cardiovascular
Aldosterone
the main mineralocorticoid hot mone
:
of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal
steroid hormone
-
gland
essential for sodium conservation in the
regulates plasma
·
Angiogenesis:
new
II
b
signals
,
and
in the
by
a
:
vascular wall and
perfusion
of the blood vessels
aldosterone biosynthesis and renal actions
fibroblasts
during
one
cardiac
systolic
occurs
also in
·
or
·
adults from
after trauma
systole Pressure :
near
the
circulating
>
-
end
occurs when the
Diastole Pressure
of
·
cardiac
the
the
:
tension can be
positive inotropic
Chronotropic :
endothelial
ischemia
the cardiac
or
circulatory
·
system
stem
·
cells)
with
tumor
retinal is chemia
,
pressure, or
growth
,
peak pressure.
Stenosis
chronotropes
beginning of cardiac cycle
:
Diastole Pressure :
cells
generate
:
abnormal
narrowing
value
toppressure-maxpressureheartexertswhilebeatingsystolicis
*
Cardiac Output
pulse pressure
the amount of blood pumped
product of the HR > number of
:
-
CO
=
HR X SV
>
-
Liters/min
:
(diastole
systolic-diastolic
X amount
the heart per minute
beats/min and the stroke volume
by
ejection
-
end load
against
bumped per beat
which the heart contracts to
on
the
left/right
cardiac
eject
sphere filled
to a
particular pressure depends
or
on
the thickness
out put
of
equally
the sphere
sphere's wall
the HR and rythm by affecting the electrical
SA node
changing the rythm produced by
->
>
conduction
system of
the heart and the
HR
.
an
impulse
prevents
to
Q T ventricular
of contractions
of contractions
spontaneously generate
to
maintain
+
a
HR
repolarization
lost in cases of cardiac
that
ventricle
energy of muscular contractions
cardiac cell's ability to
-
event
dysfunction
the value from
an
electrical impulse (depolarize)
PACEMAKER CELLS
or
-
repetitive and stable
manner
cardiac failure
opening properly
through the value
work harder to pump blood
not
regurgitation places
i t causes the heart to
vs
of the
inc
. HR
Regurgitation:leakingheartvalves
a
it is the minimum pressure in the atteries when the
pumping chambers of the heart , ventricles fill u blood
length
increase the force
:
forces the heart
,
systolic
or
Rhythmicity : Spontaneous depolarization
·
a
weaken the force
:
O chronotropes dec
Automaticity : the
progenitor cells (from
cycle systolic
used to measure preload since the ideal
chronotropic drugs may change
·
of the
during
ventricle
the thickness of the
by
the force
CHANGE HR
·
ventricles contract
occurs in the
:
the tension
u f in the wall of
law
the vessel walls
during embryonic development
are
relationship between stroke volume and end diastolic volume
physiological importance of the mechanism lies mainly in maintaining
Laplace's
:
negative inotropic :
BP
dimensions under
components
broken into
Law
cycle
↳ large veins (venodilators)
, small arteholes
, large artenes
:
Q
Frank-Starling
blood vessels
win
pressure
Q ventricle must overcome to eject blood
articl pulmonary pressure , the greater the after load
the
Inotropic agent that alters
from contraction of the muscular wall of vessels
resulting
greater
:
myocardium + fibrosis
to vital organs than
readily
nerves that influence it
relaxation of smooth muscle cells
Vasculogenesis
after load is
and small amerioles
widening of
the
stimulation
greatest
blood
·
The average pressure in
p t's atteries
narrowing
the
* large
:
nervous
to its
one
to contracti
measured
After load : the stress in the wall of the
the
migration
in
end diastolic volume or
left ventricle of the heart
or
↳ aortic pressure the
sympathetic
>
ventricular
Sacromere can't be
-
-
* better indicator of
>
↳ vasoconstriction
induction of growth
Mean Artenal Pressure
Vasodilation
colon
and acterial blood pressure
number of actions
>
right
the end diastolic volume that stretches the
variablephysiologicdemandthe cardiomyocytes prior
body
II raises blood pressure
leading to thickening of
:
·
-
cell
Preload
-
potassium (K +)
differentiation of endothelial cells which line blood vessels
mitosis of vascular smooth muscle cells
increased synthesis of collagen type +Ill
Vasoconstriction :
and
,
glomerulosa
zona
blood vessels
,
Angiotens in
:
Kidney salivary glands
and extracellular
+
migration growth
controlled by chemical
·
Angiotensin
formation of
The
process involves
·
)
sodium (Na
produced by
: nacak
a
require
strain
a
treame
on
the heart
work harder and
may not pump
the same amount
of blood
with
cardiac muscle
.