Model United Nations
Handbook
Compiled by Johnny Schwerk
Last updated: August 2022
0
Table of Contents
General Overview .......................................................................................................2
The United Nations ............................................................................................................2
Model United Nations Fact Sheet .......................................................................................3
Model United Nations Basics ..............................................................................................4
The Representative .............................................................................................................................. 4
Role Playing ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Research and Preparation ................................................................................................................... 5
The Opening Speech ........................................................................................................................... 7
Sample Opening Speech ..................................................................................................................... 7
Rights of Reply .................................................................................................................................... 7
Delivering Speeches ............................................................................................................................ 7
Skills ...........................................................................................................................8
Research Skills ...................................................................................................................8
Seven-Step Strategy for Model UN Research .................................................................................... 8
Researching a Country ........................................................................................................................ 9
Helpful Research Websites ............................................................................................................... 14
Debating Skills ................................................................................................................. 15
How to Make an Opening Speech ................................................................................................... 15
How to Make a Speech During Debate ........................................................................................... 15
Public Speaking Tips ........................................................................................................................ 16
Asking Points of Information ........................................................................................................... 17
Answering Points of Information ..................................................................................................... 17
General Rules During Debate .......................................................................................................... 18
Definition of Debating Terms .......................................................................................................... 18
Sample Order of Closed Debate ....................................................................................................... 19
Written Documents ................................................................................................... 20
Position Paper/Policy Statement Guidelines .................................................................................. 20
Format of a Position Paper/Policy Statement: ................................................................................ 20
Sample Policy Statement/Position Paper ........................................................................................ 21
Writing a Resolution ......................................................................................................................... 22
Things to Look Out For When Writing Resolutions ...................................................................... 23
Sample Resolution #1........................................................................................................................ 24
Sample Resolution #2 ....................................................................................................................... 25
Lobbying and Merging .............................................................................................. 26
Merging Resolutions ......................................................................................................................... 27
Co-submitting Resolutions ............................................................................................................... 27
Debate Process ......................................................................................................... 28
Dress Code Guidelines ...................................................................................................... 28
Formal Expressions and Terms of Address ........................................................................ 29
General ............................................................................................................................................... 29
Phrases to be used by delegates ....................................................................................................... 29
Phrases to be used by the Chair ....................................................................................................... 29
General Terms and Phrases .............................................................................................. 30
Overview of Motions ....................................................................................................... 32
List of Resources Used ............................................................................................... 34
Notes ........................................................................................................................ 35
1
General Overview
The United Nations
“The United Nations itself was created in the belief that dialogue can triumph over discord,
that diversity is a universal virtue and that the peoples of the world are far more united by
common fate than they are divided by their separate identities.”
- Kofi Annan, former Secretary General of the United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World
War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing
friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and
human rights.
Due to its unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the
Organization can take action on a wide range of issues, and provide a forum for its 193
Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council,
the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees.
The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for
peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there are
many other ways the United Nations and its System (specialized agencies, funds and
programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place. The Organization works on
a broad range of fundamental issues, from sustainable development, environment and
refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to
promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women,
governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines,
expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts
for a safer world for this and future generations.
The UN has 4 main purposes:
•
•
•
•
To keep peace throughout the world;
To develop friendly relations among nations;
To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger,
disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms;
To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals
The Principles of the United Nations:
•
•
•
•
•
•
All Member States have sovereign equality.
All Member States must obey the Charter.
Countries must try to settle their difference by peaceful means.
Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force.
The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country.
Countries should try to assist the United Nations.
Sources:
<https://www.un.org/un70/en/content/history/index.html>,
<https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/what-un-can-do-promote-dialogue-amongcivilizations>
2
Model United Nations Fact Sheet
Model United Nations is a conference where students from many
nations gather and simulate the proceedings of the United Nations as
delegates representing an assigned country. The issues discussed are
current and mirror those discussed in the real United Nations at the
present time. Students will research the policies and interests of their
given state in order to accurately represent their “constituency” in
lobbying, debates, committees and discussions in order to reach a
resolution to global conflicts that is constructive and beneficial to all
involved.
The debates in the committees and the General Assembly follow
parliamentary procedure and in most cases the agreements reached
are in most respects similar or identical to those reached in the real
United Nations. The process by which these agreements are reached
reflects the reality of the United Nations and it is a very educational
experience for all.
Every year, over 90 000 students take part in more than 400 Model
United Nations Conferences, taking place in 48 countries around the
world.
Source: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_United_Nations>
3
Model United Nations Basics
(adapted from United Nations International Model United Nations Website:
<http://www.unimun.org/unimun_hb_2.html> and The Hague International Model
United Nations Instructional Guide: <http://www.thimun.org>)
The Representative
Delegates are fundamental to any Model UN Conference. A delegate’s job is to research the
positions of a UN Member nation, both on specific topics that will be discussed at the conference
and as a general overview of that nation’s policies. Delegates should then be able to prepare draft
resolutions to be submitted for debate at the conference.
Finally, delegates attend the conference to represent their nation in discussing the resolutions
presented. Delegates should always be concerned with accurately representing their assigned nation’s
views and policies, rather than any individual views they may hold. When delegates reach the floor
of the MUN conference, they assume the role of the Distinguished Representative from their
country, with all the rights and responsibilities, which that entails.
At the conference, Representatives, in the role of their countries’ spokesperson, will debate
the issues on the agenda for discussion. They will also draft and discuss resolutions, caucus with
Representatives who are role-playing other countries, and work to solve the problems facing the
world. In the [real] UN today, nations will usually debate an item in an attempt to reach a consensus
that can be agreed to by all, or at least most, nations. The resolutions under discussion at MUN can
be accepted by consensus, adopted, amended, combined or even debated to the point that no final
document can be produced on a given issue.
Role Playing
MUN is a simulation of the UN. By its very nature, the quality and tone of the debate will be
dramatically different than in the “real” UN. In the UN, Representatives and their consular staffs
spend months in preparation, “behind closed doors” caucusing and interacting with other nations
before an issue is brought to a vote. A UN Representative, Foreign Minister or Head of State will
almost always make a prepared speech that will not be “news” to the other Representatives present.
AT MUN, Representatives will have only three days to assume the role of their nation’s
Representative and simulate the actions of the UN. This consolidation of time leads to many
different circumstances with which each country will have to contend. Among the considerations is
the fact that Representatives will rarely have the opportunity to make a pre-written speech on a
topic. Instead, they will often be forced to verbally react to circumstances as they arise, and they may
be in a position where it is reasonable to reinterpret their nation’s position in light of new facts.
