MECHSOFT ENGINEERING DESIGN & CONSULTANCY
TRAINING MANUAL
FOR
FIRE PROTECTION AND
DETECTION SYSTEMS
NFPA 1 – Fire Code
NFPA 101 – Life Safety Code
NFPA 13 – Standard for Installation of Sprinkler System
NFPA 72 – National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
NFPA 25 - Standard for Inspection, Testing and
Mainteance of Water Based Fire Protection Systems
Prepared by: Mehboob Shaikh
B.E(ME) || CFPS || CFI-1 || AMIE
info@mitionline.com
Design|Inspections|Training
+919146861270
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
1
CHAPTERS & STRUCTURE
Chapter-1 :Administration
Chapter-2 : Referenced Publication
Chapter-3 : Definitions
Chapter-4 : General Requirements
Chapter-5 : Performance Based Option
Chapter-6 : Classification of Occupancies
Chapter-7-9: Reserved
Chapter-10 : General Safety Requirements
Chapter-11 : Building Services
Chapter-12 : Features of Fire Protection
Administration
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
General
2
CHAPTERS & STRUCTURE
Chapter-13 : Fire Protection Systems
Chapter-14 : Means of Egress
Chapter-15 : Fire Department Services Delivery Concurrency Evaluation
Chapter-16 : Safeguarding Construction, Alteration & Demolition Operation
Chapter-17: Wild land Urban Interface
Chapter-18: Fire Department Access & Water Supply
Chapter-19: Combustible Waste Refuse
Chapter-20: Occupancy Fire Safety
Chapter-21-34 : Specific Occupancy Requirements
Chapter-35 : Reserved
Chapter-36-37 : Specific Occupancy Requirements
Chapter-38-39 : Reserved
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
General
Occupancy
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CHAPTERS & STRUCTURE
Chapter-40-45: Specific Process Hazard
Chapter-46-49 : Reserved
Chapter-50-54 : Specific Equipment Hazards
Chapter-55-59 : Reserved
Chapter-60-75: Hazardous Materials
(Solids, liquids & Gases)
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
Process
Equipment's
Hazardous
Materials
4
CHAPTERS & STRUCTURE
Annexure-A
Explanatory Materials- Not the part of Code
Annexure-B
Hazardous Material Classification-Not the part of
Code
Annexure-C
Sample Ordinance--Not the part of Code
Annexure-D
HMMP and HMIS- Not the Part of Code
Annexure-E
Fire Fighter Safety Building Marking System-Not
the part of Code
Annexure-F
Informational Reference
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
5
Chapter-12 : Features of Fire
Protection
Learning Objectives :
Understanding fire-resistant assemblies; fire doors and fire windows;
interior finishes; furnishings, contents, decorations, and treated
finishes; fire barriers; smoke partitions; and smoke barriers
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 12.6.3 – Content and Furnishings
Cl. 12.6.3 - Smoldering Ignition of Upholstered Furniture and
Mattresses.
• Newly introduced mattresses, except as otherwise permitted by
Chapter 20, shall have a char length not exceeding 2 in. (51 mm)
when tested in accordance with 16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the
Flammability of Mattresses and Mattress Pads”
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Specimen Preparation
Mattress Specimens
Mattress Pad
Sheet Side
Draw a line to divide the mattress test surface
Bare Side
Both sides of a mattress prototype need to meet the
requirements of the standard if both sides of the
mattress are intended to be used as sleep surfaces
10 times washing is needed if it contain fire resistance
chemical , Except its for one time use no fire resistance
washing is not needed
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Specimen Preparation
Ignition Source
Sheeting
After washing, cut across the width of the sheet to produce two
equal-sized pieces of sheeting.
Launder the sheets or sheeting material once before
testing
Select unopened packages of cigarettes for each series of tests.
Remove the cigarettes from their packaging before
conditioning.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Sample Conditioning
 Condition the mattresses, mattress pads, laundered sheets or
sheeting material, and loose cigarettes in air at a temperature greater
than 18 °C (65 °F) and at a relative humidity less than 55 percent for
at least 48 continuous hours before testing.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
10
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Bare Mattress Test Locations
Place at least three ignited cigarettes on each type of surface test
location for each test surface.
straight pins to support a cigarette
Cigarette placement for smooth
location on a quilted surface
mattress.
Cigarette placement for tape edge,
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
Cigarette placement for quilted
surface.
11
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Two Sheet Test Locations
Cigarette placement for smooth
location on a tufted surface
mattress, on the bottom sheet.
Cigarette placement for tape edge,
on the bottom sheet.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
Cigarette placement for quilt
location, on the bottom sheet
12
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
General Procedure
 Test mattress specimens in a room with a temperature greater than
18 °C (65 °F) and a relative humidity of less than 55 percent.
 Place at least one ignited cigarette on the mattress surface within 10
minutes of removing the cigarette from the conditioning room if the
test is not performed in the same room used to condition the
specimen
 If the second side of the mattress will be tested, test it immediately
after completion of the first side, as long as the second side of the
mattress has not been impacted by extinguishing the first side.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
13
16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
General Procedure
 Place at least 18 ignited cigarettes on each mattress surface
 At least nine cigarettes are placed on the “Bare” mattress test surface,
and
 At least nine cigarettes are placed on the “Sheet” test surface
 Position the cigarettes at least 6 inches (15.2 cm) apart on the
mattress surface.
 Do not allow more than 4 mm (0.16 inch) of the length of the
cigarettes to burn before placing them on the mattress surface
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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16 CFR 1632, “Standard for the Flammability
of Mattresses and Mattress Pads
Test Result
The char lengths will be allowed to reach 2 inches (5.1 cm)
before the test for the sleep surface is stopped
Char measurement template for specimen surface.
Example pass result for bare mattress.
Example fail result on mattress surface.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Chapter-18 : Fire Department Access & Water
Supply
Learning Objectives :
• Understanding Access and fire lane requirements and water supply
• Understanding Fire flow requirements for buildings.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
• Cl. 18.2.3.2 – Access to Building
A fire department access road shall extend to within 50 ft. (15 m) of at
least one exterior door that can be opened from the outside and that
provides access to the interior of the building.
Fire departments typically carry 150 ft (46 m) or 200 ft (61
m), or both, of pre-connected hose lines on their
apparatus.
If the fire apparatus can access the building within 50 ft
(15 m), fire fighters can extend hose lines 100 ft to 150 ft
(30 m to 46 m) into the building without undue delay
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Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
• Cl. 18.2.3.2.1.1 - Where a one- or two-family dwelling is protected
with an approved automatic sprinkler system that is installed in
accordance with NFPA 13D, the distance in 18.2.3.2.1 shall be
permitted to be increased to 150 ft (46 m).
Presence of fire sprinkler protection in one- and two-family
dwellings significantly reduces the risk to the occupants
and fire fighters along with reducing the consequences of
a fire when one does occur.
Due to this significantly reduced risk, the distance to the
exterior door can be increased while still maintaining an
improved level of building and life safety protection
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
• Cl. 18.2.3.4 – Specification
• Cl. 18.2.3.4.1 – Dimensions
• Cl 18.2.3.4.1.1 - Fire department access roads shall have an unobstructed width
of not less than 20 ft (6.1 m).
• Cl.18.2.3.4.1.2 - Fire department access roads shall have an unobstructed vertical
clearance of not less than 13 ft 6 in. (4.1 m).
The minimum 20 ft (6.1 m) width required by 18.2.3.4.1.1
allows for two-way vehicular traffic and for one fire
apparatus to pass while another is working at a fire
hydrant or aerial setup.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
• Cl. 18.2.3.4 – Specification
• Cl. 18.2.3.4.2 – Surface
• Cl. 18.2.3.4.3 – Turning Radius : The turning radius of a fire department access road shall be
as approved by the AHJ.
• Cl. 18.2.3.4.4 – Dead End - Dead-end fire department access roads in excess of 150 ft (46 m)
in length shall be provided with approved provisions for the fire apparatus to turn around.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.2 – Fire Department Access
(Cl. 18.2.1 through 18.2.4)
• Cl. 18.2.4.2 – Closure of Accessways.
