ELECTRONICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING FOR GEODETIC
ENGINEERS - GEOE 100
REVIEWER_
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
BOSS DHIX
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
A CLOSE PATH FOR PROVIDING A FLOW OF ELECTRON FROM A VOLTAGE SOURCE OR CURRENT SOURCE.
-
SERIES CONNECTION
PARALLEL CONNECTION
COBINATION OF TWO CONNECTION
ELEECTRIC NETWORK
ALSO KNOWN AS AN ELECTRICAL NETWORK OR POWER GRID.
MORE EXTENSIVE INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND TRANSMISSION LINES.
GENERATING
CONSUMING
TRANSMITTING
ELECTRIC POWER
DISTRIBUTING
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT AND NETWORK
“ ALL ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ARE ELECTRIC NETWORKS”
BUT” NOT ALL ELECTRIC NETWORKS ARE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT”
CURRENT
FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGE THROUGH A CONDUCTIVE MEDIUM, SUCH AS A WIRE OR A CIRCUIT.
ELECTRICAL GENERATORS
I = dQ/dt
I= CURRENT, AMPERE, A
Q= CHARGE,COLUMB, C
T= TIME,SECONDS,S
VOLTAGE



V= dW/dQ
POWER


P=dW/dt
P= VI
ALSO KNOWN AS ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE OR ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL.
REFERS TO THE DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY (BETWEEN TWO POINTS IN AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE THAT CAUSES THE CHARGE(ELECTRONS) TO FLOW.
-BATTERY
- DC POWER SUPPLY
-SOLAR PANEL
W= POTENTIAL ENERGY, JOULE
Q=CHARGE,COLUMB
TIME RATE OF FLOW OF ELECTRIC ENEGRY
RATE AT WHICH ELECTRICAL ENERGY US CONVERTED, TRANSFERRED OR USED IN AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT OR SYSTEM.
P= ELECTRIC POWER
W=POTENTIAL ENERGY, J
T= TIME, SECONDS, S
ACTIVE ELEMENTS

DELIVER POWER TO OTHER ELEMENTS, WHICH ARE PRESENT IN AN ELECTRIC CRCUIT.

THEY MAY ABSORB THE POWER LIKE PASSIVE ELEMENTS

HAVE THE CAPABILITY OF BOTH DELIVERING AND ABSORBING POWER V,C
ANALYZING CIRCUIT USONG V-I CHARACTERISTICS
NON LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
MAY EXHIBIT A REGION OF NEGATIVE RESISTANCE
PASSIVE ELEMENTS

CAN’T DELIVER POWER TO OTHER ELEMENTS BUT CAN ABSORB POWER.

DISSIPATE POWER IN THE FORM OF HEAT

STORE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF EITHER MAGNETIC FIELD
-REISISTOR - INDUCTORS - CAPACITORS
ANALYZING CIRCUIT USONG V-I CHARACTERISTICS
LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
DOES NOT EXHIBIT NEGATIVE RESISTANCE
LINEAR ELEMENTS

ELEMENTS THAT SHOW A LINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT.
NON-LINEAR ELEMENTS

DO NOT SHOW A LINEAR RELATION BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
BILATERAL ELEMENTS

CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE DIRECTION OF CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE NETWORK ELEMENTS.

BILATERAL ELEMENTS ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT ALLOW THE CURRENT IN BOTH DIRECTIONS AND OFFER THE SAME
IMPEDANCE IN EITHER DIRECTION OF CURRENT FLOW.
UNILATERAL ELEMENTS

OFFER DIFFERENT IMPEDANCES IN THE BOTH DIRECTIONS.

AN ELECTRONIC COMPONENT THAT ALLOWS THE FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY.
LUMPED ELEMENTS

COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS IN A CIRCUIT THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE CONCENTRATED AT A SINGLE POINT IN THE
CIRCUIT
VERY SMALL IN SIZE

DISTRIBUTED ELEMENTS

COMPONENTS OR ELEMENTS IN A CIRCUIT THAT ARE MODEL AS CONTINUOUS ENTITIES SPREAD OVER AN EXTENDED
AREA OF THE CIRCUIT.