Representatives should not simply read from their country’s established record on the issues
presented; they should be prepared to compromise with the other nations represented and adapt
4
their policies where needed to meet the current circumstances of the world as simulated at the
conference.
Note that this in no way gives delegations license to act “out of character.” Representatives
should research and generally follow the policies of their country, modifying these as new
circumstances dictate. Successful role-playing involves walking a careful line on policy; avoid the
extremes of either reading verbatim a country’s past statements, or creating ad hoc policy with no
previous basis.
Research and Preparation
As a general rule, Representatives should become familiar with several items in their preparations for
the conference, from the UN system as a whole, to the specifics of their country’s position on the
topics of discussion for their respective committees. Research and preparation can be looked at in
six areas:
1. The UN system as a whole: it is vitally important for each Representative to understand the
basics of the organization which they are simulating, the United Nations. A well-prepared
Representative should not only know the basics of the UN’s structure, but should have a
good understanding of how the body they will be working on fits into the organization. […]
2. Current statistical information and a general background of the represented nation’s history
and policies: This is the first key to understanding what actions a nation may prefer on the
specific issues. Research should include, but certainly not be limited to, such areas as
population, government type, natural resources and trade data for the nation being
represented. Traditional allies and adversaries should also be noted. Additionally, a country’s
history can be crucial to its contemporary actions, including the question of whether that
country was previously colonized, or possibly a colonial power, when the country gained
statehood, and what means were used in gaining independence (civil war, violent struggle,
peaceful movement, etc.).
3. Specific background of the nation’s viewpoints on the issues to be discussed at the
conference: This is the center point of most MUN preparation; focused research on the
issues being discussed in each committee and on your government’s position on those
issues. Research can come from a variety of sources, beginning with UN documents […] and
moving to articles, periodical sources, books and internet resources beyond the UN web site.
UN resolutions and reports on the issues under discussion are especially helpful because
they provide a quick reference to what has already been accomplished by the UN and to
what still needs to be done in the future. These documents also frequently provide voting
information, which allows Representatives to quickly determine their country’s past positions
5
on issues. […] Regardless of the facts available, knowing exactly what a country would do in
a given situation is not always possible. Representatives should strive in their research to
know as much as they can about the country and its stance on each topic, and to educate
themselves enough to make reasonable policy assumptions on issues, which are not totally
clear.
4. The current world situation as it applies to the nation: This is a subset of the previous two
areas of research, but is important enough to be mentioned in its own right. There is a
significant difference between the policies of the only remaining superpower and a nation
with very little military might. Even more significant at the UN is the difference between the
policies of the relatively rich, industrialized nations and the relatively poor, developing (and
especially least developed) nations on many issues. Additionally, a nation which is currently
involved in a civil war, or a nation which is under UN sanctions, may have contrary and
unique responses on some issues, which are very different than those of the remainder of the
international community. Knowing where the nation you represent fits in the current world
geo-political context, as a complement to your country specific research, can answer many
questions, which will come up during the simulation.
5. A specific background of the perspectives of nations with differing viewpoints on the issues:
This is one of the more difficult areas in preparation. While it is reasonable to expect that a
Representative will know who their general allies and adversaries on a given issue should be
(regional partners, long-standing allies, etc.) it is very difficult to have detailed information
on what the policies of each country in the simulation will be on a given issue. […] This is an
area where complete knowledge will serve participants well, but it is much more likely that
each Representative will be learning the formal policies of other countries in the committee
when they give speeches from the floor and confer behind the scenes in caucus sessions.
6. The rules of procedure for MUN: While substantive discussions of the issues form the basis
of any good simulation of the UN, the rules of procedure are what is used to facilitate the
substantive debate which occurs. In general, the rules are intended to provide an even
playing field, allowing each country to accomplish its individual goals in speaking their
policies, while also maximizing opportunities for the group to reach agreement, or even
consensus, on the issues. […]
6
The Opening Speech
Each delegation has the opportunity to address the General Assembly during its opening session.
[…] Speakers should not attempt to state their delegation’s position on as many agenda issues as
possible in the allotted speaking time and, under no circumstances, may they abuse the privilege by
insulting other members of the United Nations or by presenting their own delegation in an
unworthy fashion. […]
Sample Opening Speech
Delegation:
The Netherlands
The Netherlands recognizes the need for multilateral efforts to achieve a greater balance
in terms of development between nations of the world. However, The Netherlands also
believes that any hope for achieving an acceptable economic balance in terms of global
standards of living must take into consideration the environmental impact of such
developmental efforts. The post-World War II era emphasized development on a grand
scale without respect for the environment. […] We have since learned that aid and
development do not automatically lead to development. We also know that the
environmental impact of development projects must be taken into consideration or the
resource base of the very society one is seeking to create and foster may be destroyed.
The Netherlands applauds the recent emphasis on sustainable development and calls
for greater attention to be paid to the interrelatedness of development planning and
environmental security. […] That is why The Netherlands stands firmly behind the idea
that development aid and investment should occur at the local level, where traditional
knowledge about the environment can play an important role in the modernization
process.
Rights of Reply
Following the delivery of a number of opening speeches, rights of reply are entertained by the Chair.
Again, the right to speak should be treated seriously and should not be abused. A reply is a short
statement pertaining to an item or items presented in a previous opening speech, not a question
addressed to a speaker. Like an opening speech it should be content-based and may be dramatic in
tone but should not be purely rhetorical.
Delivering Speeches
[A] speech must have a clearly understandable structure. Speakers should use simple rhetorical techniques
to reinforce that structure, such as numbering the points in their argument, having a key word or phrase
for each argument and repeating and reiterating the main points before yielding the floor.
Speakers should deliver their speeches in a clear, loud voice. Every speech should have an
obvious beginning, e.g. “Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, this delegate is in favor of this
resolution because…”, a clear development of argument, which has been worked out as part of the
preparation process […], and an obvious end, e.g. “Therefore, we urge the House to vote in favor of
this resolution. The delegate will now yield to points of information.”