Locks, gates, doors, barricades, chains, enclosures, signs, tags, or seals that have
been installed by the fire department or by its order or under its control shall not
be removed, unlocked, destroyed, tampered with, or otherwise vandalized in any
manner
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.1 – Scope
Its is used to calculate available fire department fire flow for firefighting purposes and does not take into account fire suppression
systems or hose stream requirements required by some codes and
standards
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.3 – Modifications
18.4.3.1 – Decrease in Fire Flow requirements
The AHJ is permitted to use discretion in reducing the required fire flow in rural areas with
isolated buildings where development of the full fire flow is impractical. It is important to
note that reducing the fire flow is at the sole discretion of the AHJ. Before reducing the fire
flow, the AHJ should determine if the site conditions warrant a reduction and if additional
protection methods, such as fire sprinkler protection, are necessary to justify a reduction
while maintaining a reasonable level of property and life safety protection
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.3 – Modifications
18.4.3.2 – Increase in Fire Flow requirements
An existing adjacent building may be of combustible construction, located close to
the property line, and not constructed with an exterior wall of an appropriate fire
resistance rating. Based on these conditions, the AHJ may determine that an
increase in the fire flow is necessary to provide for exposure protection fire streams.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.4 – Fire Flow Area
18.4.4.1 – General
• The fire flow area shall be the total floor area of all floor levels of a
building except as modified in 18.4.4.1.1.
18.4.4.1.1- The fire flow area of a building constructed of Type I (443),
Type I (332), and Type II (222) construction shall be the area of the
three largest successive floors
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.5 – Fire Flow Requirement for Building
18.4.5.1 – One & Two Family dwelling units- Less than 5000 Sq ft.
• 18.4.5.1.1 - The minimum fire flow and flow duration requirements for one- and
two-family dwellings having a fire flow area that does not exceed 5000 ft2 (334.5
m2) shall be 1000 gpm (3785 L/min) for 1 hour.
Its Permitted to be reduced by 75% if provided with
approved automatic sprinkler System- Cl. 18.4.5.1.1.1
Its Permitted to be reduced by 25% if separated from
other building by minimum 30 ft.- Cl. 18.4.5.1.1.2 &
Table 18.4.5.1.4
But in no case it shall be less than 500 GPM, Cl. 18.4.5.1.1.1 & 18.4.5.1.1.2 Can’t be combine
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together to reduce demand to 500 GPM
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.5 – Fire Flow Requirement for Building
18.4.5.2 – One & Two Family dwelling units- More than 5000 Sq ft.
• 18.4.5.2.1 - The minimum fire flow and flow duration for buildings other than one- and twofamily dwellings shall be as specified in Table 18.4.5.2.1
• 18.4.5.2.4 – Required Fire flow for one and two family dwelling protected by an approved
automatic sprinkler System shall not exceed 2000 GPM for 1 Hour
Its Permitted to be reduced by 75% if provided with
approved automatic sprinkler System- Cl. 18.4.5.2.2
Its Permitted to be reduced by 25% if separated from
other building by minimum 30 ft.- Cl. 18.4.5.2.3 &
Table 18.4.5.1.4
But in no case it shall be less than 500 GPM, Cl. 18.4.5.2.2 & 18.4.5.2.3 Can’t be combine
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together to reduce demand to 500 GPM
Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.5 – Fire Flow Requirement for Building
18.4.5.3 – Building other than one & two family dwellings.
18.4.5.3.1 – Duration of flow shall be according to table 18.4.5.2.1
18.4.5.3.2 – Allowed to reduce by 75% if the building is protected throughout
by approved automatic sprinkler System, resulting fire flow shall not be less
than 1000 GPM
18.4.5.3.3 - Allowed to reduce by 75% if the building is protected throughout
by approved automatic sprinkler System, which utilizes quick response
sprinkler throughout, resulting fire flow shall not be less than 600 GPM
18.4.5.3.4- Required fire flow for building protected with approved
automatic sprinkler system shall not exceed 2000 GPM for 2 hours.
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Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.5 – Fire Flow Requirement for Building
18.4.5.3.5- Required fire flow for open parking structures that are not
protected throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system shall
be reduced by 75% where all of the following conditions are met:
1. The structure complies with the building code
2. The structure is to type 1 or type 2 construction.
3. The structure is provided with a class 1 standpipe system in
accordance with NFPA 14. Class 1 standpipe systems of the manual
dry pipe is permitted.
4. The Resulting fire flow is not less than 1000 gpm
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Cl. 18.4 – Fire Flow Requirements
• Cl. 18.4.5 – Fire Flow Requirement for Building
18.4.5.4 – Required fire flow and automatic sprinkler systems demand
For a building with an approved fire sprinkler systems, the fire flow
demand and the fire sprinkler systems demand shall not be required to
be added together. The water supply shall be capable of delivering the
larger of the individual demands.
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EXAMPLE
• Determine the required fire flow for a building of Type II (000)
construction with a fire flow area of 26,000 ft2 (2415 m2) that is
sprinklered with standard response sprinklers in accordance with
NFPA 13.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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SOLUTION
In accordance with Cl. 18.4.5.2.1
Fire Flow Credit = 3500 X 75%
= 2625 GPM
Fire Flow
= 3500-2625
= 875 GPM
The calculated fire flow of 875 gpm (3312 L/min) is less
than 1000 gpm (3785 L/min), the minimum permitted
by 18.4.5.2.1. In this case, a minimum of 1000 gpm (3875
L/min) must be provided for a duration
of not less
than
2
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Shaikh(CFPS,
CFI, AMIE)
hours
32
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.1 – Fire hydrant Locations & distribution.
• Cl. 18.5.1.1 – FH shall not be required where water distribution
system is not capable of providing a Fire flow of greater than 500 gpm
at a pressure of 20 psi.
• Cl. 18.5.1.2 – Water distribution system is deemed to impractical the
AHJ.
• Cl. 18.5.1.6 – Fire Hydrant shall be located not more than 12ft. From
the fire department access road.
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.2 – Detached one and two family dwellings.
Dist. Between two hydrants
shall not exceed 800 ft.
Shall not exceed 600 ft.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.3 – Buildings other than one and two family dwellings.
1. The maximum distance to a fire hydrant from the closest point on
the building shall not exceed 400 ft.
2. The maximum distance between fire hydrants shall not exceed
500ft.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.4 – Minimum Number of fire hydrants for fire flow
Cl. 18.5.4.1 through 18.5.4.4
Cl. 18.5.4.2 – The aggregate fire flow demand of all fire hydrants within 1000
ft. of the building measured in accordance with 18.5.1.4 & 18.5.1.5 shall not
be less than required fire flow determined in accordance with section 18.4
Cl 18.5.4.3 – The maximum fire flow capacity for which a fire hydrant shall be
credited shall be as specified by table 18.5.4.3 capacities exceeding the
values specified in table 18.5.4.3 shall be permitted when local fire have the
ability to accommodate such values as determined by the fire department.
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Table 18.5.4.3
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.7 – Clear space around the hydrant
• Cl. 18.5.7.1 – A 36 inch of clear space shall be maintained around the
circumference of the hydrant except as otherwise required approved.
• Cl. 18.5.7.2 – Clear space of not less than 60 inch shall be provided in
front of the each hydrant connection having a diameter greater than
2- ½ inch
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
Example : Determine the number of required fire hydrants for a
proposed new manufacturing building with a fire area of 50,000 ft2
(4645 m2) and a construction classification of Type II (000)
(noncombustible and unprotected). The building will be protected
throughout by an approved automatic sprinkler system with standard
response sprinklers.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
Solution :
1. As per the flow test conducted on hydrants as per NFPA 291
Available Fire Flow (AFF) = 3500 GPM
Residual Pressure (RP) = 20 psi
2. Referring Table 18.4.5.2.1
Required Fire Flow (RFF) = 4750 GPM (without 75% credit)
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
Solution :
Building is Protected Fully with Automatic Sprinkler system
RFF = 4750 – 75%(4750)
= 1187.5
Say = 1200 GPM
(without 75% credit)
AFF > RFF = 3500 GPM0 > 1200 GPM
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
Solution :
3. Number of Fire hydrants =
=
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤
1500
1200
1500
Number of Fire hydrants = 1 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
42
Cl. 18.5 – Fire Hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.10– Marking of hydrants
• Cl. 18.5.7.1 – A 36 inch of clear space shall be maintained around the
circumference of the hydrant except as otherwise required approved.
• Cl. 18.5.7.2 – Clear space of not less than 60 inch shall be provided in
front of the each hydrant connection having a diameter greater than
2- ½ inch
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Fire Flow Calculations
What…?
