FIRE MONITORING SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATED REAL-TIME ALERTS
FOR IMMEDIATE FIRE STATION NOTIFICATION
A Research Paper
Submitted to the Faculty of
Trece Martires City Senior High School
Trece Martires City, Cavite
In partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the Senior High Curriculum
for the subject Practical Research 2
JOHN PHILLIP C. MULLE
JARED C. MENDEZ
ALEXIS P. LABAYEN
CARMELA SHANE A. PAYTONE
MC NYL M. ARGETE
AHRIANNE FAYE B. LLAMAS
CHASTY LEIGH B. BALMACEDA
JASHLEY CLEO B. CAPILI
AXEL JOHN M. SAMONTE
February 2024
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CAVITE PROVINCE
TRECE MARTIRES CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GREGORIO, TRECE MARTIRES CITY, CAVITE
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled, “FIRE MONITORING SYSTEM WITH AUTOMATED
REAL-TIME ALERTS FOR IMMEDIATE FIRE STATION NOTIFICATION,” prepared
and submitted by John Phillip C. Mulle, Jared C. Mendez, Alexis P. Labayen, Carmela
Shane A. Paytone, Mc Nyl M. Argete, Ahrianne Faye B. Llamas, Chasty Leigh B.
Balmaceda, Jashley Cleo B. Capili, and Axel John M. Samonte in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for Practical Research 2 has been examined and recommended for
acceptance and approval for oral examination.
PABLO B. MATEL
Practical Research 2 Teacher
Approved and accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research 2.
____________________
KEVIN GIANE C. DUQUE
____________________
JOHN PATRICK V. CACELA
____________________
AVEGAIL TANDOG
____________________
JENNY-LYN M. RAMIREZ
EDWIN H. LUNA
Principal II
Email: depedcavite.tmcshs@gmail.com
“One Path, One Direction Towards A Relevant, Responsive, and Quality Service”
Mobile Number: 09167406969
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
John Phillip C. Mulle was born on June 21, 2006 in Cebu City. He is a 17year-old Filipino who lives at BLK 31 LOT 29 Beverly Homes Subdivision, Brgy Hugo
Perez. He is currently single and the son of Jovencio Gindayawan Mulle and Flora
Cueva Mulle, identifying as Roman Catholic.
Phillip started his academic journey at Indang Central Elementary School,
where he pursued elementary education. He then proceeded to Trece Martires City
National High School for junior high education and continued at Trece Martires City
Senior High School for senior high education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics strand. His academic awards began in junior high education, and he has
consistently received honors and high honors awards up to the present in senior high
education.
Phillip actively engaged in various clubs and organizations throughout his
school journey. In grade 10, he served as an Auditor for the Barkada Kontra Droga
Club. Transitioning to grade 11, he took on the role of secretary in the Ryzen Club.
Simultaneously, Phillip contributed his talents to 'The Victors', a journalism
organization, where he excelled as an Editorial Cartoonist and Layout Artist from grade
11 to 12. Notably, during this period, he won 7th place in the Best in Editorial Cartoon
- English category at the Collaborative Desktop Publishing Contest during the Division
School Conference.
Jared C. Mendez, born on August 19, 2006, in Trece Martires City, Cavite, is
a 17-year-old Filipino residing at Blk 99 Lot 50 Villas PH2 Golden Horizon, Brgy Hugo
Perez. He is the son of Miralona Coyagbo Mendez and Salustiano Higado Mendez,
identifying as Roman Catholic and currently single.
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Jared's academic journey led him through Bagong Pook Elementary School for
elementary education, Trece Martires City National High School for junior high, and
Trece Martires City Senior High School for senior years. His dedication to excellence
is evident in his academic achievements, including being in the top 3 in Grade 3,
graduating with honor in junior high, and attaining high honor in Grade 11.
Beyond academics, Jared has actively participated in various organizations,
showcasing his leadership skills. In Grade 6, he served as the Business Manager for
YES-O (Youth for Environment in Schools Organization). In Grade 10, he held the
position of Vice President for Siklab in the Special Program in the Arts. In Grade 11,
he contributed to student welfare as a member of the Student Government's Student
Welfare Committee and represented Grade 11 STEM in the Barkada Kontra Droga
Club. Currently, in Grade 12, he serves as the Secretary of the Ryzen Club. Jared's
multifaceted involvement in academics and organizations reflects his commitment to
personal development and community service.
Alexis P. Labayen, born on March 31, 2006. In Trece Martires City. He is a 17
year old Filipino citizen, living in Section 9, Block 6, Lot 15, Belmont Hills, Pasong
kawayan II, General Trias, Cavite. He is the son of Novenie P. Labayen and Manuel A.
Labayen.
He spent his pre-school days on Little Minds Development Center, his
elementary days on Belvedere Elementary School, his junior high school days on Tanza
National Trade School, and his senior high school days on Trece Martires City Senior
High School. He also stayed with honors starting from grade 4 until grade 11, and grade
12(1st Quarter).
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Carmela Shane A. Paytone is an 18 years old student under Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics strand at Trece Martires City Senior High
School from Barangay Hugo Perez in the City of Trece Martires, born on September 3,
2005. She attained with Honors in Grade 11, graduated with Honors in Junior High
School at Trece Martires City National High School, and a conduct awardee when she
finished elementary at Hugo Perez Elementary School.
She has been a member of the TMCSHS official school publication ‘The
Victors’ since it was pioneered again in 2022. Her active participation and dedication
in campus journalism led her way in victory as she won 8th place Best News Page Filipino in Collaborative Desktop Publishing Contest at Division Schools Press
Conference in April 2023. In Grade 12, she served as the News Editor of the said
publication.
Apart from being a writer as a student journalist, Carmela has joined other
extracurricular activities in the past. She was a former member of Teen Health Kiosk
Club as part of the Secretariat Committee in Grade 11 in TMCSHS.
Mc Nyl M. Argete, born on March 7, 2006, in Trece Martires City, Cavite, is a
17-year-old student residing at 058 Narra Street, Barangay Cabezas. He is currently
enrolled in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand at
Trece Martires City Senior High School.
Mc Nyl's academic journey commenced in elementary school at Palawit
Elementary School, where he achieved third honor in Grade 3, participated in the
Supreme Pupil Government, and graduated with honors in Grade 6. After graduating,
he pursued his studies at Eugenio Cabezas National High School, consistently earning
honors from Grade 7 to Grade 9. In Grade 9, he served as the Youth for Environment
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in Schools Organization's Grade 9 Representative and became the Auditor in Grade 10,
graduating with high honors.
Continuing his education at Trece Martires City Senior High School, Mc Nyl
has maintained academic excellence, achieving honors in Grade 11. Currently a
graduating Grade 12 student, he holds the position of Grade 12 Representative in the
ICT Ryzen Club.
Ahrianne Faye B. Llamas was born on November 28, 2006, in Barangay Hugo
Perez, Trece Martires City, Cavite. Currently, she is a 17-year-old female in Grade 12,
pursuing the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand at
Trece Martires City Senior High School. Ahrianne's academic journey began in
elementary school, where she achieved the third honor in Grades 1 and 3.
Continuing her education, Ahrianne progressed to junior high at Trece Martires
City National High School, where she graduated with honors. During this time, she
attained the impressive feat of securing the 2nd place in the Science Technology –
English category of Campus Journalism at Sto. Niño de Praga Academy.
Throughout her high school years, Ahrianne actively engaged in extracurricular
activities. In Grade 10, she held the position of Vice President in the Kapisanan ng mga
Mag-aaral sa Filipino Club (KamFil Club), showcasing her leadership skills and
commitment to promoting Filipino culture and language. Currently, she is a dedicated
member of the Secretariat Committee in the Teen Health Kiosk Club (THK),
contributing to health awareness initiatives.