7
Skills
Research Skills
Seven-Step Strategy for Model UN Research
1. Familiarize yourself with the country that you are representing
A number of standard sources found in documents collections are available for providing the
current information they need. […] Two publication series of the Economist Intelligence Unit are also
helpful: the annual Country Profile and quarterly Country Report series. The Country Profiles provide a
very current overview of domestic political and economic policies for over 160 countries. […]
2. Gather Background Information on the United Nations Organization
Successful participation at a Model UN session requires a baseline understanding of the United
Nations organization itself, including its structure and rules of procedures. […]
3. Gather Background Information on the Assigned Issues
At the same time that MUN participants immerse themselves in the foreign policy stance of their
assigned country, they need to acquaint themselves with the international issue areas--and the status
of discussions at the UN in these areas--that are on the agenda of their Model UN Session. […]
For very current information, newspapers such as the New York Times, The Times (London), Le Monde
and Le Monde Diplomatique include significant coverage of United Nations activities as do magazines
such as the United Nations Chronicle and the Economist. And up to date information about activities of
the UN organizations is available by searching the United Nations Press Release database.
4. Review Speeches at the UN by the Country's Representatives
Speeches and statements in discussions in meetings of the principal organs of the United Nations
(General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Security Council, Trusteeship Council) --and
their subsidiary standing and ad hoc committees -- are key sources for establishing the international
policy position of UN member states. […]
5. Review Policy Statements from the Country's Political Leadership
There are other useful sources for locating official statements of policy from foreign countries.
Perhaps most important are letters written by heads of state and foreign ministers to the SecretaryGeneral on issues of mutual interest.
A popular source for finding statements of official national policy is the Foreign Broadcast
Information Service Daily Reports series which includes English-language translations of foreign
news broadcasts, press releases, newspaper articles, including official government statements. […]
Other sources include newsletters and other information emanating from the embassies of foreign
states in the United States.
6. Study the Texts of Resolutions Sponsored by the Country
Model UN participants are interested in resolutions and draft resolutions for several reasons. First,
these documents serve as examples for writing their own resolutions in terms of form. But MUN
participants are also interested in the content of the resolutions that their own country has
participated in sponsoring. […]
7. Develop an Understanding of the Country's Voting Pattern
Establishing the voting pattern for a nation in particular issue areas at the United Nations is a
challenge. The only source for locating votes on draft resolutions in all of the four principal organs
is the record found in the summary ("SR") or verbatim ("PV") meeting record at which the vote on
a draft resolution is held.
Source: <http://www.stanford.edu/group/Jonsson/mun.html>
8
Researching a Country
You should find out the following information about your country:
History:
Natural Resources:
• General
• Basic Commodities Produced
• Last 50 Years
• Trade Agreements
• Recent History
• Degree of Self-Sufficiency
Defense:
Economy:
• Military Structure
• Monetary System
• Dependency on Other
• Dependency and Debt
• Membership of Economic
Nations
• Membership of Alliances
and Trade Organizations
Cultural Factors:
Views on World Problems:
• Ethnic Groups
• Role and Influence in the
• Religions
World
• Memberships of blocs and
• Cultural History
geo-political groupings
Political Structure:
• Origin of political structure
Geography:
• Bordering Countries
• Constitution and
• Topography
Government
• Stability and Policy of
Present Government
Source:
<http://www.ast.tc.edu.tw/06%20taimun/TAIMUN%20Instructional%20Guide%20%270
5%2002.htm>
9
Helpful Research Websites
CIA World Fact Book
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/
BBC Country Profiles
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profiles/default.stm
Nationmaster Country Profiles
https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles
U.S. State Department's Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/
European Parliament Database on Debates
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/en/debates-video.html
Yale University’s United Nations Collection
https://guides.library.yale.edu/govdocs/unitednations
UN Security Council Reports
https://www.securitycouncilreport.org
United Nations Websites
Membership of Principal UN Organs
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/membership-of-principal-un-organs
General Assembly Resolutions
https://research.un.org/en/docs/ga/quick/regular/76
Economic and Social Council Resolutions
https://www.un.org/ecosoc/en/documents/resolutions
Security Council Resolutions
https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/resolutions-0
UN Member States on the Record
https://www.un.org/en/library/unms
MUN Research Resources
https://www.un.org/en/mun/research-resources
Be sure to visit your country’s government home page for details on their policies, too.
14
Debating Skills
How to Make an Opening Speech
• First, you should thank the presiding official by saying "Thank you Mr./
Madame/ Honorable Chair/ President…"
• Then begin by providing a brief history on the issue as it relates to your country.
• Speak about how the issue is currently affecting your country.
• Provide your country's position on the issue. Include an explanation for your
country’s stance, such as economic/security concerns or political/religious
ideology.
• You may choose to give an explanation of how your country's position relates
to the positions of other member states such as the major powers or countries
in your regional bloc.
• You should discuss some of the past actions taken by the UN, member states
and NGOs to address the issue.
• Present ideas for a resolution, stressing your country’s objectives for the
resolution.
• Indicate to the committee members whether your country is willing to negotiate.
How to Make a Speech During Debate
• Again, you should thank the presiding official by saying "Thank you Mr./
Madame/ Honorable Chair/ President…"
• Encourage collaboration among member states by proposing ways that your
country would be willing to work with other member states.
• By referencing what other delegates have said, you can show support for your
allies or indicate which proposals your country does not favor.
• Present ideas for draft resolutions.
• Explain why your country does or does not support other draft resolutions.
Source: <http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation/publicspeaking>
15
Public Speaking Tips
Prepare: Decide how you feel most comfortable delivering your speech. You may choose to use your
position paper text as your opening speech or you may write out some key points. In time, you may feel
comfortable speaking without any written notes at all. If you plan to use a word or phrase that is
unfamiliar to you, make sure you learn its meaning and how to pronounce it properly.
Practice: Rehearsing your speech is the best way to perfect your public speaking skills. Try practicing in
front of a teacher, a parent, or fellow Model UNers from your class or club. When you listen to a speech,
provide constructive feedback rather than criticism. When someone critiques your speech, accept the
feedback graciously and use it as a tool to strengthen your public speaking.
Consider your audience: Make your speech appropriate to the age and experience-level of the other
delegates at the conference. Remember that the beginning of the speech should captivate your audience
and make them to want to hear more.
Eliminate unnecessary “filler” words: Fillers are words and phrases such as "umm," "well," "sort of,”
and “like". These words take away from the message you are trying to convey. Some additional fillers to
avoid are “so,” "you know," "I think," "just," and "uh."
Use meaningful pauses: Leaving a moment of silence between sentences can be a powerful public
speaking tool. Pausing after an important point or before answering a question will help to hold the
audience’s attention. A pause can also give you time to formulate your next statement.