Why…?
As defined in IFC Section B102
“The flow rate of a water supply, measured at 20 pounds per square inch (psi) (138 kPa) residual pressure, that is available
for fire fighting”
Shouldn’t be confused with water needed for manual fire fighting(Hose streams) while the
sprinkler system is still in operation inside the building
Fire flow encompasses the water demand for the entire building on the fire solely for
EXTERIOR FIRE FIGHTING
Methods
It is based on water converted
to steam to replace oxygen.
ISU
(Iowa state University)
ISO
(Insurance Service
Office)
CFPS Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
IIT
Illinois Institute of Tech
Research Method
ISO
NFF = (Ci)(Oi)[(1.0+(X+P)i]
Where,
• NFFi = the needed fire flow in gallons per minute (gpm)
• Ci = a factor related to the type of construction
• Oi = a factor related to the type of occupancy
• X = a factor related to the exposure buildings
• P = a factor related to the communication between buildings
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ISO
 Step 1. Determine the predominant construction type and the associated factor (F).
 Step 2. Determine the effective area (Ai).
 Step 3. Substitute the values for "F" and "A" into the formula Ci=18F(Ai)^0.5 and calculate the construction
factor (Ci).
 Step 4. Round off the construction factor (Ci) to the nearest 250 gpm.
 Step 5. Determine the predominant occupancy type and the associated factor (Oi).
 Step 6. Determine if there is an exposure charge by identifying the construction type and length-height value
of the exposure building as well as the distance (in feet) to the exposure building. Also make note of any
openings and protection of those openings in the wall facing the subject building (the building the needed
fire flow is being calculated on). The factor related to the exposure building is (X).
 Step 7. Determine if there is a communication charge by identifying the combustibility of the passageway,
whether the passageway is open or closed, the length, and a description of any protection provided in the
passageway openings. The factor related to the communications between buildings is (P).
 Step 8. Substitute the values for the factors in the formula NFFi = (Ci)(Oi)[1.0+(X+P)i] to determine the
needed fire flow.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Example-1 – Calculate NFF using ISO
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Solution-1 – Calculate NFF
1. CONSTRUCTION TYPE
Construction Class 1 (wood frame construction)
Construction type coefficient (F) = 1.5
Effective area (Ai) = 2,250
Ci = 18XF (Ai)^0.5
Ci = 18(1.5) (2,250)^0.5
Ci = 27 (47.43)
Ci = 1,280.72
Ci = 1,250 (rounded to the nearest 250 gpm)
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Solution-1 – Calculate NFF
2. OCCUPANCY TYPE
Contractor equipment storage
Occupancy combustibility class C-3 (Combustible)
Occupancy factor (Oi) = 1.00
3. EXPOSURES AND COMMUNICATIONS
None
Exposure and communication factor (X + P)i = 0.00
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Solution-1 – Calculate NFF
4. CALCULATION
NFFi = (Ci)(Oi)[1.0+(X+P)i]
NFFi = (1,250)(1.00)[1.0+(0.00)]
NFFi = (1,250)(1.00)(1.00)
NFFi = 1,250 gpm
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Example-2 – Calculate NFF using ISO
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Example-3 – Calculate NFF using ISO
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Solution-3 – Calculate NFF
1. CONSTRUCTION TYPE
Construction Class 1 (wood-frame construction)
Construction type coefficient (F) = 1.5
Effective area (Ai) = 2,655 (ground floor + 50% second floor area)
Ci = 18F (Ai)^0.5
Ci = 18(1.5) (2,655)^0.5
largest floor
Other floors
Ci = 27(51.53)
Ci = 1,391.31
Ci = 1,500 (rounded to the nearest 250 gpm)
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54
Solution-3 – Calculate NFF
2. OCCUPANCY TYPE
Cabinet making (occupies over 25% of the total floor of the building)
Occupancy combustibility class C-4 (free-burning)
Occupancy factor (Oi) = 1.15
3. EXPOSURES AND COMMUNICATIONS
Exposure charge for Building A = 0.14
From Exposure Factor Table
Exposure charge for Building B = 0.17
The building with the highest charge is Building B.
Exposure factor (Xi) = 0.17
Communication (Pi) charge = none
Exposure and communication factor (X + P)i = 0.17
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Solution-3 – Calculate NFF
4. CALCULATION
NFFi = (C)(O)[1.0+(X+P)]
NFFi = (1,500)(1.15)[1+(0.17)]
NFFi = (1,500)(1.15)(1.17)
NFFi = 2,018
NFFi = 2,000 gpm
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Why…? Marking of Hydrants
The marking of hydrants is important for two reasons.
1. It immediately tells fire crews the number and capacity of the fire
main system they are hooking into.
2. It shows that the owner is complying with this program.
Historically, fire crews have trusted public hydrants above private ones,
because the City hydrants are on a routine maintenance schedule, and,
generally, the likelihood of running into problems is lessened.
Marking of Hydrants
Classification of Hydrants. Hydrants should be classified in accordance
with their rated capacities [at 20 psi (1.4 bar)residual pressure or other
designated value] as follows:
1. Class AA — Rated capacity of 1500 gpm (5700L/min) or greater
2. Class A — Rated capacity of 1000–1499 gpm (3800– 5699L/min)
3. Class B — Rated capacity of 500–999 gpm (1900–3799L/min)
4. Class C — Rated capacity of less than 500 gpm (1900 L/min)
Marking of Hydrants
The tops and nozzle caps should be painted with the following capacity-indicating
color scheme to provide simplicity and consistency with colors used in signal work
for safety, danger, and intermediate condition:
1. Class AA — Light blue
2. Class A — Green
3. Class B — Orange
4. Class C — Red
NFPA 291 recommends that only the bonnet and caps be color coded. The rest of
the barrel should be a different color
For rapid identification at night, it is recommended that the capacity colors be of
a reflective-type paint.
Marking of Hydrants
Types of Fire Hydrants
Dry Hydrants
People
Generally
get
confused between this Two
Wet hydrants
Wet Barrel
According to NFPA 1142 Standard on Water Supplies for
Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting:
Key Sentence
“Dry hydrant is an arrangement of pipe permanently connected to a
water source other than a piped, pressurized water supply system that
provides a ready means of water supply for fire-fighting purposes and
that utilizes the drafting (suction) capability of a fire department pump”
Dry Barrel
DRY FIRE HYDRANTS
In dry hydrant water has to be drawn from the supply
(lake, pond, reservoir, tank) by a fire pumper through a
pipe that is typically located underground
WET FIRE HYDRANTS
Private vs Public Fire Hydrants
Everything after street valve will be maintained by
Property owner
Fire Hydrant
Public
Fire Line private
to building
Street Valve
8” Water mains
LOCATION
4.5 inch should face
the street
36” of clear space
must be maintained
around the hydrant
Min. 457 mm
Max. 914 mm
Bottom of the safety
flange should be at
least 2.5 inches above
the grade where it is set
Approximately 6
feet from traffic
lanes when no curb
is present
LOCATION
No parking within 15 feet of a fire
hydrant, which is marked by signage
and painting!!!
DISTANCE FROM THE BUILDING
Proposed
Building
Avoid placing it in Collapse Zone
i.e. perpendicular to the walls
Wall
Collapse
Fire hydrants must be Zone
(Collapse zone = 1.5 X height of building)
placed at least 40 feet
from the building they
serve.
Wall
Collapse
Zone
At least 40 feet from the building they serve.
Public Street
DISTANCE FROM THE BUILDING
Proposed Building
Proposed walkway
25 feet
60 feet
Proposed walkway
Criss-cross fire hydrant
Proposed Building
90 feet
30 feet
Proposed Building
Too close to building
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
HYDRANTS
Building Type
Maximum Distance between
Hydrants(feet)
Industrial buildings and warehouses
Schools, day care centers
250
What Exactly these distances
means ..?
300
Offices, commercial establishments, church,
hospitals, nursing homes
350
Apartments, multifamily dwellings, town houses
350
Single-family dwellings
500
These measurements indicate what one fire hydrant can cover
along the fire access road depending on building type, fire load
and no. of fire streams required
FIRE HYDRANT COVERAGE
Within 150’
Proposed Building
Path 2: 350 feet max coverage
along required vehicle path
IIB, B, 2-story,
40 height, not
sprinklered
Fire trucks connect supply hoses to fire hydrants; so
the distance is based on how far the truck can travel from
a fire hydrant
Within 150’
Path 1: 350 feet max coverage
along required vehicle path
FIRE HYDRANT COVERAGE
Plot
Fire Truck Access way
Fire Truck Access way
Is it a right way to show
hydrant coverage ..? i.e. by
drawing a circle around the
hydrant.