Chasty Leigh B. Balmaceda, a 17-year-old female born on September 11,
2006, in Trece Martires City, is currently in her senior year at Trece Martires City
vi
Senior High School (TMCSHS), pursuing Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) strand. Her academic journey started when she was in
Elementary. From Grade 1 through Grade 5, she maintained a position in the top ten,
eventually graduating with honors from New Era Elementary High School. Her
academic excellence continued into secondary education, where she secured honors in
Grade 9 and graduated with honors in Grade 10 at New Buenavista Academy, Inc.. She
maintained her high standing with honors in Grade 11, showcasing her commitment to
excellence in academics.
Chasty actively participates in extracurricular activities in addition to her
academic activities, which enhance her high school experience. She participates in the
Teen Health Kiosk (THK) Secretariat Committee and is a member of the Ryzen Club
Technical Committee.
Jashley Cleo B. Capili, born on September 09, 2006 in Trece Martires City,
Cavite, a 17 years old student studying under the Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Math strand at Trece Martires City Senior High School.
After finishing in the top five of her class throughout her fifth grade and
participating in extracurricular activities at Kanggahan Elementary School, Jashley
began her academic journey. She then carried on being involved in extracurricular
activities at her junior high school, maintaining her honor roll status in grade 11 and
demonstrating her commitment to upholding high academic standards.
She was able to stay involved in her studies throughout her time in high school
by joining the Supreme Pupil Government as a sixth-grade counselor, serving on the
Ryzen club's presentation committee in her eleventh grade, serving as treasurer of the
Hawk E.Y.E.S. (Hawk English for Youth Enhancement Service), serving on the
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L.A.Y.A. Creative Committee (Learner's Association Yearning for Artistry), and
serving on the Teen Health Kiosk club's creative committee during her 12th grade at
Trece Martires City Senior High School.
Axel John M. Samonte, a 19-year-old Filipino national born on May 28, 2004,
in Trece Martires City, Cavite, resides in BLK 18 lot 37 phase 2 West Governor
Heights, Brgy. Cabuco. A Roman Catholic, he currently lives in his grandmother's
house. His parents are Diana Jean Medina and Cesar Malabanan Garcia, and he is in a
relationship.
Axel attends Dasmarinas 2 Central School Elementary in Brgy. Balas Buco,
Dasmariñas, Cavite. He progressed to Balas Buco Sta. National High School in Maria,
Brgy. Gregorio, Trece Martires City, and now studies at Trece Martires City Senior
High School in Brgy. Balas Buco, Talisay Batangas.
Dedicated to his education, Axel engages in national sports like kickball and
sepaktakraw during his sixth-grade primary school. Transitioning to basketball, he
achieved victories against other schools. In grade 10, he showcased his dance skills and
returned to sepaktakraw. In grade 11, he ventured into esports, participating in the
popular Call of Duty mobile game and Mobile Legends. While not initially involved in
athletics, Axel found joy in mobile gaming.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers wish to extend their gratitude to people for their never-ending
support and contribution to the success of the study. They would like to acknowledge
the following:
To Sir. Pablo B. Matel, their research adviser, for his guidance and support
throughout the whole process of this research as well as his contribution to the statistical
analysis of the data;
To Sir. Kevin Giane C. Duque, for his contribution and assistance in conducting
the experiment of the research;
To Lanz Joe Mari B. Hilario, for providing the Arduino kit essential for building
the prototype.
To the researcher’s families and friends for their unending inspiration,
unconditional moral support, as well as financial assistance for the progression of the
research study;
Above all, the researchers were immensely grateful to Almighty God, who gives
strength, knowledge and wisdom, guidance, hope, and blessings throughout the
completion of the study.
To everyone mentioned, this study is wholeheartedly dedicated to them.
John Phillip C. Mulle
Jared C. Mendez
Alexis P. Labayen
Carmela Shane A. Paytone
Mc Nyl M. Argete
Ahrianne Faye B. Llamas
Chasty Leigh B. Balmaceda
Jashley Cleo B. Capili
Axel John M. Samonte
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ABSTRACT
The Philippines currently faces the pressing issue of fire prevalence, causing
casualties and harm to individuals. This research aims to develop a sophisticated yet
affordable prototype of the Fire Monitoring System (FMS). This system is designed to
effectively detect the presence of the fire and promptly notify the Bureau of Fire
Protection while also alerting surrounding areas with an alarm buzzer, ultimately
aiming to reduce fire-related casualties and damages.
This research employed a quantitative research method, particularly a true
experimental design. It is used to determine the speed of the sensor in detecting a fire,
determine the speed of transmitting information through the GSM module, and assess
the reliability of the DHT11 sensor in monitoring temperature by comparing it to
other high-end temperature sensors.
Findings indicate that the fire monitoring system exhibits varying detection
times depending on fire distance, with a rapid detection rate. Additionally, the device
demonstrates swift information transmission through text messages using GSM
module. Moreover, no significant disparity in detection capabilities between the
DHT11 and high-end sensor, DHT22, is observed. This research contributes to fire
prevention and mitigation efforts by providing an effective, low-cost solution for early
fire detection and notification, thereby safeguarding lives and properties from the
devastating impact of fire.
Keywords: Fire Monitoring System, GSM Module, DHT11, DHT22
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
Page
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA…………………………………………………
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………...
ix
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………….
x
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………...
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………..
xiii
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION……………………………………………
xiii
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………
1
Background of the Study…………………………………………..
1
Statement of the Problem………………………………………….
5
Objectives of the Study……………………………………………
6
Scope and Delimitations of the Study……………………………..
6
Significance of the Study………………………………………….
7
Definition of Terms………………………………………………..
8
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………………...
10
Conceptual Literature……………………………………………...
10
Arduino……………………………………………………
10
GSM Module………………………………………………
11
Photoelectric Smoke Detector……………………………..
11
Heat Detector……………………………………………...
11
Related Studies…………………………………………………….
12
METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………...
17
Research Design…………………………………………………...
17
Materials and Equipment………………………………………….
17
Hardware Components…………………………………….
18
Prototype House Materials and Equipment………………..
19
General Procedure…………………………………………………
20
Construction of Hardware Prototype……………………...
20
xi
Inspection of Sensors and Modules……………….
20
Linking of the Sensors to the Microcontroller…….
20
Attachment of Hardware to the Acrylic Box……...
22
Construction of Room Model……………………………...
22
Structure of the Room Model……………………...
22
Attachment of the Prototype to the Room Model…
23
System Programming……………………………………...
23
Data Encoding……………………………………..
23
Testing Procedures………………………………………………...
24
Mechanical Capabilities of FMS…………………………..
24
Temperature Sensors’ Accuracy…………………………..
24
Flow Chart…………………………………………………
25
Data Analysis……………………………………………...
26
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………………………
26
Speed of sensors in detecting a fire………………………………..
27
Speed of GSM module in transmitting information………………
28
Reliability of DHT11 compared to DHT22……………………….
29
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS………...
30
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………….
34
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………..
39
Gantt Chart………………………………………………………...
39
Calendar of Activities……………………………………………...
41
Expenditures………………………………………………………
44
Experimental Results……………………………………………...
45
Photo Documentation……………………………………………..
47
Schematic Diagram of FMS………………………………………
48
Source Code……………………………………………………….
49
Logbook…………………………………………………………...
54
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1
Average time of sensor in detecting a fire………………………...
26
2
Average Time of GSM Module…………………………………...
27
3
Computed Differences of Temperature Sensors…………………..
28
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
Page
1
Procurement of Materials………………………………………...
19
2
Inspection of sensors and modules………………………………
20
3
Attachment of Hardware to the Acrylic Box…………………….
20
4
Schematic Diagram of FMS……………………………………..
21
5
Hardware Components…………………………………………..
21
6
Attachment of Hardware to the Acrylic Box…………………….
22
7
Structure of the Room Model……………………………………
22
8
Attachment of Hardware to the Room Model…………………...