Breathe: Try to breathe from your diaphragm – the organ below your lungs that controls your
respiration. You are breathing properly if you can see your abdomen rising and falling with each breath.
Try to inhale and exhale completely.
Pace yourself: Don’t talk too fast or too slow. Remember that most speakers have a tendency to talk too
quickly.
Choose a powerful posture: Be aware of your posture when you speak. Slouching, tilting your head and
crossing your arms or legs will take away from your message. Stand up straight, relax your shoulders,
plant your feet firmly and keep your knees unlocked to help you communicate confidence.
Project your presence: Speaking in a low/medium volume can help to project authority, but make sure
that you are speaking loud enough to be easily heard. Focus on speaking with enthusiasm and energy.
Gesture: It is worthwhile to use your face, hands, arms and body to help you communicate as long as
your motions do not distract the audience from your speech.
Connect with your audience: Glance at your notes rather than reading them so that you can make eye
contact with the other delegates. It is often helpful to speak directly to individual members of the
audience.
Get to the point: Speak concisely so that your audience does not lose your main arguments among lessimportant details. Try not to speak in circles. Instead, go straight to your most important point.
Be positive: Rather than criticizing another point of view, critique it in a constructive way. Always
provide alternatives and be sure to back up your arguments.
Source: < http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation/publicspeaking>
16
Asking Points of Information
Although points of information must be phrased in the form of a question, they are not always
genuine questions used to elicit information from the speaker. In many cases, they are used
rhetorically in order to express an opinion when one does not have the floor or to support [or
annoy] the speaker who does have the floor, e.g. “Does the speaker not agree that the recent
shooting of unarmed civilians by the British security forces can only be regarded as murder?”
Answering Points of Information
The speaker who has the floor should not allow him/herself to be put off by points of information,
however. Since s/he has the floor, s/he can use the opportunity to reply to the question in any
ways/he chooses, reemphasizing an argument s/he has already made in his/her speech or using the
question as a springboard from which s/he can launch into further arguments. Points of
information should never be answered with a simple yes or no, which would be a wasted
opportunity. Speakers in debate should use politicians as their model when answering (or evading!)
questions.
It is in the cut-and-thrust of answering points of information that the debate becomes more
lively, so students should be encouraged to answer points which arise and not simply yield the floor
after delivering their prepared speech.
Source: Stein, Irwin and David L. Williams, The Hague International Model United Nations
Instructional Guide, 13th Edition, 2002, pp. 19-21.
17
General Rules During Debate
• The decisions of the Chair are final.
•
Only the Chair, a member of the house recognized by the Chair for a point, or the speaker
holding the floor has any right to speak.
•
All speakers, including those rising to points, must stand when speaking and address the
Chair first.
•
The Chair may, if circumstances warrant it, extend or reduce debate times or speaking times
and limit the number of points of information.
•
Except by a decision of the Chair, there will be no suspension of the rules or changes in the
order of debate.
Definition of Debating Terms
• The Chair (Chairman, Chairperson): The Chair’s role is very important. It is his/her job to
conduct the debate and to maintain order while remaining totally impartial.
•
The house: All the members of the class/conference, except the Chair.
•
The submitter: The person who is proposing the motion in the form of a draft resolution
for debate.
•
The motion: The proposal for debate, which will eventually be voted on.
•
A point of information: A question directed either to the speaker who has the floor or to
the Chair by a member of the house who has been recognized by the Chair.
•
A point of order: A question directed to the Chair by a member of the house who feels that
a mistake has been made in the order of the debate or who requires clarification of the rules
of procedure.
•
A point of personal privilege: A question directed to the Chair by a member of the house
referring to the comfort or well-being of the member. It may not refer to the content of any
speech and may only interrupt a speaker if the speech is inaudible.
•
A point of parliamentary inquiry: A point of information directed to the chair concerning
rules of procedure.
•
A call for the orders of the day: A call for the return to the main agenda of the committee,
council or assembly. It may not interrupt a speech and must not refer to the content of any
speech.
•
A move to the previous question: A call for the closure of debate and for a vote to be
taken for a motion pending.
Source:
<http://bermun.de/index.php?option=com_joomdoc&task=doc_download&gid=9&Itemid=92>
18
Sample Order of Closed Debate
1. The Chair calls the house to order.
2. Opening Speeches: Each country is permitted to make a one minute opening speech on a
topic of their choice (usually relating to the issue about to be discussed). Every speech
should begin with, “Madam/Mr. Chair, Honored Delegates…” and end with, “Thank you,
Mr./Madam Chair!” After three opening speeches, the Chair will entertain one Right of
Reply to each speech lasting no longer than one minute.
3. The Chair calls upon the submitter of the resolution to read the resolution aloud to the
house. The Chair then asks if anyone seconds the motion. Any member of the house may
simply call out, “Second!”
4. The Chair sets the debate time, for instance 10 minutes for the motion and 10 minutes
against the motion.
5. The Chair gives the floor to the submitter, who delivers a speech in favor of the motion,
after which s/he may yield to points of information, i.e. answer questions from the members
of the house who have been recognized by the Chair. Points of information must be in the
form of a question. The time taken for the question is not included in the debate time but
the time taken for answering it is included. The speaker may retain the floor for the whole of
the debate time, or s/he may yield the floor during the debate time to another member of
the house to speak in favor of the motion, or s/he can simply yield the floor back to the
Chair when s/he has finished without nominating the following speaker. Once a speaker has
yielded the floor, no more points of information may be addressed to him/her.
6. If a speaker yields the floor back to the Chair, the Chair will recognize any member of the
house who wishes to speak in favor of the motion. This procedure is followed until debate
time for the motion has been exhausted.
7. When the debate time for the motion has been exhausted, the Chair calls upon the speaker
to yield the floor back to the Chair. The Chair then declares the floor open to members of
the house who wish to speak against the motion.
8. The Chair recognizes a member of the house to speak against the motion. The same
procedure is followed for the opponents as for the proponents.
9. When the debate time against the motion has been exhausted, the Chair may, according to
circumstances, propose an extension of time or close the debate and put the motion to a
vote. Once the Chair has closed the debate, all points, except points of order relating to the
conduct of the voting, are out of order. Voting is done by a show of hands or placards.