FIRE HYDRANT COVERAGE
143’-9”
106’-3”
 143’–9”+ 106’–3” = 250’
Path of truck travel with hose lay
We need to check coverage by laying
hose along the truck access path
considering all possible obstructions!!!
Plot
Coverage is not met if we
consider a circular coverage
around hydrant
Why Flow rate tests
Firefighters need to know how much water a hydrant will deliver. This
tells them how much fire can be extinguished using that particular
hydrant.
Knowing the capacity of a hydrant is just as important as knowing the
capacity of a pumper.
If the hydrant cannot supply enough water, the pump capacity does
not mean as much.
PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT FOR FLOW TESTS
EQUIPMENT
NAME
DESCRIPTION
QTY
Pitot Tube
For each flow hydrant, one Pitot tube with a pressure gauge
capable of reading from 0 to 60 psi (420 kPa).
1
One outletnozzle cap
One outlet-nozzle cap that will fit the outlet nozzle of the
residual hydrant. The outlet-nozzle cap is equipped with a
pressure gauge capable of reading from 0 up to 25 psi (175
kPa) greater than the pressure expected in the residual
hydrant.
2
A Ruler
A ruler to measure the inside diameter of the outlet nozzle of
each flow hydrant.
1
REPRESENTATION
PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT FOR FLOW TESTS
EQUIPMENT
NAME
DESCRIPTION
QTY
Hydrant
Wrench
One hydrant wrench to operate the residual hydrant and
one to operate each of the hydrants at which the flow will
be measured.
2
Discharge
diffuser
(Optional)
One discharge diffuser to absorb the energy from the
hydrant flow so that it is contained, where necessary, to
avoid property damage or to minimize the effect on traffic.
1
One Person
One person to read the gauge on the residual hydrant and
one person to read the gauge on the Pitot tube for each of
the flow hydrants.
1
REPRESENTATION
PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT FOR FLOW TESTS
EQUIPMENT
NAME
Hose
DESCRIPTION
QTY
50 ft section of 3” and/or 5” hose
2-4
Allen wrench
1
Clipboard
1
Paint supplies
Paint supplies (spray paint & masking tape)
-
Record keeping
material
Record keeping material
-
REPRESENTATION
Office Planning Prior to Field Testing
Set up
 Decide which hydrant will be your pressure hydrant and which will be your flow hydrant(s). The
pressure hydrant will be used to measure static pressure and residual pressure.
 Decide how many flow hydrants to use. As a rule of thumb, you should flow enough hydrants at
the same time such that the residual pressure drops at least 25% from the static pressure.
@ Test Hydrant(Static/Pressure/Residual Hydrant) :
 Attach gauge cap to test hydrant tighten all other caps
 Open test Hydrant, Vent Air from hydrant body through valve on the gauge assembly. Close it when air is vented.
 Open the hydrant slowly and fully;
 Read and record the pressure. This is the Static Pressure.
Set up
 @ Flow Hydrant:
• Measure and record the inside diameter (ID) of the outlet nozzle from which the
flow is measured. The inside diameter (ID) measurement is taken to the nearest
1/16 in. (0.159 cm).
• Insert a hand into the nozzle opening and feel the entrance shoulder to determine
the nozzle coefficient (0.9 for a smooth rounded shoulder, 0.8 for a square
shoulder, and 0.7 for a nozzle that protrudes into the barrel).
• Install and arrange any hoses or diffusers necessary to minimize effect on traffic
or landscaping.
FIELD PROCEDURE FOR FLOW TESTS
1. Make provisions for minimizing interruptions to traffic and for adequate
drainage of water.
2. At this point it would be helpful to have one or more assistants and a
reliable method of communication such as two-way radios to perform an
efficient test.
3. Open each flow hydrant slowly and fully. Open one hydrant at a time to
avoid a pressure surge
4. Wait for the pressure at the pressure hydrant to stabilize, read and
record this pressure. This is the Residual Pressure. Then signal the
persons stationed at the flow hydrants to take Pitot readings. The
readings for residual pressure and the Pitot readings should be taken at
the same time for an accurate flow.
FIELD PROCEDURE FOR FLOW TESTS
5. To take a Pitot reading, hold the Pitot gauge approximately ½ of the
diameter away from the nozzle in the center line of the nozzle. Read
and record this pressure. This is your Pitot or velocity pressure.
6. For an accurate reading, hold the Pitot tube in the center of the
nozzle, with the axis of the Pitot tube opening parallel to the direction
of flow. The Pitot tube should be held away from the end of the nozzle
at a distance of about half the nozzle diameter.
7. If sediment appears, continue to flow water until the main has been
flushed
8. Close each flow hydrant, one at a time, very slowly. Closing a
hydrant too fast will cause damage to the hydrant or to water mains.
FIELD PROCEDURE FOR FLOW TESTS
9. For reasonably accurate test results, the pressure drop between the static
and the residual pressures should be at least 10 psi (70 kPa).
10. If the distribution system is strong (as it should be near a supply main)
and the pressure drop is less than 10 psi (70 kPa), an additional flow hydrant
should be added to the test.
11. Enough hydrants should be opened to drop the Static pressure by at least
10 psi (70 kPa); however, if more accurate results are required, the pressure
drop should being the Residual pressure as close as possible to 20 psi (138
kPa). The flow available at 20 psi (138 kPa) can be determined by dropping
the Residual pressure to exactly 20 psi (138 kPa) or can be determined at any
Residual pressure by graphical analysis, or by formula calculations.
Equations
Qr=29.83 X CdX D^2 X Sqrt(Pp) ----------------(Eqn.1)
Qf=Qr X ((Ps-20)/(Ps-Pr))^0.54 ----------------(Eqn.2)
where:
 Qr is the residual flow at the Pitot pressure measured in gpm
 cd is the friction loss coefficient (usually 0.9 for a smooth 2½” opening)
 D is the diameter of the opening in inches
 Pp is the Pitot pressure in psi
 Qf is the FIRE FLOW in gpm at 20 psi
 Ps is the static pressure in psi
 Pr is the residual pressure in psi
Example
You Perform a Hydrant Test and gain the following results:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ps (Static pressure) = 140 psi
Pr (Residual pressure) = 125 psi
Pp (Pitot pressure) = 120 psi
cd = 0.9 because the inside of the nozzle was smooth.
D = 2.5 inches
Example
Calculate Qr (residual flow):
= 29.83 × 0.9 × (2.5)2 × square root of 125
= 29.83 × 0.9 × 6.25 × 11.18
= 1,876 gpm
Calculate Qf (fire flow):
= 1876 x ((140- 20)/(140- 125))^0.54
= 1876 x (8)^0.54 (raise 8 to the 0.54 power)
= 1,876 × 3.07375
= 5,766 gpm
Result
 That
system has the capacity to flow 5,766
gallons per minute at 20 psi residual pressure.
Fire Main Loop Test with Fire
Hydrant
Why..?
To determine if the condition of the system is adequate to support a
Worst Case Credible Event(WCCE) need for firewater.
The condition of the piping, leaks, existence of closed valves or
sediment, operability of valves for firewater delivery systems
Fire Main Loop Test with Fire
Hydrant
When water flow encounters a loop or grid, two things occur
The flow splits into a determinable ratio
The pressure drop across each of the two legs will be the same
There are four methods to test a loop or grid system:
(1) Isolate the Legs
(2) Choose Two Hydrants on a Large Main
(3) Simultaneous Flow
(4) Single Hydrant Flow Test
Isolate the Legs : Test -1
Measure static pressure,
flow and residual pressure
SP1
RP1
Q1
Shut Valve -1
1
2
Source
Isolate the Legs : Test -2
Measure static pressure,
flow and residual pressure
SP2
RP2
Q2
1
Shut Valve -2
2
Source
Isolate the Legs : Test -3
Measure static pressure,
flow and residual pressure
Both valve opened
1
2
Source
SP3
RP3
Q3
Result
The static pressure should be identical in each of the three tests. A
drop in static pressure in test 1 or 2 is indicative of a restriction and a
leak.
