Nemotote parasites:
Guinea worm- its in your body, a cyst is on your body. If you try to remove it, your afraid that it
will break off
Wrap it around a stick and slowly wind it and bind it with a wrap and then wind it again
Its in Africa
Onchocerciasis- it gets in your eyeball and it is the number one cause of blindness. 25 million
infected, 300,000 blind and 800,000 have vision problems
Lymphatic filariasis- flaria worms. It is noodlelike.. It gets in their host and aggregate in the
lymph nodes. It builds up and causes swelling. Can be treated.
Body invaders:
Candiru- in the amazon- it is small and a parasite of fish gills is common in catfish. It is optimitic
parasites. It sucks blood for the gills. It gets in the male part while peeing in the water on
accident and has to be removed.
Jawless fish:
LampreyHagfish- decomposers in the ocean. They come in groups and they dig their heads in the rotting
corpse and tie themselves in a knot in the corpse and eat. They are filled with slime. It explodes
all over the place.
Origin of jaws- the current hypothesis is that it is a arch support in the gill slits. They have
become modified and then the hinge evolved.
Gnathosomes- all the vertebrates that have jaws.
Bony fishes
Bony skeleton
Have lungs or swim bladder
Ray finned and lobe finned fish
The sac in the fish is a gas exchange
If a fish is floating on its side, its swim bladder busted
Tetrapod vertebrates(gnathosomes that have limbs)
Amphibians
Reptiles
Bird
Mammals
Class amphibia:
Frogs and toads
Salamanders
Legs
Cutaneous respiration
lungs- some don’t have lungs and do respiration through the skin
Pulmonary veins
Partially divided heart
Salamanders: such as a newt
Tailed amphibia
Carnivorous larvae and adult
Anura
Frogs and toads
3450 species
No tail
Herbivorous larvae
Carnivorous adult
Reptiles
Amniotic egg – egg with extra amniotic membranes- it is harder and more developed
than the chicken egg. Offspring doesn’t dry out with the lack of water
Dry skin
Thoracic breathing (expand/ contract rib cage)
Class reptilia
Snakes
Lizards
Turtles
Crocodiles
Dinosaurs
Many species of snake are harmless, nonvenomous species
Class aves-Birds
Feathers
Flight skeleton
Adaptions for flight
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Wings
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Feathers
Hollow bones
No teeth
Flight muscles on sternum (center of gravity)
Vertebral column does not extend into tail
No urinary bladder
One ovary, gonads increase during active period
Other species migrate such as whales
Birds do not have sense of smellClass mamalia- mammals
Mammary glands
Hair
Middle ear (3 middle ear bones)
Another example of homology: articular and quadrate bones – from jaw to ear
Other modern mammal characteristics
Endothermy –( 4 chamberedhearts/ diaphragm/hair)
Differentiated teeth (heterodont dentition)
Placenta
Hooves and horns