Source:
<http://bermun.de/index.php?option=com_joomdoc&task=doc_download&gid=9&Itemid=92>
19
Written Documents
Position Paper/Policy Statement Guidelines
A position paper/policy statement is basically a researched statement on a specific
issue, which encompasses all aspects of a given issue and includes the delegate’s
policy and position regarding the issue. Position papers immensely help the delegates
when writing a resolution. The position paper provides focused information on the
topic and allows the delegate to easily outline a comprehensive and organized
resolution.
The Point of the Position Paper/Policy Statement is to:
•
•
•
•
Ensure that delegates understand the issue at hand.
Ensure that the delegates have researched their assigned country and fully
understand the government’s policy on the topic.
Provide a framework for each delegate’s resolution.
Enable the MUN director, a more experienced MUN delegate, and/or anyone
else to read the position paper before the resolution is written, which ensures
that the resolution-to-be is indeed in accordance with the represented
government’s position, and that the solutions suggested are plausible and
practicable.
Information in a Position Paper/Policy Statement Should Include:
•
•
•
•
•
General information on the topic: Why is this issue a problem? Why do we, as
the international community need to address it? What are the effects of this
problem on the world at large and/or your specific country?
A brief and general history/background of the problem: When and how did
this problem start? When did the world and/or the UN begin to recognize
this issue as a problem that requires addressing?
Information regarding past action taken by the UN, NGOs, and/or your
government to solve this issue (not too detailed): Has any action been taken?
By whom? Was it successful? Why or why not? What documents relate to this
issue?
A statement concerning the position of the delegate's country regarding the
topic: This is the most crucial part of the position paper, and it is essential to
know this part extremely well.
Suggestions and solutions to the problem according to your country's policies:
Make sure the solutions are as comprehensive and detailed as possible.
Format of a Position Paper/Policy Statement:
• One A4 page in length.
• Information can be presented in bullet point format.
• Clear headings should be used to focus and organize the paper.
20
Sample Policy Statement/Position Paper
Delegation:
Botswana
Commission:
Disarmament
The Question of Nuclear Weapon Free Zones (NFZs)
Botswana sees it as vital for peaceful development that we encourage
the establishment of nuclear weapon free zones in various regions of
the world as we hope that such efforts will lead to a total
denuclearization of the world. As defined in previous UN General
Assembly (GA) resolutions, nuclear weapon free zones shall be any
zone, recognized as such by the GA, established by a group of states
in the free exercise of their sovereignty, under a treaty or convention,
which:
a. defines the status of a complete absence of nuclear
weapons to which the zone shall be subject; and
b. establishes an international system of verification and
control to guarantee compliance with the obligations
derived from this status.
Botswana applauds the recent efforts made by members of the UN
to facilitate the establishment of a nuclear weapons free zone in
Africa, under the 1996 Treaty of Pelindaba. We also praise the setting
up of such zones in Asia, the Middle East and Latin America.
Botswana hopes that all nations will lend support to the creation of
nuclear weapon free zones in such areas and urges that nuclear
energy be used only for peaceful means. However, Botswana
expresses its deepest regret that, in recent efforts to establish NFZs,
some countries have refused to abide by the will of the international
community. It is in our deepest interest to see that nuclear energy is
used for peaceful purposes and that nations with nuclear capability
prevent the proliferation of such weapons to nations in potential
NFZs.
Source: Stein, Irwin and David L. Williams, The Hague International Model United Nations
Instructional Guide, 11th Edition, 2000, p. 18.
21
Writing a Resolution
There is a specific format that each resolution is required to have. The entire resolution is one continuous
sentence, separated by commas and semi-colons. There are two parts to every resolution: the preambulatory
clauses and the operative clauses.
Preambulatory clauses contain background information, argumentation and the arguments brought
forth to support the operative clauses. Operative clauses contain the policy statements of the body making
the decision. Each operative clause should contain only one clear, unambiguous statement of the decision
being taken by the body. Each operative clause should be numbered separately, arranged in a logical or
chronological sequence and each must begin with a verb in the third person singular of the present tense.
When writing a resolution, it is best to write the operative clauses first (so you know what action you
would like to see the United Nations take or what attitude it ought to adopt) and then to write the
preambulatory clauses, which will provide background information to the problem and the reasoning behind
the calls for action contained in the operative clauses.
Preambulatory Phrases:
Acknowledging
Affirming
Alarmed by
Approving
Aware of
Believing
Bearing in mind
Confident
Congratulating
Contemplating
Convinced
Declaring
Deeply concerned
Deeply conscious
Deeply convinced
Deeply disturbed
Deeply regretting
Deploring
Desiring
Emphasizing
Expecting
Expressing its appreciation
Expressing its satisfaction
Fulfilling
Fully alarmed
Fully aware
Fully believing
Further deploring
Further recalling
Guided by
Having adopted
Having considered
Having considered further
Having devoted attention
Having examined
Having heard
Having received
Having studied
Keeping in mind
Noting further
Noting with appreciation
Noting with approval
Noting with deep concern
Noting with regret
Noting with satisfaction
Observing
Pointing out
Reaffirming
Realizing
Recalling
Recognizing
Referring
Reminding
Seeking
Taking into account
Taking into consideration
Taking note
Viewing with appreciation
Welcoming
Encourages
Endorses
Expresses its appreciation
Expresses its hope
Further invites
Further proclaims
Further recommends
Further requests
Further resolves
Hopes
Invites
Proclaims
Proposes
Recommends
Regrets
Requests
Resolves
Seeks
Strongly affirms
Strongly condemns
Strongly urges
Suggests
Supports
Trusts
Transmits
Urges
Operative Phrases:
Accepts
Affirms
Approves
Asks
Authorizes
Calls for
Calls upon
Condemns
Congratulates
Confirms
Declares accordingly
Deplores
Designates
22
Things to Look Out For When Writing Resolutions
Checklist
1. Each resolution will have three headings at the start of the first page:
a. Committee:
b. Question of:
c. Co-Submitters:
2. The commission must be clearly stated in capital letters before the
resolution begins its text section.
3. The introductory clause or phrase of each preambulatory clause is in italics.
4. The introductory clause or phrase of each operative clause is underlined.
5. No operative clause opening should be repeated in its exact form.
6. There is a line space between each clause.
7. There is an additional line space separating the preambulatory clauses from the
operative clauses.
8. Each operative clause is numbered successively.
9. Subclauses are lettered a., b., c., etc.; sub-sub-clauses are numbered i., ii., iii., etc.
Note: if you include subclauses, you must always have more than one (if you have a., you
must have b; if you have i., then you must have ii.)