In the event of a 100% restriction, no water will come out of the
hydrant
 In the event of a partial restriction, the residual pressure and/or the
flow is significantly diminished.
Further flow testing on different hydrants can usually narrow down
the location of the restriction
Cl. 19.2 – Combustible Waste &
Refuse
• Cl. 19.2.1.6 - Approved metal receptacles with self-closing covers shall be
provided for the storage or disposal of oil-soaked waste or cloths.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Oily Rags Safety
O2
Air gets trapped in the folds or
balled up portions
Place oil-soaked rags in a
container, equipped with a selfclosing lid and listed/approved
for such use.
Fill the container with a water
and detergent solution. This will
break down the oils.
Oxidation generates heat
Spontaneous Heating
This heat did not get dissipated
and increases the temperature
to cause ignition and fire !!!
Heat
Fuel
Chapter-21 : Airports and Heliports
Learning Objectives :
 Understanding the requirement based on ;
NFPA 409 - Standard on Aircraft Hangars
NFPA 410 - Standard on Aircraft Maintenance
NFPA 101, Section 40.6 & 42.6
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Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 13.1.1 through 13.1.12)
• Cl. 21.2.1 - The term airport terminal building is defined as “a
structure used primarily for air passenger enplaning or deplaning,
including ticket sales, flight information, baggage handling, and other
necessary functions in connection with air transport operations. This
term includes any extensions and satellite buildings used for
passenger handling or aircraft flight service functions.
• Aircraft loading walkways and ‘mobile lounges’ are excluded.” (Refer
NFPA 415- Airport Terminals Buildings)
• For cargo and freight facilities and fuel-handling facilities (NFPA 30Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code)
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 21.2.1 through 21.2.10)
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Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 21.2.1 through 21.2.10)
• Cl. 21.2.7(Cl. 21.2.7.1 through 21.2.7.6) – Fire Protection – Sprinkler
System
• Cl. 21.2.7.1 - An airport terminal building with more than 12,000
ft2(1115 m2) total floor area for the assembly portion of the
occupancy shall be provided with an automatic sprinkler system
installed in accordance with Section 13.3.
It include areas such as the concourse waiting areas,
baggage claim areas, and restaurants & Excludes
kitchens, toilets, small office areas, and other areas not
normally accessible to the public
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 21.2.1 through 21.2.10)
Cl. 21.2.7.3 - Passenger-handling areas shall be classified as Ordinary Hazard
Group 1 Occupancy, as defined in NFPA 13, for the purpose of sprinkler
system design.
Cl. 21.2.7.4 - Baggage, package, and mail-handling areas shall be classified as
Ordinary Hazard Group 2 Occupancy, as defined in NFPA 13, for the purpose
of sprinkler system design.
Cl. 21.2.7.5 - Other areas of the airport terminal building shall be classified in
accordance with Chapter 5 of NFPA 13, based on the occupancy of the area.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 21.2 – Terminals
(Cl. 21.2.1 through 21.2.10)
Cl. 21.2.9 – Fire Hydrants
• Fire hydrants shall be provided on both the ramp and the street sides
of airport terminal buildings. Such hydrants shall be located so that
no portion of the terminal building is more than 500 ft (152.4 m) from
a hydrant.
Cl. 21.2.10 ( Cl. 21.2.10.1 through 21.2.10.2) - Standpipe and Hose
Systems
• Standpipe and hose systems shall be provided for all airport terminal
buildings in excess of two stories [35 ft (10.7 m)] in height or 100 ft
(30.5 m) in shortest horizontal dimension.
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.1 – Shall comply with the requirement of NFPA 418(only for
rooftop heliports) & this section.
• NFPA 418 does not apply to ground-level helicopter hangars, temporary landing
sites, and emergency evacuation facilities.
• It defines heliports as “an identifiable area located on land, on water, or on a structure that
also includes any existing building or facilities thereon, used or intended to be used for the landing
and takeoff of helicopters”
• The term rooftop landing pad is defined as “the entire load-bearing surface intended for the
touchdown and liftoff (TLOF) of helicopters.”
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
A heliport should include at least one Touchdown and
Liftoff (TLOF) area centered in a Final Approach and
Takeoff (FATO) area, a peripheral safety area and two or
more approach and departure paths. The TLOF must be
at least as long and wide as the rotor diameter of the
largest helicopter to use the heliport. The FATO must be
at least 1.5 times the overall length of the helicopter. The
width of the safety area must be at least 0.33 times the
rotor diameter, but not less than 20 ft. (6 m). At least two
approach/departure paths, with one aligned in the
direction of the predominant wind, are required.
The design of the heliport, including all the aeronautical
components, shall be in accordance with FAA AC
150/5390-2C,Heliport Design Advisory Circular.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.3 –General Requirement – land based facilities
Cl. 21.3.3.1 through 21.3.3.2 – Plans, Tanks and equipment Location must be with the requirement
of FAA AC 150/5390-2C
• Cl. 21.3.3.3 – Fire fighting Access : The heliport shall have at least two access points for firefighting/rescue personnel. The access points shall be located at least 90 degrees from each other
as measured from the center of the landing pad (TLOF)
NOT
ACCEPTABLE
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.3.6 – Fueling System
• Fueling equipment shall be located a
minimum of 25 ft (7.6 m) from
hangars and fixed fire protection
equipment
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.4 – Roof Top Facilities
Cl. 21.3.4.6 – Fire Protection
Cl. 21.3.4.6.1 - A foam fire-extinguishing system with either a fixed discharge
outlet(s) in accordance with 21.3.4.6.2.1 or a hose line(s) in accordance with
21.3.4.6.3.1 shall be designed and installed to protect the rooftop landing pad,
unless otherwise permitted by the following:
1. A foam fire-extinguishing system shall not be required for heliports located on
open parking structures or buildings that are not normally occupied.
2. For H-1 heliports, two portable foam extinguishers, each having a rating of 20A:160-B, shall be permitted to be used to satisfy the requirement of 21.3.4.6
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.4 – Roof Top Facilities
Cl. 21.3.4.6 – Fire Protection
• Cl. 21.3.4.6.2 - The foam discharge rate for the fire-extinguishing system shall
be 0.10 gpm/ft2 (4.1 L/min・m2) for aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)
AFFF used by must meet the requirements set forth in Military Specification
MIL-F-24385F, which is under the control of the Naval Sea Systems
Command, Code 05P9. The Naval Research Laboratory is the designated
institution for certification evaluation for the Department of Defense (DoD)
AFFF Qualifying Products List (QPL).
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.4 – Roof Top Facilities
Cl. 21.3.4.6 – Fire Protection
• Cl. 21.3.4.6.3- Fixed Systems
• Cl. 21.3.4.6.3.2 - The duration of foam discharge for the fixed discharge outlet
system shall be 5 minutes. ( changed to 10 min in 2018 edition)
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.4 – Roof Top Facilities
Cl. 21.3.4.6 – Fire Protection
• Cl. 21.3.4.6.4 - Manual Fire fighting Equipment's : The area of application of foam
discharge for hose line systems shall be the practical critical fire area for the
category of the helicopter landing facility in accordance with Table 21.3.4.6.4.1
• The duration of foam discharge for the hose line systems shall be 2 minutes.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Heliports
What is the Importance ..?
The Critical area aims to Control the area
of fire around the fuselage. It aims to
rescue the occupants in an aircraft.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
What is PCA …?
Critical fire area is the area equal to the length of the fuselage(length of
Aircraft/Helicopter multiplied by the width of the wing
The formula was used to determine the amount of foam
needed for application in the event of a crash.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Background of PCA …?
The first (1970) and second (1972) meetings of the ICAO(international
Civil aviation organization) Rescue and Firefighting Panels (RFFP) I and II
Concluded that the concept for determining the level of protection
(i.e., calculating required agents) should be the critical area ( based on
the study of 106 fixed wind aircraft fire, of which 99 aircrafts quantity
of agent was less than recommended by TCA calculation )
Defined as “Area to be protected in any post-accident situation that
would permit the safe evacuation of the aircraft occupants”
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Establishment of PCA
L
Where,
L = Overall length of Aircraft
w= Width of fuselage
w
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Establishment of PCA
Theoretical Critical Area( TCA) should be a rectangle, with one dimension, based on
the overall length of the aircraft, and the other dimension determined by the
following:
1. For aircraft with an overall length of less than 20 m (65 ft): 12 m (40 ft) plus the
width of the fuselage.
