study of Earth's composition including the
processes of formation during geological
times
GEOLOGY
what are the two main classifications of the
branches of geology?
a branch of geology analyzing layers of
rocks and strata to measure geologic time
Stratigraphy
a branch of geology studying fossil records
to see how organisms interacted with the
environment
paleontology
a branch of geology about how sedimentary
and volcanic sequences are dated by
geophysically correlating samples of strata
magnetostratigraphy
all about crystals and bonding of atoms
crystallography
transportation and distribution of
groundwater in the Earth's crust
hydrogeology
a branch of geology talking about soil as a
natural resource including formation factors,
classification, and other properties
soil sciences
the application of knowledge of geosciences
to ensure safety, efficacy, and economy of
engineering projects
engineering geology
combining geology with engineering makes
it possible to come up with ___________
solutions for ______ and _________
structures
what is the meaning of NASA ?
national aeronautics and space
administration
layer of the earth that is a shell of liquid iron
creating the planet's magnetic field
outer core
in temperature
outer core
layer of earth described as a solid iron ball
inner core
layer of the earth composed of iron and
nickel
inner core
solid rock and silicate materials, thickest
layer of earth
mantle
layer of the earth that behaves like a viscous
or plastic material
mantle
layer of the earth composed of different
types of solid rock prevailing in continental
and oceanic regions
crust
outermost layer made with light elements
such as silica, aluminum and oxygen
crust
a process of breaking down of rocks through
rainwater, extreme temperature and
biological activity
weathering
what are the three types of weathering?
a type of weathering that involves the
breakdown of rocks without altering their
mineral composition
mechanical weathering
type of weathering that is caused by
rainwater reacting with minerals and
soluble salts
chemical weathering
a type of weathering that causes rocks to be
decomposed and altered
biological weathering
the main agent in biological weathering
organic acids (released by different
organisms)
different causes of mechanical weathering
(3)
a cause of mechanical weathering which
pertains to the expansion or contraction of
rocks caused by temperature changes
thermal stress
differentiate thermal shock and thermal
fatigue
over many cycles
how does mechanical weathering due to
frost action happens?
water seeps into rock fractures and
when the temperature drops below
freezing point, the water expands
leading the rocks to break
mechanical weathering causing underlying
rocks to expand and develop fractures
parallel to the surface due to overlying rock
(erosion)
pressure release
3 types of chemical weathering
happens when atmospheric oxygen
combines with minerals in some rocks
oxidation
give some examples of rocks formed from
oxidation
limonite
hematite
geothite
this happens when minerals in rocks react
with CO2 in water
carbonation
carbonation is a ____________ process
solution weathering
chemical weathering causing mineral grains
to expand, creating stress that disintegrates
rocks when minerals form weak bonds with
water
hydration
chemical addition of water to minerals in
rocks that may cause color changes in
weathered surfaces
hydration
2 causesof biological weathering
a cause of biological weathering that splits
and breaks rock into pieces naturally
plant roots
biological weathering caused by the
presence of organisms growing across rock
surfaces
how do organisms cause rocks to break ?
surfaces exert a small amount of
abrasion and pressure which can
break rocks into pieces
it is the rapid vibration of the ground caused
by the movement of large segments of rocks
in the crust
earthquake
explain how the breakdown of the crust
occurs during an earthquake
when elastic strain built up in the crust
exceeds the effective strength of
rocks in the area of an earthquake
two types of earthquake
type of earthquake produced by sudden
movement along plate bounderies
tectonic earthquake
type of earthquake induced by rising lave or
magma beneath volcanoes
volcanic earthquake
department in the Philippines responsible for
monitoring earthquakes
PHIVOLCS
point of the earth's surface vertically above
the origin of the earthquake, this is where a
seismic rupture begins
epicenter
fracture between two blocks of rock
fault
part of an earthquake that may travel either
along or near the surface or through the
earth's interior
seismic waves
area inside the crust where an earthquake
starts
focus
what causes seismic waves?
sudden movement of materials under
the surface
the term describing the depth of the focus
from the surface
focal depth
enumerate the two types of seismic waves
enumerate and differentiate the 2 types of
body waves
enumerate and differentiate the 2 types of
surface waves
and faster
caused by the shaking of rocks side to
side
of surface is perpendicular to the
direction of wave
particles move elliptically
a device that records the magnitude of an
earthquake
seismograph
recorded data from a seismograph is called
a
seismogram
differentiate magnitude from intensity
energy released by an earthquake at
the focus
in the Philippines, the intensity of
earthquakes is determined using what
scale?
PEIS or PHIVOLCS Earthquake
Intensity Scale
enumerate the 4 common magnitude scales
define a magnitude scale for shallow, local
earthquakes in Southern California
Charles Richter
this magnitude scale is suitable for deep
earthquakes that have few surface waves
and can measure distant events
body wave magnitude
measure of the amplitudes of love and
rayleigh waves with a period of 20secs,
common for very distant earthquakes
surface wave magnitude
defined as a function of the seismic moment
Mo expressed in dyne cm
moment magnitude
numbers on the Richter scale are
proportional to that of _________ of
maximum wave amplitudes
base 10 / common logarithms
how many levels are there in the PHIVOLCS
intensity scale ?
1 to 10
what is the strongest earthquake recorded
in the Philippines? (2000 onward)
(Dec 15, 2019) Davao del Sur
Earthquake, Magnitude 6.9