23
xiii
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The prevalence of fires, particularly those arising from electrical short-circuit
aging and various other factors, has emerged as a significant concern in recent years
(Chen et al., 2021). Fires cause individual existences to be deprived together with
enormous assets of harm and destruction. Whereas, fire incidents may occur daily, at
any time, with anybody all over the globe (Khader et al., 2019). Worldwide damage,
have been brought on by fires, which are very unpredictable and dangerous events
(Durano, 2023). Disturbingly, global statistics revealed a big number of casualties and
injuries occurring in educational institutions, notably schools, due to fire-related
incidents (Lambie et al., 2018). According to the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), there
was an almost 40 percent increase in recorded fires from April 1–26, 2023, in
comparison to the corresponding period in the previous year. In April 2022, there were
only 953 fire incidents, while this April of the current year witnessed 1,332 recorded
fires nationwide (Paunan, 2023).
Considering common causes of fire, one must be aware of electrical problems,
which have the potential to occur in any industry and result in major damages, injuries,
and even death. Such as overloading electrical circuits or outlets, which occurs when
too many gadgets or appliances use the same electrical circuit or outlet (Umer, 2023).
Beaudrie (2022) stated that cooking fires are one of the most common types of house
fires, and they are frequently caused by oils that overheat on a stove or in an oven. Also,
if stored or used inappropriately, several common household chemicals, such as
gasoline, are dangerously flammable. If not handled carefully, candles, fireworks,
decorative Christmas tree lights, matches, and lighters may start dangerous fires around
your home (Simon & Pelchen, 2022).
2
The march commemorates Burn Prevention Month in the country. This is to
administer the significance of mass fire security in the Philippines through Presidential
Proclamation No. 115-A, s. 1966 (Philippines Statistic Authority, 2023). The Bureau
of Fire Protection asserts that governmental entities, firefighting organizations, and
educational institutions have all conducted various fire prevention programs because it
is also the month with the highest fire incidences in the nation (Reyes, 2022). In
conformity with Department of Education DepEd Bukidnon (2023) DepEd Order No.
053, s. 2022. Encourages public schools to do unannounced fire and earthquake
exercises every first and third week of March as part of Fire Prevention Month in 2022.
The Bureau of Fire Protection’s (BFP) limited resources and lack of
technological advancements cause firefighting operations to take too long to complete,
increasing the damage and making it nearly impossible to save all the lives impacted
by the fire incident (Zadeh et al., 2021). Due to the challenges encountered, the fire
department took longer than expected to arrive at the scene of the fire. Some of these
challenges included a lack of public awareness regarding the importance of giving
priority to fire engines and supporting infrastructure, such as some fire engines whose
age was significant enough to affect firefighting services (Cicione et al., 2019).
Due to the quick advancement of sensors and technology, as well as the success
of computer vision algorithms, fresh and comprehensive approaches to automatic fire
monitoring and detection have come to light (Ghali et al., 2020). A fire detection
system comprises various electronic components with the primary goal of early fire
detection, alerting the people on site through alarm signals, and thereby taking proactive
measures to contain its progression (mkx, 2022). The loss of life and property can be
3
significantly decreased by quickly identifying fire occurrence and monitoring it in real
time (Chen et al., 2021).
A smoke detector is a mechanized fire-resistance device that will automatically
detect the existence of smoke as a key indicator of fire and sound an alarm to the
occupants of the establishment (IFSEC Insider, 2019). In the analysis of Festag (2021)
about the effectiveness of the smoke alarm obligation, it can be said that it has a positive
response as it increases people's knowledge of the fire hazards at home and the chances
of utilizing smoke alarms. According to Kumar et al. (2020), the two main types of
smoke detectors are ionization chamber smoke detectors and photoelectric smoke
detectors. The Ionization Chamber Smoke Detector is quick to sense flaming fire; it
utilizes a radioactive material to ionize the air that contains the smoke particles using a
sensing chamber, while the Photoelectric Smoke Detector uses a light beam to scan for
a smoke particle in its sensing chamber that will trigger the alarm.
Heat detectors are specialized devices that can detect a sudden change in the air
temperature and raise an alert depending on the temperature rise over the normal level,
a predefined temperature point, and the rate of temperature rise (Mike, 2020). The
detectors monitor a baseline temperature of 70°; when the temperature in the room
quickly goes over 70°, the alarm is triggered. Usually, the default temperature that sets
off the alarm is somewhere around 135°. High temperatures are an indication of a fire
(Cove Security, 2023). As demonstrated by Major (2022), heat detectors are perfectly
suited for protection against high-heat fires caused by explosions and combustion. Also,
there are two major styles of heat detectors: rate-of-rise heat detectors and fixed
temperature detectors. These two detectors use different types of sensors to do the same
4
job: respond to high amounts of thermal energy from the fire and detect the heat being
given off.
The fire alarm system is intended to warn individuals of an emergency so that
they can take the necessary precautions to safeguard themselves, their employees, and
the general public, such as offices, factories, and public buildings (Crimmins, 2019).
Automatic fire alarm systems notify building residents to evacuate, report to an off-site
location, inform firefighters, and prepare properties to prevent the fire and smoke from
spreading (Gielle Industries, 2023). According to MoviTHERM (2023), early fire
detection (EFD) systems find fires before any harm is done to the structure or its
contents. They notify authorities and enable evacuations, saving lives. To reduce
damage costs and guard against fire threats, EFD installation is frequently mandated by
building rules and insurance policies.
One of the issues facing the Philippines is the incidence of fires in various
locations. Particularly in locations without fire prevention measures and among those
who are unfamiliar with fire hazards. The incidence of fires decreases because of the
efforts of the administration, but the country still faces a severe lack of firefighting
technology that prevents people from performing their everyday tasks. To prevent false
fire alarms, which frequently occur, it is necessary to build an efficient and effective
fire monitoring system that can identify fire danger and inform authorities and the
public in real time. Using Global System for Mobile Communication (GMS) modules,
smoke, and heat detectors to deliver trustworthy, accurate, and fast information on fire
location, intensity, and status is one of the technologies that can assist in boosting
awareness among the public and firefighters.
5
Numerous research studies examine the fire monitoring system, exploring the
efficiency and usefulness of employing sensors to detect fires and notify authorities,
specifically firefighters. These studies involve using sensors to inform authorities about
ongoing fires. However, despite many studies utilizing sensors for fire detection and
communication, they often rely on expensive materials and equipment for device
construction. The current studies may face challenges in terms of device accessibility
due to their high cost.
The purpose of this study is to develop a low-cost Fire Monitoring System to
prevent unintentional fires and ensure people's safety. The effort involved gaining
knowledge about fire monitoring systems that offered automatic real-time alerts to fire
stations. The study delves into the effectiveness and efficiency of sensors and SMS in
providing information to authorities. It explores a unique fire detection approach
utilizing various methods to avoid fire accidents. Throughout the research phase,
citizens, students, and firefighters are encouraged to participate in this initiative. The
study also focuses on creating new methods for swiftly informing firefighters about fire
incidents in specific locations.
Statement of the Problem
In this study, the researchers aimed to determine the Fire Monitoring System's
(FMS) effectiveness in providing rapid detection, alert speed notification, and sensor
reliability to firefighters. Specifically, this study aimed to provide answers to the
following questions:
1. How rapidly did the sensors respond in the presence of a fire?
2. How quickly did the GSM module transmit information?
6
3. Is there a significant difference in temperature readings between the
DHT11 and a high-end temperature sensor?
Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to develop a sophisticated, low-cost prototype of the Fire
Monitoring System (FMS), with the goal of efficiently and reliably monitoring fires
and providing notifications to designated individuals and fire stations. Specifically, the
study aimed to accomplish the following;
1. Determine the speed of sensors in detecting the presence of a fire.
2. Determine the speed of the GSM module in transmitting information.
3. Determine the reliability of DHT11 compared to a high-end temperature
sensor in terms of temperature reading.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study mainly focused on developing a sophisticated, low-cost prototype of
the Fire Monitoring System (FMS), designed to enhance fire detection and response
capabilities in Cavite, especially at Trece Martires City Senior High School. The system
integrated advanced technologies, including a GSM module, alarm system,
photoelectric smoke sensor, and temperature sensor. Additionally, the system used
SMS notifications to quickly alert members about fires occurring in their designated
areas, ensuring timely dissemination of important information for immediate action.