2. For aircraft with an overall length of 20 m (65 ft) or more: 30 m (100 ft) plus the
width of the fuselage
The ICAO RFFP II decided that the TCA served only as a means for
categorizing aircraft in terms of the magnitude of the potential fire hazard
in which they might become involved. It was not intended to represent the
average, maximum, or minimum spill fire size associated with a particular
aircraft
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Establishment of PCA
TCA = L x (12 m (40 ft) + w) --------------------- for L < 20 m (65ft)
TCA = L x (30 m (100 ft) + w)----------------------for L >= 20 m (65ft)
PCA = 2/3 x TCA
PCA =0.67 x TCA
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for Hose
line system – Aircrafts & Helicopters
Establishment of PCA
Example : B777-300 PCA
L = 242 ft
W= 20 ft
TCA = L x (100 ft + w) ( L > 65 ft.)
= 242 x (100 + 20)
= 29,040 Sq ft.
PCA = 0.67 x TCA
PCA = 19,456 Sq. ft.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Calculation of Required Foam/Water solution using PCA …?
Control Time – Time required from the arrival of the first firefighting vehicle to the time the initial
intensity of the fire in the PCA is reduced by 90% - 60 Sec or 1 Min.
Extinguishment Time –The time required from arrival of the first firefighting vehicle to the time the
fire is completely extinguished – 2 Min.
Minimum Agent Application Rate for 1 min fire Control(90% Extinguishment)(Q1) = PCA x R X T
where
PCA = Practical critical area
R = Rate of application for a specific foam
T = Time of application (1 minute for control in the PCA)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Calculation of Required Foam/Water solution using PCA …?
Q2 - The quantity of water for foam production to continue control or fully extinguish the
pool fire ( % of Q1)
Q2 = f x Q1 (it has been determined that, for all categories of heliports f = 1)
Agent Application Rate for Complete Extinguishment (Q2) = Q1
Summarizing, the quantity of agent required by NFPA 418 is based on a PCA.
QT= Q1+ Q2
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Calculation of Required Foam/Water solution using PCA …?
Expected Helicopter
Size
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Calculation of Required Foam/Water solution using PCA …?
For H3 Cat. Of Helicopter,
Practical Critical Area(PCA) = 1440 Sq. ft.
Application Rate(R) = 0.10 gpm/Sq. ft./min
Time (T) = 1 Min.
Q1 = 1440 x 0.10 x 1
= 144 Gallons
Q2 = Q1
= 144 Gallons
QT = Q1+ Q2
QT= 288 Gallons
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Typical materials used for the fuselage and
wings of civil aircraft are:
 2000 series aluminium alloys based on the aluminium – copper
system
 7000 series aluminium alloys based on the aluminium – zinc – copper
– magnesium system
 Aluminium – lithium alloys
 Titanium alloys (used for airframes)
 Glass or carbon reinforced polymer composites (used for control
surfaces for steering)
 Stainless steel (used for the skin, it has been largely replaced by
titanium which is lighter)
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Concept of Practical Critical Area for
Hose line system – Heliport Fire
Protection
Rationale Behind 2 Min. Extinguishment time
In Accordance with FAA (Federal Aviation Authority),
 Aircraft is involved in a fuel spill fire, the aluminum skin will burn through
in about 1 minute.
 If the fuselage is intact, the sidewall insulation will maintain a survivable
temperature inside the cabin until the windows melt in approximately 3
minutes.
 At that time, the cabin temperature rapidly increases beyond a survivable
temperature of 400°F.
 The ARFF equipment and agents can control a fire in 1 minute.
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Heliport Fire Protection
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Heliport Fire Protection
• In Accordance with NFPA 418, Chapter 5 recommends low expansion
AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) be applied to the helideck,
1) A Hose Line at the rate of 89 GPM for a duration of 2 minutes.
or
2) Either Fixed Nozzles or an Oscillating Nozzle aimed at the landing
pad, at the rate of 0.10 GPM per square foot for a duration of 5
minutes.
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Heliport Fire Protection
Advantages and disadvantages of Option-1
• Advantage of manual Operation : A hose line – when operated by a
trained person - has the advantage of applying foam onto a helicopter
fire, even if a crash occurs off the landing pad
• Disadvantage of manual Operation : Prohibitive cost of having a
trained person/fire fighter at the heliport for every landing and
takeoff
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Heliport Fire Protection
Advantages and disadvantages of Option-2
• Advantage of Fixed Nozzle: It can be activated by anyone by simply
pushing a button; trained/professional fire fighters need not be
present
• Disadvantage of Fixed Nozzle: If the helicopter crashes off the
helideck, fixed nozzles cannot be aimed away from the landing pad
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Cl. 21.3 – Rooftops Heliports
Construction & Protection
(Cl. 21.3.1 through 23.3.5)
Cl. 21.3.5 – Portable fire Extinguishers, table 21.3.5.1
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Chapter-60 : Hazardous Materials
Learning Objectives :
• General requirements for the storage, use, and handling of hazardous
materials
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Cl. 60.1- General Requirement
(Cl. 60.1.4.4- Closure Plan)
• Where required by the AHJ, the permit holder or applicant shall
submit a closure plan to the fire department to terminate storage,
dispensing, handling, or use of hazardous materials at least 30 days
prior to facility closure.
The time frame also allows the AHJ or the facility owner to
obtain outside assistance if third-party review is needed. If
both parties agree that a shorten notice is workable, this
requirement allows for the approved plan to be accepted
in less time.
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Cl. 60.1- General Requirement
(Cl. 60.1.6- HMMP)
• When required by the AHJ, new or existing facilities that store, use, or
handle hazardous materials covered by this Code in amounts above
the MAQ specified in 60.4.2.1.2 through 60.4.2.1.13 and 5.4.1.2 of
NFPA 400 shall submit a hazardous materials management plan
(HMMP) to the AHJ
The intent of an HMMP is to provide specific information on the quantities of each hazardous material
and its specific use in the process, as well as locations where and how each hazardous material is
stored and used. The HMMP should also provide information on spill control and secondary
containment features, as well as details of the facility’s emergency response plan. Where an HMMP
is provided, it must be reviewed by and include input from all parties that might respond to an
incident, so that emergency responders know their respective roles. Training drills and site tours
should be conducted. The HMMP should be reviewed and updated as facility modifications occur and
as key participants change.
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Cl. 60.1- General Requirement
(Cl. 60.1.6- HMMP)
The HMMP shall be reviewed and updated as follows:
(1) Annually
(2) When the facility is modified
(3) When hazardous materials representing a new hazard category not
previously addressed are stored, used, or handled in the facility
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Cl. 60.3- Classification of Materials,
wastes and Hazard of Contents
(Cl. 60.3.1)
Hazardous Material Classification. Materials shall be classified into one or more of the following categories of hazardous materials
(1) Corrosive solids, liquids, or gases
(2) Flammable solids
(3) Flammable gases
(4) Flammable cryogenic fluids
(5) Inert cryogenic fluids
(6) Inert gases
(7) Organic peroxide formulations
(8) Oxidizer solids or liquids
(9) Oxidizing gases
(10) Oxidizing cryogenic fluids
(11) Pyrophoric solids, liquids, or gases
(12) Toxic or highly toxic solids, liquids, or gases
(13) Unstable (reactive) solids, liquids, or gases
(14) Water-reactive solids or liquids
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Cl. 60.3- Classification of Materials,
wastes and Hazard of Contents
(Cl. 60.3.2)
Classification of High-Hazard Contents
High Hazard Level 1 Contents
High Hazard Level 2 Contents
High Hazard Level 3 Contents
High Hazard Level 4 Contents
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Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
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Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
Cl. 60.4.1.1 - Control Areas or Special Protection Required
Hazardous materials shall be stored and used in any of the following:
(1) In control areas complying with 60.4.2
(2) In occupancies complying with requirements for Protection Level 1,
Protection Level 2, Protection Level 3, or Protection Level 4 in
accordance with 60.4.3
(3) In outdoor areas complying with 60.4.4
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Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
Cl. 60.4.2 – Control Area
• Control area is defined as a building, a part of a building, or an
outside area in which one is allowed to store, handle, or use
hazardous materials, with the assumption that the quantities involved
do not exceed the MAQ specified in this Code for each hazardous
material present
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Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
Table 60.4.2.1.1.3 Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area
Table 60.4.2.1.2 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Assembly
Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.3 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Educational
Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.4 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Day-Care
Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.5 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Health Care
Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.6 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Ambulatory
Health Care Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.7 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Detention
and Correctional Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.8 Maximum Allowable Quantities of Hazardous Materials per Control Area in Residential
Occupancies Consisting of Lodging and Rooming Houses, Hotels, Dormitories, Apartments, and Residential
Board and Care Facilities
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Cl. 60.4- Permissible Storage & Use Locations
(Cl. 60.4)
Table 60.4.2.1.10.1 Maximum Allowable Quantities (MAQ) of Hazardous
Materials per Control Area in Business Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.13.3(a) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) per Indoor and
Outdoor Control Area for Selected Hazard Categories in Mercantile, Storage,
and Industrial Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.1.13.3(b) Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) per Indoor and
Outdoor Control Area for Selected Hazard Categories in Mercantile and
Storage Occupancies
Table 60.4.2.2.1 Design and Number of Control Areas
Table 60.4.3.7 Detached Buildings Required Where Quantity of Material
Exceeds Amount Shown
Table 60.4.4.1.2 Maximum Allowable Quantities of Hazardous Materials per
Outdoor Control Area
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Example
• A warehouse is storing a solid Class III organic peroxide formulation.