PHYSICALLY LARGE.
RESISTOR

USED TO EITHER OPPOSE OR RESTRICT THE FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
OHM'S LAW

STATES THAT THE VOLTAGE ACROSS A RESISTOR IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH IT,
AND THE CONSTANT OF PROPORTIONALITY IS THE RESISTANCE.
V =I x R
INDUCTOR

A PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONEI THAT STORES ENERGY IN THE FORM. OF A MAGNETIC FIELD WHEN CURRENT FLOWS
THROUGH IT.

MAGNETIC FIELDS FORCE MOR ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTIDES CIRCULAR OR HELICAL PATH OR PRESCRIBED PATH

I=Lx1
Faraday'slaw

DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD AND THE INDUCTION OF AN ELECTROMOTIVE
FORCE (EMF) OR VOLTA IN A CONDUCTING LOOP OR COIL.
V = dw/dt w=1/2 lt2
CAPACITOR


PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENT .
STORES ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN THE FORM OF AN ELECTRIC FIELD BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTIVE PLATES
SEPARATED BY A DIELECTRIC A DIELECTRIC IS AN INSULATING MATERIAL USED TO SEPARATE ELECTRICAL
CHARGES AND CREATE AN ELECTRIC FIELD WITHOUT ALLOWING SIGNIFICANT FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT.

IF POSITIVE VOLTAGE IS APPLIED ACROSS THE CAPACITOR, THEN IT STORES POSITIVE CHARGE

IF NEGATIVE VOLTAGE IS APPLIED ACROSS THE CAPACITOR, THEN IT STORES .. NEGATIVE CHARGE.
INDEPENDENT SOURCES
PRODUCE FIXED VALUES OF VOLTAGE OR CURRENT AND A NOT DEPENDENT ON ANY OTHER PARAMETER
1. INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES
2. INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES
1. INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES

AN INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE PRODUCES A CONSTANT VOLTAGE ACROSS ITS TWO TERMINALS.

THIS VOLTAGE IS INDEPENDENT OF THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT THAT IS FLOWING THROUGH THE TWO
TERMINALS OF VOLTAGE SOURCE.

INDEPENDENT IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCES DO NOT EXIST PRACTICALLY
2.INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES

AN INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCE PRODUCES A CONSTANT CURRENT.

INDEPENDENT OF THE VOLTAGE ACROSS ITS TWO TERMINALS.
DEPENDENT SOURCES


PRODUCE THE AMOUNT OF VOLTAGE OR CURRENT THAT IS DEPENDENT SOME OTHER VOLTAGE OR CURRENT.
ARE ALSO CALLED AS CONTROLLED SOURCES.
1. DEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES
2. DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES
ELEMENT

AN ELEMENT IS A FUNDAMENTAL SUBSTANCE THAT CARRENT.

BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS .

DEFINED BY THE NUMBER OF PROTONS IN ITS NUCLEUS, WHICH IS KNOWN AS ITS ATOMIC NUMBER ATOM.
COMPOUND

SUBSTANCE FORMED BY THE CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS IN A FIXED RATIO.
MOLECULE


ELECTRONS



N= 2n^2
PROTONS


NEUTRONS



NUCLEUS

ATOM


GROUP OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS HELD TOGETHER BY ATTENTIVE FORCES KNOWN AS CHEMICAL BONDS.
THE ATOMS CAN BE OF THE SAME ELEMENT OR DIFFERENT ELEMENTS.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES THAT HAVE A NEGATIVE CHARGE.
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES THAT HAVE NO KNOWN COMPONENTS OR SUBSTRUCTURE.
FOUND IN THE ELECTRON SHELLS SURROUNDING THE NUC AN ATOM.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES THAT HAVE A POSITIVE ELECTRIC CHARGE.
FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM.
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES THAT HAVE A NEUTRAL CHARGE.
FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM.
COMPOSED OF THREE QUARKS HELD TOGETHER BY THE STRONG FORCE.
SMALL, DENSE REGION CONSISTING OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS AT THE CENTER OF AN ATOM.
BASIC UNIT OF MATTER
SMALLEST POSSIBLE UNIT OF AN ELEMENT THAT STILL HAS ALL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT.
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS PART 1
ATOMIC MASS

THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF THE MASSES OF ALL THE ISOTOPES OF AN ELEMENT, IN WHICH THE MASS OF
EACH ISOTOPE IS MULTIPLIED BY THE AMOUNT OF THAT PARTICULAR ISOTOPE.
VALENCE ELECTRONS

ELECTRONS IN THE OUTERMOST SHELL OF AN ATOM THAT CAN PARTICIPATE IN CHEMICAL BONDING
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS
1. CONDUCTORS
2. SEMI-CONDUCTORS
3. INSULATORS
CONDUCTORS

MATERIALS THAT HAVE A SMALL NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS.