These components were seamlessly integrated to form a comprehensive fire monitoring
network. The study specifically focused on the installation and configuration of these
detectors within a designated room, where their general functionality was thoroughly
evaluated.
7
Moreover, tests, replications, and calculations were conducted to determine the
effectiveness of the GSM module, alarm system, temperature sensor, smoke sensor. On
the other hand, the testing of the system was carried out by the researchers under the
supervision of a certified fire safety inspector of the academic researchers who have
academic backgrounds in this field. The system was implemented and tested in a close
area specifically in Barangay Hugo Perez, Trece Martires City, Cavite, and will run
from September 2023 to February 2024.
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to assess the reliability of the Fire Monitoring System with
Automated Real-Time Alerts for immediate fire station notification in providing
accurate information about community fire incidents. The following are the
beneficiaries of the study:
The Community. This aims to provide an effective fire monitoring system. This
will benefit the community by having a detector whenever there is a fire so that they
can quickly evacuate whenever there is a fire and to prevent the rise of fire cases in
the community.
Firefighters. The study presents an innovation for reducing fire incidents and
casualties in the Philippines: firefighters can speed up their response to a fire occurring
in a fire-prone area by quickly providing information about the fire incident.
Fire Protection Engineers. Their use of the fire monitoring system to design,
construct, test, and maintain fire detection and suppression systems for various
buildings or communities would be beneficial as a result of this study. Based on the
system's input, they may also utilize it to assess the effectiveness and performance of
their systems and update or enhance them.
8
Future Researchers. They may use this study as a guide when looking into the
use of technology and creative thinking to address challenges involving the increase in
fire incidents and other circumstances that lessen the effectiveness and reliability of the
system.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined based on context and how they were used in
the study:
Fire Monitoring System (FMS) is a monitoring system that detects the
presence of fires, enabling the initiation of control measures, either manually or
automatically, to reduce the risk of fire spreading, minimize the exposure of people to
danger, and prevent the development and intensification of fire conditions (Markert &
Nilsen, 2022). In this study, the FMS will detect fire and send an SMS alert to the fire
protection units so they can react to the incident quickly.
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a prevalent digital
mobile network utilized by mobile phone users in Europe and various regions across
the globe (Ndungu & Mixon, 2021). In this study, the GSM module will be used to
enable the Fire Monitoring System (FMS) to provide notifications to either individuals
or the fire station regarding the fire's status.
Photoelectric Smoke Detector is one of the two types of smoke detectors that
uses light shone on a chamber that has a light sensor that detects the scatter of light
when smoke is present in the chamber (National Institute of Standard and Technology,
2023). In this study, the photoelectric Smoke sensor will be used to report the presence
of smoke in a room to the FMS.
9
Short Messaging Service (SMS) is the traditional communication channel of
information push technology in the mobile network (Wang et al., 2022). In this study,
the SMS will allow FMS to transmit text messages to certain individuals and nearby
fire stations.
10
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the collected local and foreign information or concepts
necessary for the study including the materials that will be used and the background
regarding the effectiveness of the fire monitoring system. Furthermore, similar existing
studies will also be presented in this section.
Conceptual Literature
Arduino
The intelligent development board Arduino Nano was created to provide for the
quickest and smallest prototyping. The eldest member of the Nano series, the Arduino
Nano, offers sufficient interfaces for your breadboard-friendly projects. The
ATmega328 microcontroller, which operates at a frequency of 16 MHz and has many
of the same features as the Arduino Duemilanove, is the brain of the board. The board
has a mini-USB connector, 8 analog pins, and 20 digital input/output pins.
The ATmega328 microcontroller is an 8-bit, high-performance, low-power
processor with a maximum speed of 16 MIPS at a clock frequency of 16 MHz. The 32
kB of flash memory, 2 kB of which are utilized by the bootloader, 2 kB of internal
SRAM, and 1 kB of EEPROM are all shared by the device. Additionally, it features a
master/slave SPI serial interface, a programmable serial USART, six PWM channels, a
real-time counter with a separate oscillator, and 32 x 8 general-purpose working
registers. A 7-15V unregulated external power supply, a 5V regulated external power
supply, or a mini-B USB connection can all be used to power the microcontroller.
(Arduino, 2023).
11
GSM Module
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) created the GSM
international standard for second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile
phones. It operates in more than 219 nations and territories and holds a market share of
over 90%. A chip or circuit used to establish communication between a mobile device
or computer and a GSM or GPRS system is called a GSM module or GPRS module.
This method relies heavily on the modem. The SIM900 GSM Module is made
up of computer communication interfaces and a GSM module or GPRS modem that is
powered by a power supply circuit. A GSM modem might be a standalone gadget with
a serial, USB, Bluetooth, or other connection, or it can be a mobile phone with GSM
modem functionality (EFY Bureau, 2023).
Photoelectric Smoke Detector
Light-sensitive devices that immediately spot smoldering flames are
photoelectric smoke alarms. They function by using light to notify the presence of fire.
The alarm has a chamber with a light sensor and an LED light that projects a beam of
light across the chamber in a straight line. If smoke enters the chamber, it scatters the
LED light and passes through a photo sensor located in a different compartment. The
alarm sounds, signaling the presence of a fire, when the light beam strikes the
photosensor. In locations with smoke, this technique is especially helpful (X-Sense,
2020).
Heat Detector
Heat detectors are devices that generate a signal when they detect an increase in
air temperature that exceeds a certain limit or rate of climb. They don't respond to
smoke, unlike smoke detectors, they are intended to protect property rather than people.
12
These devices provide valuable time to handle a fire or evacuate a building. In addition,
the electronic heat detector, the sensitive component of this device is a unique
thermistor. Depending on how they are built, these detectors can work as fixed ROR
(rate or rise) detectors or fixed-temperature heat detectors.
Fixed temperature heat detectors are often used to reduce property damage
during fires in residential buildings, warehouses, and huge storage areas. They turn on
when a heat-sensitive material inside them hits its eutectic point, converting from a
solid state to a liquid state. To avoid false alarms, the device's response is purposely
delayed by the thermal lag, allowing it to activate only after the ambient air reaches and
exceeds the specified temperature. Regardless of the initial temperature, rate, or rise
(ROR) heat detectors must detect a rapid temperature increase of 12 to 15°F per minute
to activate. They include two heat-sensitive thermistors and work effectively in lowpressure fire environments. While the other thermistor observes the external
temperature, one detects radiation heat. Alarms are turned off when there is a large
temperature difference between the two thermistors. ROR detectors can be enhanced
by including a fixed temperature element to detect low-energy heat sources since they
may not respond well to slow-developing flames (Mike, 2020).
Related Studies
In the study conducted by Cleary and Chernovsky (2013), various experiments
were conducted to assess the performance of the different types of residential smoke
alarms in kitchen fires and nuisance alarm cooking scenarios. The information gathered
sheds light on how kitchen fires spread and create hazards, the efficacy of smoke alarms
in kitchens, and their sensitivity to sources of noise from cooking fires. Structures that
represent a kitchen, living room, and hallways were built to conduct the experiments.
13
Eight different types of smoke alarms were used such as two photoelectric (P1 and P2),
two ionization (I1 and 12), two dual sensor photoelectric/ionization (D1 and D2), and
two multi-sensor, intelligent alarm (M1 and M2). The activity conducts 10 different
cooking activities to identify the alarm propensity, wherein, 10 unused smoke alarms
were used that were placed at different locations and installed on the ceiling of a prop
building. The propensity of an alarm to activate seems to be influenced by the kind of
alarm, its sensitivity, and its location (distance between the cooking procedure), and the
cooking event itself. As an example, there is only one ionization alarm during the six
light toasting experiments, most alarms beyond 4.5 m of the range were activated during
the six very dark toast experiments. Alarms that rely on sensitive ionization chambers
(ionization alarm I1 and dual sensor alarm D2) encounter more nuisance alarm
activations in terms of cooking activities and locations investigated in this study. Except
for I1 and D2, all alarms received around the same nuisance alert frequency for the
cooking scenarios were evaluated in locations outside the kitchen.