10. Acronyms and abbreviations are written out in full the first time they are used
in the resolution, e.g. UN is written United Nations (UN) the first time it is
used.
11. Co-submitting countries’ names appear only on the first page of the resolution.
23
Sample Resolution #1
Committee:
Question of:
Submitter:
Human Rights Council
Threats posed to the enjoyment of human rights by anti-terrorism policies and practices
Belgium
THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL,
Acknowledging the environment of fear that terrorism engenders in many parts of the world,
Alarmed by the loose interpretation of the Geneva Convention for the Treatment of Civilians and
Prisoners of War and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
Deeply concerned by the faulty assumption that national or international security must come at the expense
of human rights,
Recognizing the progress made by Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as Amnesty
International and Human Rights Watch in the field,
Emphasizing the role and presence of the international community in the eradication of terrorism,
Reaffirming that the principle of non-discrimination and the fundamental human right to equality are
inconsistent with the practice of racial profiling,
1. Advises all Member States who have not already done so to implement international instruments
such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Geneva Convention, and to work in
cooperation with the international community;
2. Calls for the creation of the Human Rights Violations in Anti-Terrorist Practices Committee
(HRVTC), that would ensure that all Member States fully implement the resolution;
3. Urges governments to review their internal security policies under the expert guidance of the
HRVTC, so as to ensure that fundamental human rights are respected, and that in no case is an
extra-legal structure designed to bypass existing judicial systems created through practices based on:
a.
b.
c.
d.
searching houses or individuals without a warrant, or when the owner is away,
wiretapping and other interference with private communications without warrants,
confiscation of property of suspected terrorists,
seeking information concerning individuals’ private lives including, but not limited to,
library records, internet habits, medical records, education and financial records,
e. the denial of the right to see immediate legal counsel;
4. Requests that Member States declare all detention facilities to the UN in order to ensure that
regular inspections can be made by the HRVTC and that special facilities be designated for the
detention of suspected terrorists only, fully complying with the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and the Geneva Conventions;
5. Further urges Member States to consider sleep deprivation, the forced wearing of black hoods,
the deregulation of the natural body clock by deprivation of daylight and other measures as a
means of torture and, thus, prohibited;
6. Trusts that Member States will respect the human rights of all its citizens and that all citizens will
be considered innocent until proven guilty under the jurisdiction of existing judicial systems.
24
Sample Resolution #2
Committee: Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Question of: Promoting Gender Equality in Africa
Co-submitters: United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL,
Taking note that 1/3 of children in Africa does not go to school and that 2/3 of the 40 million
non-attendees are girls,
Aware of the average African woman’s life expectancy of 46,
Noting with deep concern that the probability of an African girl to go to school is 60%, compared to
the same probability for a British girl, which is 100%,
Realizing that the annual amount of African women who died during childbirth is 9.2 million and
that an additional 29,800 African women die from abortions, compared to only 8 in the United
Kingdom (UK),
Fully aware of the fact that African women have an average of 5.5 children and only about 15%
of African women use any form of contraception,
Observing that women have the responsibility to collect clean water and food to support their
families,
Noting further that in most African nations, when their husband dies, women lose all rights to
cultivate their husband’s land, and lose cattle, livestock, and farm equipment,
Deeply concerned about the 25 million people living with HIV/AIDS in Africa, 57% of whom are
women, mostly between the ages of 15 and 19,
Emphasizing that domestic violence, including rape, kills more women aged 15 to 44 than the
combined number of deaths resulting from cancer, malaria, traffic accidents and war,
1. Encourages African Member States to create campaigns in order to educate the public
about women’s situations and increase gender equality in Africa;
2. Recommends developed countries to help African governments to disseminate
information regarding the reality of gender inequality in Africa;
3. Recommends further that United Nations (UN) organizations (like the United Nations
International Children’s Emergency Fund [UNICEF], World Health Organization
[WHO], International Labor Organization [ILO] and United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO]) develop publicity campaigns to end the
problems associated with gender inequality in Africa;
4. Requests African businesses to assist women to assume more leadership roles in order to
address the evident gender inequality in the workplace.
25
Lobbying and Merging
The conference process begins in the lobby with informal dialogue between
delegates from different nations, with ad hoc committees and with
organizational meetings. This period, called lobbying and merging, is when
resolutions are merged with others, amended, or perhaps even discarded, if the
delegate has accepted another resolution that more adequately represents
his/her nation’s interests.
Not all of the resolutions will survive the lobbying process or be accepted for
debate. However, delegates should not be discouraged if their resolution does
not reach the committee floor. Their preparation has not been wasted, for
delegates can still attempt to add a few of their most important clauses to a
more popular resolution. All delegates should remember that their main
objective is to represent their country actively and constructively in the debates
and to participate fully in the discussions on the agenda issues, whether or not
their own particular resolution is debated.
There are dangers, however, in the merging process. Delegates who seek to
create the largest lobby bloc of voting strength by merging as many resolutions
as possible sometimes end up with an illogical, unrealistic, or inherently
contradictory resolution. It is essential that delegates should be aware of this
risk and seek to create resolutions that are representative of the policies of
specific interest groups and that make realistic recommendations for action to
be taken in dealing with the issues.
26
Merging Resolutions
1.
Review your country’s general policy on the issue and consider which country or group of
countries might most likely support your draft resolution.
2. Establish contact with the delegates from these countries.
3. Exchange resolutions with other delegates and read the resolutions carefully.
Take time to discuss your resolution with your fellow delegate. Explain the meaning and
4. purpose of certain clauses. Comment on the clauses that you either like or dislike. How can the
resolution be strengthened and thereby improved? Make constructive suggestions.
If you see that certain clauses are similar, think about how you could merge (join into one)
5. both resolutions. Always be open to merging resolutions. Merging can strengthen the
resolution and, ultimately, the quality of debate.
6. If you decide to merge, start clarifying the vague clauses.
7.
Always be careful that the resolution you and your fellow delegate are writing is in line with the
foreign policies of both countries!
Remember: The contacts you make when lobbying are especially useful during debate.
8. Through these contacts, you can yield the floor to those whom you know have a similar
position on the resolution.
Co-submitting Resolutions
1.
Review your country’s general policy on the issue and consider which country or group of
countries might most likely support your draft resolution.
2. Establish contact with the delegates from these countries.
3. Exchange resolutions with other delegates and read the resolutions carefully.
4.