The material is stored in approved storage cabinets, and the building
is fully protected throughout by an automatic sprinkler system
designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the
Installation of Sprinkler Systems. What is the maximum allowable
quantity of this commodity that can be stored within the control area
without additional protection features?
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Example
• Determine the allowable quantity per control area of oxidizer class
2(Solid form) in one story building
It must be remembered, however, that footnote a states
that the amount of hazardous material in use and storage
combined cannot exceed the MAQ for storage.
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.5- Ignition Source Control)
Smoking. Smoking shall be prohibited in the following locations:
(1) Within 25 ft (7.6 m) of outdoor storage areas, dispensing areas, or
open use areas
(2) In rooms or areas where hazardous materials are stored or
dispensed or used in open systems in amounts requiring a permit in
accordance with Section 1.8 of NFPA 400
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.9-Protection from Vehicle)
Cl. 60.5.1.9.1 through 60.5.1.9.2
Guard posts or other approved means shall be provided to protect the
following where subject to vehicular damage:
(1) Storage tanks and connected piping, valves, and fittings
(2) Storage areas containing tanks or portable containers except where
the exposing vehicles are powered industrial trucks used for
transporting the hazardous materials
(3) Use areas
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.12-Separation of Incompatible materials)
Cl. 60.5.1.12.1 through 60.5.1.12.3
The requirements of 60.5.1.12 are minimum requirements. Each site
requires a review of the distances and protection features, because the
mixing of incompatible materials can create extremely hazardous and
life-threatening incidents. Mixing of incompatible materials can occur
at many sites, but one of the most common is a hazardous waste
recycling facility, where numerous different materials are separated
and stored.
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.15-Outdoor Storage and Use Areas)
Outdoor storage and use areas for hazardous materials shall comply with the
following:
1. Outdoor storage and use areas shall be kept free of weeds, debris, and
common combustible materials not necessary to the storage or use of
hazardous materials.
2. The area surrounding an outdoor storage and use area shall be kept clear of
weeds, debris, and common combustible materials not necessary to the
storage or use of hazardous materials for a minimum distance of 15 ft (4.5 m)
3. Outdoor storage and use areas for hazardous materials shall be located not
closer than 20 ft (6.1 m) from a property line that can be built upon, a street,
an alley, or a public way, except that a 2-hour fire barrier wall, without
openings and extending not less than 30 in. (762 mm) above and to the sides of
the storage area, shall be permitted in lieu of such distance.
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.16-Maintenance Required)
Cl. 60.5.1.16.2 - Stationary tanks not used for a period of 90 days shall
be safeguarded or removed in an approved manner.
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.18-Hazardous Material Storage Cabinets)
Cl. 60.5.1.18(Pt. 1 through 4) _
• When storage cabinets are used to increase maximum allowable
quantities per control area or to otherwise comply with a specific
provision in Section 60.5, such cabinets shall be in accordance with
the following:
• Isolating and locking hazardous materials in a cabinet can prevent
incidents. Hazardous materials storage cabinets allow most MAQs to
be doubled or regarded as the same level of protection as that
provided by a separate control area.
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.1.19-Installation of Tanks)
Underground Tanks
Underground tanks used for the storage of liquid hazardous materials
shall be provided with secondary containment.
It is important to note that an underground tank cannot be installed inside a vault.
An underground tank is designed to be supported by the backfill placed around it;
it cannot accommodate the stresses that would be imposed by support on legs or
saddles. Also, underground tanks are not designed to be directly exposed to fire.
They are not fitted with emergency vents that relieve the overpressure from an
exposure fire.
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.2- Alcohol based dispenser )
• Alcohol-based hand-rub dispensers and solutions have been in many
buildings for years: office buildings, schools, industrial facilities,
hotels, and so on. However, prior to the addition of these
requirements in the 2015 edition, NFPA 101 regulated their presence
only in health care, ambulatory health care, educational, and day care
occupancies. All other occupancies were silent on the issue. Thus, the
question arose as to whether or not the Code even permitted them in
the other occupancies. The addition of 60.5.2 recognizes alcoholbased hand-rub dispensers for any occupancy type, so long as NFPA
101 specifically permits its use in the occupancy.
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Cl. 60.5- Fundamental Requirements
(Cl. 60.5.2- Alcohol based dispenser )
• Subsection 60.5.2 addresses many concerns regarding the presence
of alcohol-based hand-rub dispensers, including the maximum
capacity per dispenser, aerosol-based hand-rub solutions, location of
dispensers, aggregate quantity of solution in use and in storage, and
the alcohol content of the solution.
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Chapter-69 : LPG & LNG
Learning Objectives :
Understanding Storage, handling, transportation, and use of liquefied
petroleum gas (LP-Gas). NFPA 58 addresses virtually every aspect of LPGas distribution and use, but it does not cover the production of the
gas itself.
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Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.2-Location of Containers)
LP-Gas containers shall be located outside of buildings unless they are
specifically allowed to be located inside of buildings.
LP-Gas containers shall be allowed in buildings only for the following
applications: (point 1 through 8)
1. Cylinders as specifically provided for in Section 6.2.2 of NFPA 58
2. Containers of less than 125 gal (0.5 m3) water capacity for the purposes
of being filled in buildings or structures complying with Chapter 10 of
NFPA 58
3. Containers on LP-Gas vehicles complying with, and parked or garaged in
accordance with, Chapter 9 of NFPA 58
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Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
Cl. 69.3.3.1 – Above Ground Containers
Containers installed outside of buildings, whether of the portable type replaced on
a cylinder exchange basis or permanently installed and refilled at the installation,
shall be located with respect to the adjacent containers, important building, group
of buildings, or line of adjoining property that can be built upon, in accordance with
Table 69.3.3.1.1
Table 69.3.4.1.2
Table 69.3.3.1.2 through 69.3.3.1.3
Table 69.3.3.4.1 through 69.3.3.4.4
Table 69.3.4.4.6 through 69.3.4.4.11
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Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
Cl. 69.3.3.1 – Above Ground Containers
Siting Criteria is based on
 Potential hazard of LP-Gas
 Size and type of equipment used to contain the gas
 Possibility of leaks (which can ignite)
 Need for fuel in buildings
Not on the basis of WCCS in which the LP-Gas container fails catastrophically,
releasing its contents in a few seconds.
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Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
Cl. 69.3.3.2 – Underground and mounded ASME Containers
 Minimum distances for underground or mounded ASME containers of
2001 gal through 30,000 gal (7.6 m3 through 114 m3) water capacity,
incorporating all the provisions of Section 6.30 of NFPA 58, shall be
reduced to 10 ft (3 m).
 Distances for all underground and mounded ASME containers shall be
measured from the container surface.