Afzal et. al. (2022) shared that they devised and put into operation an affordable
smart fire alarm system, employing an Arduino microcontroller to consistently receive
temperature and humidity data from various sensors. The owner receives alert messages
via GSM with the precise location of the incident tracked by GPS in the event of an
emergency. A variable threshold warning technique is employed for temperature
adjustment and accuracy to obtain accurate and better results. The DHT11 with a
specific Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) is used by the fire alarm system to
measure temperature and humidity. It makes use of an Arduino Nano microcontroller,
which is a full, compact board that can fit on a breadboard, to output sensor information.
The GPS (Global Positioning System) module NEO-6M, which includes an external
antenna and can track 22 satellites, is used to track the location. The Arduino serves as
14
the central control system, facilitating communication with other peripheral devices
through a serial connection. It requires power, which can be supplied via an adapter
connected to a power source. To establish effective communication between Arduino
and the GSM module for message transmission, a DHT11 sensor is connected to
monitor temperature and humidity in the surrounding area. The necessary libraries for
DHT-11 are installed, and a code is created to generate warning messages in case the
temperature exceeds a predefined threshold. Additionally, a NEO-6M GPS chip is
utilized for precise location tracking, and this location information is incorporated into
the messages sent to the recipient. Upon completing the experimental setup, it was
observed that the created security framework, relying on GSM technology, exhibits a
prompt response to the sensing component. It sends an SMS notification as soon as it
detects that the temperature exceeds the predefined threshold.
As stated by Khan et. al (2022), over the past decade, a surge of innovation in
fire sensing systems has shown the capacity to significantly reduce false alerts, and
enhance fire sensitivity, and immediate response times, thereby improving overall fire
safety. The research landscape in this field has been centered on sensor actuator-based
fire detection systems specially designed for buildings. This collection of research
rigorously assesses current systems, identifying their limitations and offering crucial
suggestions for essential enhancements. At its core, the fundamental objective of a fire
detection system is the early identification of fires, with a primary emphasis on
minimizing false alarms. This necessitates the deployment of sensors characterized by
quick response times, enabling the detection of fire threats in their early stages. This
paper primarily focuses on a thorough analysis of recent progress in fire detection
technology, covering areas like sensor technology, signal processing, monitoring
systems, and integrated early detection systems for building fires. It also addresses
15
concerns and potential strategies in fire detection and offers perspectives on future
advancements in advanced fire sensors. The segmentation of a compartment fire into
pre-flashover and post-flashover periods has emerged as an essential distinction in fire
research. This categorization is important for life-saving measures before a fire reaches
a critical stage and lays the foundation for strategies focused on property preservation
post-flashover. Notably, the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM)
proves instrumental in mitigating dangers posed to both trapped individuals and
firefighters during rescue operations in Pre-Flashover Evacuation Conditions (PEFS).
Heat sensing systems, renowned for their reliability and reduced false alarms, do,
however, exhibit slow-paced response times. Utilizing advances in heat sensor
mobilization holds the potential to address this limitation. Furthermore, optical heat
detectors, which rely on alterations in refractive index, demonstrate an impressive
ability to detect even slight temperature fluctuations, which highlights their suitability
for fire detection systems, especially in large and intricate environments. This
application not only replaces multiple individual heat sensors but also offers budgetary
savings. The exploration of advanced linearization algorithms and their evaluation in
diverse sensor arrays is a priority, showing potential for more efficient accuracy in
pinpointing fire location. The optical sensors, known for their small size and flexibility,
outperform traditional thermal sensors that have larger, less adaptable designs.
Further, Ehsan et al. (2022) utilizes an Arduino UNO as the system's
microcontroller, and a SIM card to connect to the fire stations. It is essential to identify
flames as soon as possible to avoid serious mishaps. Flame sensors identify fire in a
specific spectrum between 760 and 100 nm. The reaction time of fire occurrences by
fire head stations in Punjab, Pakistan, without adopting IOT, is also covered in the
article. An investigation was carried out at the "Sheikh of Sialkot" facility, and the
16
findings were contrasted with manual fire alerts. Based on the results people agreed that
this equipment will benefit the communities, according to the questionnaire. Some of
them think that by using this technology, the number of casualties and fatalities from
the fire disaster could be decreased. Next, because they will arrive sooner and be able
to put out the fire before it spreads, this gadget will make it easier for firemen to find
the fire event. The IoT-based fire alarm navigation system was evaluated and contrasted
with recent fire rescue data from Punjab in a multinational sports goods facility in
Sialkot. The system was used to alert the fire station to the location of the fire inside
the structure. It can be utilized in emergencies to speed up response times, such as
during fire occurrences, and it may also lower the number of injuries or fatalities among
fire victims. Systems for detecting and alerting to fires are essential for safeguarding
people and property. Designers must comprehend the risk of fire and create measures
specific to each building. The objective is to create an Internet of Things-based fire
alarm navigation system that enables quicker firefighting. This technique, which hasn't
been used in Pakistan, can speed up reaction times and lower the number of fire victims
who suffer fatalities or injuries.
17
METHODOLOGY
This research, titled "Fire Monitoring System with Automated Real-time Alerts
for Immediate Fire Station Notification," aimed to develop a sophisticated, low-cost
prototype that delivers effective, rapid, and reliable notifications to firefighters. This
segment covers the materials, their quantities, equipment, procedures, and testing
conducted in the study.
Research Design
This study utilized a quantitative research method, specifically a true
experimental research design. A true experiment was employed to confirm or deny a
cause-and-effect relationship between two variables (Banaszak & Williams, 2022).
This was used to determine the effectiveness, speed, and reliability of the Fire
Monitoring System (FMS) concerning the following features: rapid sensor detection of
fire, quick SMS information delivery, and reliable sensor performance. The study
examined the effect of a dependable and efficient fire alarm system on the community
as a whole, improving public safety by installing a fire monitoring system that
automatically guaranteed real-time alerts. To achieve this, the study conducted various
experiments and focused on developing a prototype, facilitating through quantitative
assessment.
Materials and Equipment
In this study, the researchers utilized materials and tools essential for crafting a
prototype of the Fire Monitoring System (FMS). The identified materials and
equipment included;
18
Hardware Components
1. Alarm buzzer - (SFM-27 Alarm Buzzer) is used to alert individuals
nearby using sound.
2. Antenna - For the GSM module, this device facilitates sending and
receiving radio signals with a cell network.
3. Arduino Uno - Serves as the central processing unit of the system and
is responsible for controlling all components based on the provided
code.
4. Breadboard - Connects all components of the fire monitoring system.
5. Computer/Laptop - Utilized to generate and compile the code for the
Arduino.
6. DC to DC step down converter - Converts the 12 volts from the power
supply to 5 volts, suitable for all fire alarm components.
7. DHT11 - (AM2302 Temperature & Humidity Sensor) Detects sudden
shifts in room temperature.
8. DHT22 - (AM2301 Temperature & Humidity Sensor) Detects sudden
shifts in room temperature.
9. Electrical Tape - A type of sticky tape used to cover electrical wires
and other conducting elements.
10. Glue gun - Dispenses glue to affix materials within the plastic box.
11. GSM Module - (Mini SIM800L GPRS GSM Module) Sends
information from the fire monitoring system to the fire station and
designated recipients.
12. Jumper wires - Connect circuit components with pins on both ends.
19
13. Momentary button - Functions as a reset button for the
microcontroller, resetting all outputs.
14. Optocoupler - (PC817C) Safeguards delicate components from high
voltage, sound, or disturbances; allows for the control of high-power
devices with low-power signals.
15. Plastic Box - Houses the fire monitoring system.
16. Power Supply Adapter - Provides power to the fire monitoring system.
17. Smoke Detector - (MQ-2 Smoke Gas Sensor Module) Detects smoke
presence in a room.
18. Soldering Iron - A tool for creating solder joints that connect metals.
Prototype House Materials and Equipment
1. Hammer - Used in constructing the prototype room model.
2. Nail - Paired with the hammer, nails fasten pieces of wood together.
3. Plywood - Employed in building furniture, particularly for the prototype
room model.