CAN EASILY LOSE THEM TO FORM POSITIVE IONS.
METALS SUCH AS COPPER, ALUMINUM, AND GOLD
SEMICONDUCTORS

HAVE AN INTERMEDIATE NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS *

CAN BEHAVE AS EITHER CONDUCTORS OR INSULATORS DEPENDING ON THE CONDITIONS
SILICON, GERMANIUM, AND GALLIUM ARSENIDE.
INSULATORS

HAVE A LARGE NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS

CANNOT EASILY LOSE THEM TO FORM POSITIVE IONS

HAVE A LOW ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
WOOD, RUBBER, GLASS, AND PLASTIC
ELECTRIC CHARGE

PHYSICAL PROPERTY THAT CAUSES OBJECTS TO FEEL AN ATTRACTIVE OR REPULSIVE FORCE TOWARD ONE
ANOTHER.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CHARGE.

1. POSITIVE CHARGE (EXHIBITED BY PROTONS)

2. NEGATIVE CHARGE (EXHIBITED BY ELECTRONS)
COULOMB (C)

* THE UNIT OF ELECTRIC CHARGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)

* THE ELECTRIC CHARGE DELIVERED BY A 1 AMPERE CONSTANT CURRENT IN 1 SECOND

* EQUAL TO 6.241509 X 10^18 ELEMENTARY CHARGES OR ELECTRONS/PROTONS

* NAMED AFTER CHARLES-AUGUSTIN DE COULOMB, A FRENCH PHYSICIST WHO MADE CONTRIBUTIONS TO
THE FIELD OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
ELECTRIC CHARGES

1 ELECTRON = -1.602 X 10^-19 COULOMBS (C)

1 PROTON = +1.602 X 10^-19 COULOMBS (C)
POTENTIAL

DESCRIBES THE AMOUNT OF WORK ENERGY NEEDED PER UNIT OF ELECTRIC CHARGE TO MOVE THIS CHARGE FROM A
REFERENCE POINT TO THE SPECIFIC POINT IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD.
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

DETERMINES THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS MOVING IN THE DIRECTION OF POSITIVE CHARGE MATERIAL BETWEEN TWO
CHARGES
VOLT (V)

USED TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IN AN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT.
ELECTRIC CURRENT

IS THE FLOW OF CHARGED PARTICLES, SUCH AS ELECTRONS OR IONS, MOVING THROUGH AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR
OR SPACE.
ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS PART 2
RESISTANCE

THE OBSTRUCTION BY THE MATERIAL IN THE FLOWING OF THE CURRENT THROUGH THE MATERIAL

THE HIGHER THE RESISTANCE, THE LOWER THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT PASSING THROUGH IT
RESISTANCE AND HEAT.

RESULT OF "FRICTION" CREATED BY MICROSCOPIC PHENOMENA SUCK RETARDING FORCES AND COLLISIONS INVOLVING
THE CHARGE CARRIE USUALLY ELECTRONS.

CORRESPONDS TO THE WORK DONE BY THE CHARGE CARRIERS TO TRA TO A LOWER POTENTIAL.
OHM

UNIT OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) AND IS REPRESENTED BY THE GREEK
LETTER OMEGA
NAMED AFTER GEORG SIMON OHM.

RESISTANCE

R = PL/A = PV/A2 = PL2/V

R = RESISTANCE

A = CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA

P = RESISTIVITY

L= LENGTH

V = VOLUME
RESISTIVITY

AKA SPECIFIC RESISTANCE

AMOUNT OF CHANGE IN RESISTANCE IN A MATERIAL PER UNIT CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE.
CIRCULAR MIL (CM)

AREA OF A CIRCLE HAVING A DIAMETER (D) OF ONE MIL

A = d2

1 inch = 1,000 mils

1 MCM = 1,000

MCM = abbreviation for thousands of citcutar mils