 No part of an underground or mounded ASME container shall be less
than 10 ft (3 m) from a building or line of adjoining property that can
be built upon
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Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
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Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
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Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.3 – Container Separation Distance)
• Cl. 69.3.12.8 – General Precautions
Mobile units including mobile kitchens and catering vehicles that
contain hotplates and other cooking equipment's shall be provided
with at least one approved portable fire extinguisher rated in
accordance with section 13.6 and NFPA 10 at not less than 10-B:C
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Cl. 69.3 – Installation of LPG
(Cl. 69.3.4 – Other Container Location Requirements)
69.3.4.1.1 - Where storage containers having an aggregate water
capacity of more than 4000 gal (15.2 m3) are located in heavily
populated or congested areas, the siting provisions of 69.3.5.1.1 and
Table 69.3.5.1.1 shall be permitted to be modified as indicated by the
Fire Safety Analysis(FSA) as per NFPA 58,Chapter-6,Cl. 29.3
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Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Step: 01
I.
Gather data on the volume of LP-Gas stored and other information pertinent to the facility.
II.
Perform simple calculations and determine whether the facility is subject to the requirements for
developing an FSA
Step: 02
I.
Evaluate the product control appurtenances and other safety features of the facility relative to the
requirements of the NFPA 58 code.
II.
Assess the appurtenance requirements for containers of different capacities and compare them to the
actual installation
III. Evaluate the requirements for valves on transfer piping and compare them to the valves provided in the
facility.
IV. Assess conformance to the code of a Redundant and Fail-Safe Product Control System, if such a system is
provided in the facility
V.
Evaluate the code conformance of the Low Emission Transfer Equipment if installed in the facility.
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Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Step: 03
I. Analyze the protection measures against local conditions of hazard. That
is, assess whether all requirements of the code for the physical
protection of containers and transfer piping are implemented.
II. Analyze the code requirements for the control of ignition sources and
whether these requirements are complied with.
III. Assess conformance to the code requirements for separation distances
between (i) containers of different sizes and property lines and, (ii) LPGas transfer points and other exposures
IV. Evaluate conformance to the code requirements for Special Protection
Systems, if they are provided on containers in the facility.
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Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Step: 04
I. Evaluate the potential hazards to off-site populations and property
from propane releases in the facility. This step includes selecting
credible LP-Gas release scenarios and assessing the distance (and
area) over which the hazard exists.
II. Assess whether any off-site populations, especially people In
institutional occupancies, are potentially subject to the LP-Gas
release hazards
III. Evaluate whether there exists a hazard from other industrial
operations around the LPGas facility
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Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Step: 05
I.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the local Fire Department, including
the availability and capability of response personnel, training level,
equipment and response time to an emergency in the facility.
II. Evaluate the amount of water needed to cool containers exposed
to a fire and the adequacy of the facility (or locally available) water
supply.
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Description of the Various Steps in
Performing the FSA
Example : Four 1,800-gallon containers are located within an industrial
area and within the property boundary of a small rural manufacturing
plant. The customer plant is supplied with vapor from the containers.
There is no separate vaporizer but the container pressure is used for
the vapor service
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Parking
Property Line
150 ft.
Manufacturing
Plant
30 ft.
250 ft.
130 ft.
70 ft.
1800 w.c. LPG Vessels
Road
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As Aggregate w.c. is more than
4000 water capacity therefore;
FSA needs to be carried out
Notes to be considered while application
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Its located in rural area
Manufacturing plant is located
adjacent to this facility
LPG is only getting supplied
through bobtail
Access Details
Nearby Fire Station is not
manned normally
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Check if all these 5 Required items are
available on each container
4
1
2
5
3
Number of Appurtenances as per NFPA 58
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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All Applicable field have been
marked
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.1 – Scope:
The provisions of Section 69.5 apply to the storage of cylinders of 1000
lb (454 kg) water capacity or less, whether filled, partially filled, or
empty, as follows:
(1) At consumer sites or dispensing systems, where not connected for
use
(2) In storage for resale or exchange by dealer or reseller
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.2 – General Provision:
Cl.69.5.2.1 – Location of Cylinder
I.
Cylinders in storage shall be located to minimize exposure to excessive temperature rises,
physical damage, or tampering.
II. Cylinders in storage having individual water capacity greater than 2.7 lb (1.1 kg) [nominal 1 lb
(0.45 kg) LP-Gas capacity] shall be positioned so that the pressure relief valve is in direct
communication with the vapor space of the cylinder
III. Cylinders stored in buildings in accordance with 69.5.3 shall not be located near exits, near
stairways, or in areas normally used, or intended to be used, for the safe egress of occupants.
IV. If empty cylinders that have been in LP-Gas service are stored indoors, they shall be
considered as full cylinders for the purposes of determining the maximum quantities of LP-Gas
permitted by 69.5.3.1, 69.5.3.2.1, and 69.5.3.3.1
V. Cylinders shall not be stored on roofs
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cylinders in storage having individual water capacity greater than 2.7 lb (1.1 kg) [nominal 1 lb (0.45
kg) LP-Gas capacity] shall be positioned so that the pressure relief valve is in direct communication
with the vapor space of the cylinder
Controlled by Temp. and Cylinder
Content.
What if PRV is in communication with
Liquid space of the Cylinder….?
A pressure relief valve on the container is usually set to
bleed off gas when pressures exceed 250 psi
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.2 – General Provision:
Cl.69.5.2.2 – Protection of valves on cylinders in storage
Screw-on-type caps or collars shall be in place on all cylinders stored,
regardless of whether they are full, partially full, or empty, and cylinder
outlet valves shall be closed.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Breakage of valve can turn the cylinder into a projectile
Gas cylinders should be capped when they are not
connected to the system.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.3 – Storage within Buildings
Cl. 69.5.3.2- Storage within buildings frequented by public
I.
The quantity of LP-Gas in cylinders stored or displayed shall not exceed 200 lb
(91 kg) in one location, with additional storage separated by 50 ft (15 m). The
maximum quantity to be stored in one building shall not exceed 1000 lb (454
kg)
II. Where the total quantity stored in a building exceeds 200 lb (91 kg), an
approved sprinkler system that, at a minimum, meets the requirement of
Section 13.3 and NFPA 13 for Ordinary Hazard (Group 2) shall be installed.
III. The sprinkler density shall be 0.300 gpm (12.2 L/min) over the most remote
2000 ft2 (18.6 m2) area, and the hose stream allowance shall be 250 gpm (946
L/min).
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.3 – Storage within Buildings
Cl. 69.5.3.2- Storage within buildings not frequented by public
I.
The maximum quantity of LP-Gas allowed in one storage location
shall not exceed 735 lb (334 kg) water capacity [nominal 300 lb
(136 kg) propane capacity.
II. Where additional storage locations are required on the same floor
within the same building, they shall be separated by a minimum of
300 ft (91.4 m).
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage Cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.4 – Storage within Special Buildings or Rooms
The maximum quantity of LP-Gas stored in special buildings or rooms
shall be 10,000 lb. (4540 kg)
Table 69.5.3.1(a) : Maximum Allowable Storage Quantities of LP-Gas in
Other Than Industrial, Storage, and Mercantile Occupancies
Table 69.5.3.1(b) Maximum Allowable Storage Quantities of LP-Gas in
Mercantile, Industrial, and Storage Occupancies
Table 69.5.4.1.2 Distances from Cylinders in Storage and Exposures
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage Cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.5- Fire Protection & Electrical Area classification
I. Retail cylinder exchange locations shall be provided with at least
one portable fire extinguisher in accordance with Section-4.7 of
NFPA 58 having a minimum capacity of 10 lb (4.5 kg dry chemical
on the premises where retail cylinder exchange cabinets are storing
more than 720 lb (327 kg) of propane.
II. Storage locations, other than those complying with 69.5.5.1, where
the aggregate quantity of propane stored is in excess of 720 lb (327
kg), shall be provided with at least one approved portable fire
extinguisher in accordance with Section 4.7 of NFPA 58 having a
minimum capacity of 18 lb (8.2 kg) dry chemical
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
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Cl. 69.5 – Storage Cylinder awaiting
use, resale or exchange
(Cl. 69.5.1 through 69.5.6)
Cl.69.5.6- Automated cylinder exchange stations
As cylinder exchange becomes more popular, retailers have sought to
provide their customers with this service outside of normal operating
hours. There are several designs for automated cylinder exchange
stations. Therefore, the minimum safety requirements reflect no
specific design
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Cl. 69.6- Vehicular Transportation
of LPG
(Cl. 69.6.1.1.9)
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Thank
You
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