4. 2x3 Wood - Utilized as the foundation for the prototype room model.
5. Metric Tape measure - Used to determine the length and height of the
prototype room model.
6. Hand saw - Employed for cutting plywood and 2x3 wood to facilitate
joining the pieces.
Figure 1. Procurement of Materials
(Taken by: John Phillip Mulle and Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
20
General Procedure
Construction of the Hardware Prototype
Inspection of sensors and modules
The
researchers
prepared all the materials and
equipment
used
constructing
including
the
in
model,
microcontrollers,
modules, and sensors. Before
Figure 2. Inspection of sensors and
developing a prototype, it was
essential
to
assess
the
modules
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
condition and quality of the components, such as sensors and GSM
modules. This evaluation ensured that every piece of equipment was
operational and in optimal condition, enabling the researchers to
effectively test and evaluate their functionalities.
Linking the sensors and module to the microcontroller.
The
prototype's
microcontroller
(Arduino
Uno) connects to various
sensors
and
modules,
including
the
temperature
sensor
(DHT11),
smoke
sensor (MQ-2), alarm buzzer,
reset
button,
and
Figure 3. Linking the sensors and module
to the microcontroller
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
GSM
modules. The researcher uses jumper wires, ohm resistors, and
21
breadboards to establish connections between the Arduino Uno and
these components. The alarm buzzer is connected to both the
temperature and smoke sensors. When either the smoke sensor detects
smoke or the temperature surpasses a level set by the researcher, the
alarm buzzer activates. Furthermore, if both the temperature and smoke
sensors are triggered simultaneously, the GSM module activates. It then
sends pertinent details, such as the address, school name, and location
coordinates, to the Bureau of Fire Protection.
Figure 4. Schematic Diagram of FMS
Figure 5. Hardware Components
22
Attachment of hardware to the acrylic box
All
connected
sensors, alarm buzzers, reset
button, and GSM modules
within the microcontroller are
housed in an acrylic plastic
box, serving as the prototype's
casing.
Temperature
and
Figure 6. Attachment of hardware to the
acrylic box
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
smoke sensors are positioned
beneath the exterior of the acrylic box to quickly detect fire and smoke.
The alarm buzzer and reset button are conveniently placed on the side
of the box for easy access. Inside the box, the microcontroller, wiring,
and other components are securely housed for fire safety.
Construction of Room Model
Structure of the Room Model
The researchers used
lumber wood for the base and
four slender plywood panels
to construct rooms measuring
a base of 2x3 feet and a height
of 2 feet 4 inches. Lumber
wood serves as the room's
Figure 7. Structure of the Room Model
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
framework to enhance durability, while plywood is used as the wall
material in the room model.
23
Attachment of prototype to the room model
The hardware that has
been designed is situated
inside
the
room
model,
precisely positioned at the
upper right edge, wherein, the
Figure 8. Attachment of hardware to the
room mode
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
researchers will carry out the
data-gathering process.
System Programming
Data Encoding
Upon completing the construction of the mechanism and
securing the necessary components, the researchers will utilize the
Arduino Software (IDE) from the official Arduino website to program
the Fire Monitoring System. Notably, the programming language chosen
for this study is C++. The researchers will develop and write code to
define the functionality of the outputs to be used. The temperature and
smoke sensors will be set to specific measures: the temperature sensor
will be fixed at 45 degrees Celsius, and the smoke sensor at 120.
Additionally, another way to trigger the system is added: if the smoke
sensor fails to detect any smoke, the temperature threshold is increased
to 60 degrees Celsius. When the fire reaches these measurements, an
alarm buzzer will be triggered, and the GSM module will send
information every 5 minutes.
24
Testing Procedures
Mechanical Capabilities of FMS
1. Initially, the prototype will be placed in a confined area to simulate its
performance during testing.
2. The fire monitoring system will undergo tests at three different distances
to evaluate the responsiveness of the sensors, alarm buzzer, and GSM
module in terms of triggering and message transmission speed.
3. For each fire distance, three testing sessions will be conducted to assess
the precision and effectiveness of the sensors in detecting both
temperature and smoke from the fire.
4. The researchers will analyze the time intervals during each test,
evaluating the alarm buzzer's response speed upon fire detection by the
sensors and assessing the speed of information transmission through the
GSM module.
5. Researchers will use a data sheet to systematically record the data
collected during the procedures.
Temperature Sensors’ Accuracy
The AM2301 temperature and humidity sensor will undergo fifteen (15)
tests to determine its accuracy and responsiveness. A comparison with the
DHT11 will be conducted to verify its consistency and correctness. Every 3
seconds, they will be checked to see if both detect the same heat from the fire.
25
Flow Chart
26
Data Analysis
For data analysis, the study employed Mean and Independent Sample t-test as
statistical tools. The significance of differences was tested at 0.05 levels.
Mean. This tool was utilized to determine the speed of sensors in detecting a fire and
the speed of the GSM module in transmitting a message.
Independent Sample t-test. This statistical tool was employed to assess significant
differences in temperature readings between the DHT11 and the high-end temperature
sensor, DHT22.
27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter addresses the presentation, interpretation, and analysis of data
related to the effectiveness, speed, and reliability of the Fire Monitoring System (FMS).
Speed of sensors in detecting a fire.
The effectiveness of the Fire Monitoring System in detecting a fire was assessed
by evaluating how quickly the sensors responded in the presence of fire. These
characteristics were tested to evaluate the prototype's performance.
Table 1. Average time of sensor in detecting a fire.
Pilot Testing
1
Pilot Testing
2
Pilot Testing
3
Average Time
(s)
2 feet
19.32
13.48
16.24
16.35
2.5 feet
28.48
20.39
24.70
24.52
3 feet
28.48
34.52
30.53
31.18
Distance
Table 1 displays the average response time of the Fire Monitoring System,
showing how quickly the sensors detect a fire at different distances. In 2 feet, the
proximity of the fire to the prototype is indicated with an average time of 16.35 seconds
before the alarm buzzer sounds. At distances of 2.5 feet and 3 feet diagonally, the
average response times are 24.52 seconds and 31.18 seconds, respectively. This data
underscores the sensors' ability to rapidly detect fires, triggering the alarm buzzer and
sending SMS notifications to firefighters. Additionally, the table reveals that each fire
distance corresponds to a distinct duration before the alarm buzzer activates, reaching
the predetermined measurements on the sensors.
Sanolis, Dumpit, & Feliprada (2021) asserts that In the Prototype Integration
Testing phase, the smart fire alarm device was tested in a controlled environment,
28
replicating a real-life fire situation to verify its effective functioning. The outcome
demonstrated that the data gathered was proficient in activating the system.
Speed of GSM module in transmitting information.
The operational effectiveness of the Fire Monitoring System was assessed by
examining its mechanical capabilities related to the transmission of SMS information,
aiming to determine the speed at which it could relay such information to firefighters.
These parameters were scrutinized as part of the evaluation process for the prototype.
Table 2. Average Time of GSM Module
Pilot Testing
Time
(s)
Pilot Testing 1
4.80
Pilot Testing 2
4.94
Pilot Testing 3
4.86
Average Time
4.87
Table 2 displays the mean duration of SMS when dispatching a message. In the
pilot test, the fire from pilot testing 1 took 4.80 seconds; in pilot testing 2 and 3, it took
4.94 seconds and 4.86 seconds; this indicates that the SIM800L module can transmit
information to the firefighters with an average time of 4.87 seconds.
In relation to the speed of SMS Information transmission of FMS, According to
Sanolis, Dumpit, & Feliprada (2021) The average broadcast receiving time for SFMSS
to get the text notice during this performance test was about 5 seconds. Furthermore,
SFMSS takes an average of two seconds to receive the RF broadcast signal.
29
Reliability of DHT11 compared to DHT22
Table 3. Computed Differences of Temperature Sensors
Name Sensor
Mean
DHT11
70.873
DHT22
t-value
p-value
Remark
-0.961
0.345
Not
Significant
68.993
Table 3 shows a significant difference between the two temperature sensors.