Take time to discuss your resolution with your fellow delegate(s). Explain the meaning and
purpose of certain clauses.
5.
Try to convince the other delegate why he or she must be in favor of your resolution. Ask the
delegate to co-submit your resolution.
6.
If you want to co-submit another delegate’s resolution, be sure that you agree with all the
clauses and that it is entirely in line with your country’s foreign policy.
7.
If you discover that one or two points are unacceptable, make suggestions. If the other
delegate is uncompromising, do not co-submit his or her resolution.
Remember: The contacts you make during lobbying are especially useful during debate.
8. Through these contacts, you can yield the floor to those whom you know have a similar
position on the resolution.
Source: Based on <http://www.aismun.org/09/pages/lobbymerge.html>
27
Debate Process
Dress Code Guidelines
Dressing professionally and appropriately is an important aspect of Model United Nations
preparations. Just like being polite and having proper manners, dressing appropriately is an
important way to show respect for the nation you are representing, for your fellow delegates and
for the United Nations. At some conferences, delegates may wear their own national dress;
however, most conferences will require western business attire.
What is Western Business Attire?
Western business attire, or international standard business attire, serves as customary dress for
workplaces. It entails wearing a suit, which is made up of trousers, a matching jacket, a buttondown dress shirt, and a tie. Conservative dress shoes and socks are also important. Skirts and
dresses may also be worn as long as they fall to a decent length. The main thing to remember is to
always ensure that your appearance is tidy and put-together, and that you are well-covered.
Suits
Tops
Bottoms
Shoes
Hair
Females
A suit always looks professional. Be sure
to keep suits clean and wrinkle-free.
No t-shirts. A blouse, sweater, or
button-down shirt of any kind is
appropriate. Dresses are also appropriate
as long as they are not revealing and
adequate in length (follow the rules
below for skirt length).
No jeans or shorts. Slacks and suit-pants
are acceptable. Skirts must be worn with
pantyhose/stockings and should not be
more than two inches above the
knee. Bottoms should have a subtle
pattern; avoid loud designs.
No sneakers or open-toe
sandals. Remember: high-heeled shoes
may look pretty, but they can also be
very uncomfortable, so use your
discretion.
Keep hair clean and out of your face for
a professional look.
Males
A suit always looks professional. Be sure
to keep suits clean and wrinkle-free.
No t-shirts. A collared/button-down
shirt is appropriate and do not forget a
tie!
No jeans or shorts. Slacks, preferable in
dark colors, are appropriate.
No sneakers or open-toe
sandals. Loafers or other types of dress
shoes are preferred.
Keep hair clean and out of your face for
a professional look.
Source:
Dress for Success. United Nations Association of the United States of America. 10 Jan. 2007
<http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=1012537>.
28
Formal Expressions and Terms of Address
General
• All speeches should begin: “Mr. (or Madam) Chair(man), ladies and gentlemen of the
house…”
• All references to other speakers should be in the third person, for instance, points of
information should begin with a phrase such as: “Is the speaker aware that…” and never:
“Do you think…”.
• Within a speech, a speaker should not say: “Johnny, you said…” but: “As my (dear, learned,
honorable) friend, the delegate from Iran, has told the house…”
Phrases to be used by delegates
• Mr./Madam Chair(man)…
• I request the floor/I wish to have the floor
• I rise to a point of information/point of order
• I wish to speak in favor of/against this motion/resolution/amendment because…
• Is the Chair/the speaker (not) aware that…
• Does the speaker (not) agree that…
• The speaker stated in his speech…Does he (not) realize that…
• I yield the floor to points of information/to the delegate from Vanuatu
• I move to amend the resolution by striking/inserting/adding the words…
• We urge the house to give us its support by voting for/against this resolution/amendment
Phrases to be used by the Chair
• The house will come to order/Will the house please come to order?
• The Chair calls upon the delegate from Lesotho to read the resolution to the house
• The house has heard the resolution. Is there a second?
• The Chair fixes a debate time of 10 minutes for and 10 minutes against the motion.
• The delegate from Bolivia has the floor.
• All points are out of order until the speaker has concluded his/her speech.
• The Chair recognizes the delegate from Samoa. To what point do you rise?
• Please rise and state your point of information/order.
• Your point is (not) well taken.
• Will you please state your point in the form of a question?
• The speaker appears not to have heard/understood your question.
• Will you please repeat/rephrase your question?
• Are there any further points on the floor?
• Are there any further points of information to this speaker?
• Will the speaker please make his/her concluding remarks?
• Debate time for/against the resolution/amendment has expired.
• The Chair proposes an extension of debate time by 5 minutes for/5 minutes against the motion.
• The debate is now closed. We will move into voting procedures.
• All points are out of order.
• Does your point of order pertain to the conduct of the voting?
• The motion will now be put to the vote.
• Will all those in favor/in support of/against/opposed to the resolution/amendment, please
raise their hands?
• Are there any abstentions? Will all those abstaining please raise their hands?
• The motion/resolution/amendment has failed/been defeated/been passed/ by: x votes for,
y votes against, with z abstentions.
