The researcher listed the different stand-alone senior high schools in the Division of
Cavite Province. The distribution of the participants was shown in Table 1.
Source: Matel, P.B. (2019). Work Environment, Stress Level and Performance of Senior High School Teachers in Cavite: Basis for School Development Program. Unpublished research paper, Cavite State University. Indang, Cavite.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Respondents of the Study
References
Barrot, J. (2017). Practical research 2. C & E Publishing, Inc.
pp. 102-103, 107-112.
Cristobal, A. & Cristobal, M. (2017). Practical research 2.
C & E Publishing, Inc. pp. 137, 142-143, 148-151.
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2
Thank You
&
Happy Learning!
Practical Research 2 Quarter 2 Week 2