The DHT11, used in the prototype, obtained a mean of 70.873, while the mean of the
high end temperature sensor, DHT22 obtained in the comparison was 68.993. The
computed t-value from the two sensors is -0.961, with an obtained p-value of 0.345 (or
34.5%), indicating that the results are not significant. It is evident that the gathered
temperature and humidity data from the DHT11 sensor are reliable, as the detected
temperature from the DHT22 is almost identical.
30
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This part discusses the summarized versions of the study's purpose, research
design, methodologies, data analysis, and findings related to the Fire Monitoring
System (FMS).
The study was conducted in Barangay Hugo Perez, Trece Martires City, Cavite,
from September 2023 to January 2024. The purpose of the study was to create a
sophisticated, low-cost prototype of the Fire Monitoring System (FMS) capable of
detecting fire occurrences and sending alerts to surrounding areas, including a nearby
fire station and significant individuals, through messages.
The study employed a quantitative experimental research design to assess the
effectiveness, speed, and reliability of the Fire Monitoring System (FMS) in detecting
fires, transmitting messages, and monitoring temperature. The research procedure was
divided into three main parts: constructing the hardware prototype, building the room
model, and system programming. In the hardware prototype construction phase,
researchers prepared and inspected all materials before connecting the components and
attaching them to the acrylic box. For the room model, dimensions of 2x3 feet at the
base and a height of 2 feet and 4 inches were achieved using lumber wood and plywood.
Following this, the prototype was attached inside the room model. Subsequently, the
researchers programmed the system using the Arduino Software (IDE), employing the
C++ programming language.
In data analysis, Mean and Independent Sample t-tests were employed as
statistical tools, testing the significance of differences at the 0.05 level. The mean was
used to identify the speed of sensors and the GSM module in detecting a fire and
31
sending a message. Meanwhile, the Independent Sample t-test was used to assess
significant differences between DHT11 and DHT22.
The results showed that this system effectively serves its intended purpose
despite being more cost-effective compared to other available options. Through pilot
testing, the system has shown its effectiveness in detecting a fire and sending
information to its surroundings through buzzer and SMS. As the fast and reliable test
results demonstrate, the system’s affordability does not affect its functionality.
Conclusions
These conclusions are based on the findings gathered during the course of the study
and provide an overview of the collected data.
1. The Fire Monitoring System (FMS) has demonstrated its exceptional capability
to swiftly identify fires, as supported by comprehensive analysis results. The
system's response is subtle and precisely adjusted, with response times varying
depending on the distance of the fire. These findings vividly highlight the
system's rapid fire detection capabilities.
2. The examination of SMS information transmission time provided a detailed
breakdown across various pilot tests. The analysis of the SMS transmission time
showed that the first trial had the fastest transmission time, indicating that it can
send SMS messages quickly.
3. The examination of temperature sensors, which included both the DHT11 and
DHT22, indicated no significant difference. The reliable temperature and
humidity data acquired from the DHT11 closely matched the readings of the
DHT22, making it a recommended, cost-effective sensor choice.
32
With the data gathered, the FMS might benefit the community by decreasing
false alarms, managing large fires, and supporting the Bureau of Fire Protection.
Furthermore, its cost-effectiveness, which comes from the low-cost materials used,
makes it highly beneficial to society due to its simplicity of use.
Recommendations
The following recommendations are provided based on the work accomplished
during this project and the conclusions drawn:
1. Based on the study's findings, the Fire Monitoring System can be
improved in terms of faster fire detection time, quicker SMS
transmission speed, and ensuring the reliability of temperature sensors.
By reducing the average response time for fire detection, optimizing
SMS transmission speed, and ensuring the accuracy of temperature
readings, the system can enhance its effectiveness in detecting fires and
alerting firefighters promptly.
2. The community is strongly encouraged to embrace the Fire Monitoring
System as a valuable component of their safety measures, recognizing
its importance in safeguarding their well-being and effectively
responding to fire incidents.
3. Firefighting departments are advised to contemplate integrating this
system into their current communication and response strategies, as it
has the potential to revolutionize their methods of addressing fire
incidents and significantly enhance their effectiveness in emergency
situations.
33
4. Fire Protection Engineers are encouraged to explore the utilization of
this system as an integral aspect of their professional responsibilities.
Recognizing its significance, incorporating this system can greatly
contribute to their work, particularly in designing and maintaining
effective fire detection and suppression systems.
5. For future researchers, several recommendations can be made to
enhance the effectiveness of fire monitoring systems. Firstly, the
installation of a camera component within the system would provide
visual confirmation of fire incidents, aiding in accurate assessment and
response. Secondly, incorporating a multiple contact notification feature
would ensure that relevant parties, such as firefighters and community
members, receive immediate alerts, improving response times. Lastly,
considering the use of fire-resistant casings for the system's components
would enhance durability and reliability, ensuring the system remains
operational during fire emergencies.
34
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39
APPENDIX A
Gantt chart
Title: Fire Monitoring System With Automated Real-Time Alerts For Immediate Fire
Station Notification
Proponents:
John Phillip C. Mulle, Jared C. Mendez, Alexis P. Labayen, Carmela Shane A. Paytone,
Mcnyl M. Argete, Ahrianne Faye B. Llamas, Chasty Leigh B. Balmaceda, Jashley Cleo
B. Capili, Axel John M. Samonte
2023
2024
Act
August
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
Septem
ber
October
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
January
February
40
P
Q
A. Orientation of the students regarding their research project for Practical Research 2
B. Formulation of Research Problem
C. Writing of Title Proposal
D. Title Defense
E. Writing the Research Introduction
F. Drafting of Review of Related Literature
G. Writing the Methodology
H. Procurement of materials
I. Building the structural base of F.M.S
J. Building of the electronic parts of F.M.S
K. Programming
L. Attachment of electronic parts and sensors to the structural base of F.M.S
M. Gathering data from trials
N. Writing the Results and Discussion
O. Writing the Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
P. Revision of Research Paper
Q. Submission of Final Manuscript
41
APPENDIX B
Calendar of Activities
Title: Fire Monitoring System With Automated Real-Time Alerts For Immediate Fire
Station Notification
Proponents:
John Phillip C. Mulle, Jared C. Mendez, Alexis P. Labayen, Carmela Shane A. Paytone,
Mcnyl M. Argete, Ahrianne Faye B. Llamas, Chasty Leigh B. Balmaceda, Jashley Cleo
B. Capili, Axel John M. Samonte
Month
Activities
People Involved
● Researchers
August
Orientation
of
Remarks
Accomplished
the
● Research
2023
students regarding their
Advisers
research
project
for
Practical Research 2
Formulation of
Research Problem
September
Formulation of
● Researchers
2023
Research Problem
● Research
Advisers
Writing the Title
Proposal
Title Defense
Accomplished
42
Writing the Research
Introduction
Submission of
Introduction
Drafting of Review of
Related Literature
October
Writing the
● Researchers
2023
Methodology
● Research
Accomplished
Advisers
November
Procurement of
● Researchers
2023
materials
● Research
Accomplished
Advisers
December
Procurement of
● Researchers
2023
materials
● Research
Advisers
Building the structural
base of F.M.S
Building of the
electronic parts of
F.M.S
Programming
Attachment of
Accomplished
43
electronic parts and
sensors to the structural
base of F.M.S
Gathering data from
trials
January
Gathering data from
● Researchers
2024
trials
● Research
Accomplished
Advisers
Writing the Results and
Discussion
Writing the Summary,
Conclusion, and
Recommendations
Revision of Research
Paper
February
Revision of Research
● Researchers
2024
Paper
● Research
Advisers
Submission of Final
Manuscript
Accomplished
44
Expenditures
Research Title: Fire Monitoring System with Automated Real-Time Alerts for
Immediate Fire Station Notification
Proponents:
John Phillip C. Mulle, Jared C. Mendez, Alexis P. Labayen, Carmela Shane A. Paytone,
Mcnyl M. Argete, Ahrianne Faye B. Llamas, Chasty Leigh B. Balmaceda, Jashley Cleo
B. Capili, Axel John M. Samonte
Materials
Quantity
Amount
Arduino Uno
1 pc.