29
General Terms and Phrases
veto – the right of a single party to defeat a motion; in the UN Security
Council, this right is given to only the five permanent members (USA, UK,
France, China, Russia)
quorum – the minimum number of delegates required to be present for a vote
to be considered valid; in MUN, this is usually a simple majority of all delegates
United Nations Charter – the ‘constitution’ of the United Nations, which lays
the foundation for the organization as a whole; all member states are
signatories to it
Opening Speech – a brief (usually one-minute) speech given by all present
delegations at the start of the conference, outlining some policy goals or
positions
amendment – a change in the resolution intended to improve the resolution
with the object of achieving a higher consensus and thus helping the resolution
to pass; can only be proposed by the speaker who has the floor and after
providing a copy of the amendment to the Chair beforehand; in closed debate,
this is done in time against the resolution; if the amendment fails, the speaker
who proposed it retains the floor
open debate – a debate format, where the Chair determines the debate time,
that will be shared (as equally as possible) by the different parties
closed debate – a debate format, where the Chair determines equal debate
times for and against a motion
Point of Order – when a delegate wishes to point out an infraction of the rules
and/or improper decorum in speaking; cannot interrupt speech
Point of Information – when a delegate wishes to ask a question (only one
question!) of the speaker; cannot interrupt speech; must be phrased in the form
of a question
Point of Parliamentary Inquiry – when a delegate seeks to clarify a Chair’s
ruling or point out an inconsistency in the Chair’s ruling on an issue; cannot
interrupt any speech; must be recognized by Chair before stating Point
Point of Personal Privilege – pertains to noise, personal comfort, etc.; may
not refer to the content of any speech; can only interrupt a speech when it
pertains to the audibility of the speaker
30
Orders of the Day – when a delegate observes a deviation from the stated
agenda and wishes to return to the issue originally scheduled for discussion;
may not refer to the content of any speech
Right of Reply – a response to an Opening Speech that may not exceed one
minute in length; each speech can only be replied to once
Tabling a Resolution – to temporarily suspend further consideration/debate
of a resolution; can only be moved to when a motion to close debate has been
heard; requires a simple majority
Reconsidering a Resolution – a resolution, which has been tabled can only
be reconsidered once all other business on the agenda has been complete;
requires a 2/3 majority
Move to the Previous Question – closes debate on a resolution and moves
straight into voting procedures
Move to Extend Debate Time – when a delegate wishes to extend debate
time on a particular motion (does not require a second but can be objected to
by other delegates)
Move to Limit Debate Time – when a delegate wishes to limit debate time
on a particular motion (does not require a second but can be objected to by
other delegates)
Objection to the Motion – objecting to a motion raised by another delegate;
cannot be used in response to a motion raised by the Chair
Yield the Floor – the floor may be yielded by one delegation to another only
once consecutively; delegates within one delegation may not yield the floor to
one another
Move to Divide the House – when a vote is particularly close, a delegate may
ask for a revote where there are no abstentions allowed
Roll Call Vote – when a vote was particularly close, each delegation is called
on individually to say which way it voted; only the Chair can decide to do this
Right to Explain Vote – after a vote, one speaker of each side (for, against,
abstain) will be allowed one minute to explain his/her vote; only the Chair can
decide to do this.
31
Overview of Motions
Motion
Meaning
A request to the chair
Point of
regarding a delegate’s
Personal
personal comfort, e.g.
Privilege
noise, room temperature,
etc.
Point of
A request to ask a question
Information
of the speaker or chair
A request for clarification
Point of Order
of the rules of debate.
Point of
A request for clarification
Parliamentary
of rules of procedure or
Inquiry
point out inconsistency in
the application of rules
Request a
A request to follow up on a
Follow-Up
point of information to the
speaker, clarifying a
previous question
Right of Reply A request to respond to an
opening speech
Objection to
the Motion
To oppose a motion raised
by another delegate
Orders of the
Day
A request to return to the
scheduled issue being
debated, if the discussion
has drifted away
Move to
Extend/Limit
Debate Time
Can it
Second Objection
interrupt? needed? possible?
No, except
if it refers
to the
No
No
audibility of
the speaker
No
No
Chair
No
No
No
Chair
No
No
No
Chair
No
No
No
Chair
No
No
No
Chair
Yes
Chair
No
Chair
Yes
Chair
No
No
32
Chair
No
No
A request to lengthen or
shorten debate time
allotted to debating a given
resolution
How is it
decided?
No,
unless
the
Chair
asks for
it
No
No,
unless
the
Chair
asks for
it
Motion
Meaning
Can it
Second Objection
interrupt? needed? possible?
Move to Table
A request to postpone
the Resolution debate on a resolution until
a later time.
No
Yes
Yes
How is it
decided?
Simple
majority,
but can be
overruled
by Chair
2/3
majority,
but can be
overruled
by Chair
2/3
majority,
but can be
overruled
by Chair
2/3
majority,
but can be
overruled
by Chair
Move to
Reconsider a
Resolution
A request to reopen debate
on a previously tabled
resolution
No
Yes
Yes
Move to
Adjourn
A call for an end to debate
No
Yes
Yes
Motion to
Move Into
Caucus
A request for an in-house
recess, where delegates
meet to informally lobby
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Chair
No
Yes
Yes
Chair
No
Yes
Yes
Chair
No
No
No
Chair
Move Straight
Into Voting
Procedures or
Move to the
Previous
Question
Move to
Divide the
House
Roll Call Vote
Right to
Explain Vote
A request to end debate
and vote on a main motion
A request to vote on a
main motion again, where
no abstentions are allowed
A request to vote again by
asking each country
individually for their vote
on a main motion
A request to explain why a
country voted the way it
did on a main motion
33
List of Resources Used
"AISMUN 2009 - The American International School Model United Nations." AISMUN
2009 - American International School Model United Nations. 2009. Web. 13 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.aismun.org/09/pages/lobbymerge.html>.
American Model United Nations, Inc. "UNIMUN Conference Handbook - Chapter II."
UNIMUN - United Nations International Model UN. 2000. Web. 13 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.unimun.org/unimun_hb_2.html>.
Annan, Kofi. "SG/SM/7705." Welcome to the United Nations: It's Your World. 2001. Web. 13
Oct. 2010. <http://www.un.org/Dialogue/pr/sgsm7705.htm>.
“Dress For Success.” United Nations Association of the United States of America. 10 Jan.
2007
<http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=1012537>.
Eckman, Chuck. "Model UN Research." Stanford University. 1999. Web. 13 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.stanford.edu/group/Jonsson/mun.html>.
"Instructional Guide for Delegates." Delegate Information. Berlin Model United Nations, 2010.
Web. 13 Oct. 2010.
<http://bermun.de/index.php?option=com_joomdoc&task=doc_download&gid=9
&Itemid=92>.
"Model United Nations." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 2010. Web. 13 Oct. 2010.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_United_Nations>.
"Public Speaking | Model UN Preparation Guide | MUN." United Nations Association of the
USA. UNA-USA. Web. 13 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation/publicspeaking>.
Stein, Irwin and David L. Williams, The Hague International Model United Nations
Instructional Guide, 11th Edition, 2000.
Stein, Irwin and David L. Williams, The Hague International Model United Nations
Instructional Guide, 13th Edition, 2002.
Stein, Irwin, and David L. Williams. "The Hague International Model United Nations
Instructional Guide." Welcome to THIMUN. Web. 13 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.thimun.org>.
"TAIMUN Instructional Guide." American School in Taichung. Web. 2007.
<http://www.ast.tc.edu.tw/program03-3-6.asp#4>.
UN Cyberschoolbus. "Introduction to the United Nations." Welcome to the United Nations: It's
Your World. 2000. Web. 13 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/unintro/unintro.asp>.
34
Notes
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