₱239
GSM Module
1 pc.
143
DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
1 pc.
138
DC to DC step down converter
1 pc.
125
Plastic box
1 pc.
99
Optocoupler
3pc.
84
MQ-2 Smoke Sensor
1 pc.
68
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
1 pc.
50
Alarm Buzzer
1 pc.
40
Sim Card
1 pc.
40
Breadboard
1 pc.
35
Jumping wires
40 pcs.
30
Nails
2 pk.
20
45
APPENDIX D
Experimental Results
Raw Data from the Speed of Sensor in Detecting Fires
Pilot Testing
1
Pilot Testing
2
Pilot Testing
3
Average Time
2 feet
19.32
13.48
16.24
16.35
2.5 feet
28.48
20.39
24.70
24.52
3 Feet
28.48
34.52
30.53
31.18
Distance
Raw Data from the Speed of GSM Module in transmitting information
Pilot Testing
Time
Pilot Testing 1
4.80
Pilot Testing 2
4.94
Pilot Testing 3
4.86
Average Time
4.87
Raw Data from the Reliability of DHT11 Compared to DHT22
AM2301 Temperature & Humidity
Sensor
DHT11 Temperature & Humidity
Sensor
61.1
60
63.7
61.8
65.8
63.8
66.2
65.6
66.2
67.2
66.9
68.7
68.3
70
67.6
71.9
46
68.6
72.9
70.6
73.9
72.3
75.2
72.7
76.3
73.3
77.4
75.3
78.6
76.3
79.8
47
APPENDIX E
Photo Documentation
Figure 1. Procurement of Materials
(Taken by: John Phillip Mulle and Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
Figure 2. Inspection of sensors and
modules
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
Figure 3. Linking the sensors and
module to the microcontroller
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
Figure 4. Attachment of hardware to the
acrylic box
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
Figure 5. Structure of the Room Model
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
Figure 6. Attachment of hardware to the room
mode
(Taken by: Chasty Leigh Balmaceda)
48
APPENDIX F
Schematic Diagram of FMS
49
APPENDIX G
Source Code
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN 7
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
#define MQ2pin 0
SoftwareSerial mySerial(2, 3);
int txt = 0;
int alarm = 0;
int crittemp = 45;
int crittemp2 = 60;
int critsmok = 120;
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
void setup() {
mySerial.begin(9600);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
50
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("MQ2 warming up!");
delay(20000);
mySerial.println("AT");
updateSerial();
mySerial.println("AT+CSQ");
updateSerial();
mySerial.println("AT+CCID");
updateSerial();
mySerial.println("AT+CREG?");
updateSerial();
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
dht.begin();
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
delay(50);
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
float temp = dht.readTemperature();
float smok = analogRead(MQ2pin);
alarm = 0;
while (alarm == 0){
float temp = dht.readTemperature();
51
float smok = analogRead(MQ2pin);
signaltest();
Serial.print("temperature");
Serial.println(temp);
Serial.print("smoke");
Serial.println(smok);
if (temp > crittemp && smok > critsmok){
alarm = 1;
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
delay(50);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
};
if (temp > crittemp2){
alarm = 1;
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
delay(50);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
};
};
mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(100);
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+639xxxxxxxxxx\"\r");
delay(100);
mySerial.println("FIRE DETECTED ON TRECE MARTIRES CITY SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL Barangay Gregorio, Trece Martires City, Cavite 4109");
52
delay(100);
mySerial.println((char) 26);
delay(1000);
Serial.println("done");
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
txt = txt + 1;
float temp = dht.readTemperature();
float smok = analogRead(MQ2pin);
signaltest();
Serial.print("temperature");
Serial.println(temp);
Serial.print("smoke");
Serial.println(smok);
if (txt > 150){
txt = 0;
mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1");
delay(1000);
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+639xxxxxxxxxx\"\r");
53
delay(1000);
mySerial.println("FIRE DETECTED ON TRECE MARTIRES CITY SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL Barangay Gregorio, Trece Martires City, Cavite 4109");
delay(100);
mySerial.println((char) 26);
delay(1000);
};
}
void signaltest() {
mySerial.println("AT+CSQ");
delay(1000);
while (Serial.available()) { mySerial.write(Serial.read());//Forward what Serial
received to Software Serial Port
} while(mySerial.available()) { Serial.write(mySerial.read());//Forward what
Software Serial received to Serial Port
}
}
void updateSerial() {
delay(1000);
while (Serial.available()) { mySerial.write(Serial.read());//Forward what Serial
received to Software Serial Port
} while(mySerial.available()) { Serial.write(mySerial.read());//Forward what
Software Serial received to Serial Port
}
54
APPENDIX H
Logbook
Overall Conduct
Start:
September 8,
2023
End:
Experimentation / Data Gathering Period
Start:
December 19,
2023
End:
Journal
Entry No.
Inclusive
Date/s
Purpose of the Activity
Page
1
10/02/2023
Title Proposal
1
2
10/02/2023
Making of the Title
2
3
10/06/2023
Working on the Introduction
3
4
10/13/2023
Working on RRL (Review of Related
Literatures)
4
5
11/10/2023
Working on Methodology
5
6
11/20/2023
Procurement of Materials
6
7
11/29/2023
Software Testing
7
8
12/19/2023
Building the Hardware Prototype of the
FMS
8
9
12/19/2023
Building the Room Model for the FMS
9
10
12/19/2023
Programming
10
11
12/19/2023
Attachment of the Hardware to the Room
Model
11
12
1/3/2024
Gathering Data by performing various
testing
12
Working on the Results and Discussions
13
13
1/4/2024
55
14
1/6/2024
Working on the Summary, Conclusions,
and Recommendations
14
15
1/11/2024
Final Defense
15
16
1/15/2024
Revision of the Paper
16
17
2/8/2023
Submission of the Paper
17
Journal No. 1
Date: October 02, 2023
Location:
( / ) Residence
( ) Regulated Research
Institution
(
) Other/s please specify :
__________________________
Complete
Trece Martires City, Cavite
Address:
Purpose of the Activity: Title Proposal
Highlights of the Activity:
( ) School
( ) Field
56
(
) paper documents like official letter and
communication
( ) screenshots of email or social media post
( ) recorded numerical data (raw data) from
Type/s of Supporting
observation
Evidence/s
( ) audio or video recording
(see attached enclosure/s):
( ) purchase’s receipt / acknowledgement receipt
(/) related pictures/ photograph
(
) other/s please specify:
_______________________
Journal No. 2
Date:
October 02, 2023
( / ) Residence
( ) Regulated Research
Location: Institution
( ) School
( ) Field
(
) Other/s please specify :
__________________________
Complete
Trece Martires City, Cavite
Address:
Purpose of the Activity: Making of the Title
Highlights of the Activity:
(
) paper documents like official letter and
Type/s of Supporting
communication
Evidence/s
( ) screenshots of email or social media post
(see attached
( ) recorded numerical data (raw data) from
enclosure/s):
observation
57
( ) audio or video recording
( ) purchase’s receipt / acknowledgement receipt
(/) related pictures/ photograph
(
) other/s please specify:
_______________________
Journal No. 3
Date:
Location:
October 06, 2023
( / ) Residence
( ) Regulated Research
Institution
( ) School
( ) Field
(
) Other/s please specify :
__________________________
Complete Trece Martires City, Cavite
Address:
Purpose of the Activity: Working on the Background of the Study
Highlights of the Activity:
58
(
) paper documents like official letter and
communication
( ) screenshots of email or social media post
( ) recorded numerical data (raw data) from
Type/s of Supporting observation
Evidence/s ( ) audio or video recording
(see attached enclosure/s): ( ) purchase’s receipt / acknowledgement receipt
(/) related pictures/ photograph
(
) other/s please specify:
_______________________