The Invisible Chains of Modern-Day Slavery: Unearthing the Gendered Exploitation in the Narratives of Filipinx Ivan Danniebhell C. Quidato ivandanniebhell.quidato@msugensan.edu.ph Mindanao State University - English Department Meryl Joy V. Malate meryljoy.malate@msugensan.edu.ph Mindanao State University - English Department Berlyn Kate Lagaran berlynkate.lagaran@msugensan.edu.ph Mindanao State University - English Department Abstract Filipinx is a gender-inclusive term that encompasses all individuals of Filipino descent. Within the ever-shifting landscape of human movement, this term is now used to explore the troubling and silenced issue of modern-day slavery intertwined with gender-based exploitation among the Filipinx whose number even soared in the modern years. This study delved into the intricate web of gender-based exploitation and colonial legacies woven into the lives of Filipinx migrant workers. Employing the postcolonial concepts, gender studies, and diaspora theory, the research unravels the obscured experiences of these individuals within the global labor diaspora. Through the narratives of the Filipinx, the rigid gender-based work roles, cultural impositions, and enduring impacts of historical constructs are revealed. These narratives reflect the struggle of these Filipinx migrant workers against exploitation, the limitations on LGBTQ+ visibility, and the unequal treatment in foreign labor markets. Drawing from scholarly works, the research highlights parallels with existing literature on migration, gender dynamics, and the Filipino diaspora’s role in the global economic landscape. Thus, the study underscores the urgency for policy reforms and cultural interventions to address gender-based exploitation and foster inclusive environments for Filipinx migrant workers. Keywords: Filipinx migrant workers; gender-based exploitation; colonial legacies; global labor diaspora Introduction The intricate tapestry of global migration and labor flows has long overshadowed the stories of Filipinx (A gender-inclusive term that encompasses all individuals of Filipino descent. "Filipinx" seeks to be more progressive and inclusive of all gender identities within the Filipino community) individuals, (Viola, 2023) leaving them hidden and unheard. It serves as an alternative that is respectful and welcoming to all individuals, regardless of their gender LCS 111 LITERATURE AND CULTURAL STUDIES Bachelor of Arts in Literary and Cultural Studies Mindanao State University - GSC 1 identity. Within this ever-shifting landscape of human movement, a troubling and silenced issue remains: modern-day slavery intertwined with gender-based exploitation Eting, (2022) Titled "The Invisible Chains of Modern-Day Slavery: Unearthing Gender Exploitation in the Narratives of Filipinx," This paper is of great significance as it addresses the dire circumstances faced by Filipinx migrant workers, particularly women, who encounter distinct and severe challenges in the global labor market. This is a pressing matter for several reasons. Firstly, a considerable portion of the global labor diaspora is made up of Filipinx individuals, with millions leaving their native land in search of employment opportunities overseas, making their experiences emblematic of the larger issues revolving around international migration and labor exploitation. Additionally, the gendered aspects of this phenomenon are particularly notable, with women being especially vulnerable to abuse and exploitation in foreign countries. In order to comprehensively understand the subject, a meticulous analysis of relevant scholarly literature was conducted. Findings reveal the valuable insights of Piocos (2021) on the emotional, narrative, and political dimensions of migration in Southeast Asia. Her work illuminates the intricate aspects of labor mobility within the region. Additionally, Tugano (2020) significantly contributes to this discourse through her work, "Hidden Sacrifices: Narratives of Select Filipina Overseas Workers in Southeast Asia," where she delves into the unique experiences of Filipina overseas workers in the area. This highlights the critical importance of exploring the concealed sacrifices and obstacles faced by Filipinx individuals working abroad. Cruz (2012) study delves into the discourse surrounding male and female overseas Filipino workers. His analysis uncovers how gender, kinship, and representation intersect in the context of migration. By examining the contrasting portrayals of male and female overseas workers, Cruz sheds light on the tension between traditional gender and kinship norms. Similarly, San Juan's (2011) work provides a deeper understanding of the Filipino diaspora and its role in the global economic landscape. Through his examination of contemporary global capitalism, San Juan discusses the impact of the Philippines’ labor-export policy, the interests of the local elite, and the complex power dynamics between nations, including issues of gender and race. Building on these studies and drawing from international journals and research, the goal of this study is to conduct a thorough examination of the gender-based exploitation faced by Filipinx migrant workers. The approach uniquely incorporates the use of Diaspora as a Cultural Theory and integrates Postcolonialism and Gender Studies as Literary Criticisms, offering a more nuanced understanding of this complex issue. Through these perspectives, that aim to uncover the underlying structural and cultural forces that perpetuate the ongoing cycle of modern-day slavery and the deep-seated gender inequalities within it. At the core of this study lies the mission to shed light on the interconnectedness of gender, labor exploitation, and the Diaspora journey for Filipinx migrant workers. By delving into these intersecting factors, aim to deepen the understanding of the complex hurdles these individuals encounter. By tackling this crucial aspect, this study seek to bridge a noteworthy gap in research and enhance the ongoing dialogue surrounding global migration. Methodology Labor diaspora represents those who “move across international borders to work in one country while remaining citizens in another” (Cohen, 2008, p. 61). Labor migrants forming contemporary skilled labor Diasporas, for example, medical labor diasporas, share, and transfer LCS 111 LITERATURE AND CULTURAL STUDIES Bachelor of Arts in Literary and Cultural Studies Mindanao State University - GSC 2 tacit knowledge on work conditions and opportunities and countries and other life-related issues. Such tacit knowledge related to professional context can be decisive and directive for migration per se (Guo et al., 2018; Karppi, 2006). To deeply understand the intertwined narrative of gender exploitation and modern-day slavery within the Filipinx migrant community, this research employed a qualitative method that generates non-numerical data to understand the experiences, concepts, or opinions of the respondents. The detailed exploration of the personal experiences of Filipinx migrants, while also garnering broader, generalizable insights into the prevalence and patterns of exploitation. For data collection, this study employed two materials: interviews and related literature. The interviews targeted a purposive sample of Filipinx migrant workers, especially women, who have spent at least one year working abroad. These interviews were designed to elicit personal narratives and lived experiences, focusing on aspects related to gender-based exploitation, workplace challenges, and the broader implications of their diasporic journey. The written literature about the narratives of the exploited Filipinx workers who experienced exploitation was collected. It allowed us to examine how the narratives of exploitation have been documented and discussed over time. Once the data were collected, qualitative data from the interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach, allowing themes and patterns to emerge organically from the narratives. This analysis was enhanced using insights from Diaspora as a Cultural Theory, Postcolonialism, and Gender Studies, ensuring that our interpretations were deeply rooted within the established theoretical frameworks. The methodology, thus, ensures a comprehensive understanding of the research topic, effectively merging personal stories with broader trends, and bridging the theoretical foundations with the real-world experiences of the Filipinx migrant community. Through this rigorous approach, this study aim to provide insights that are both deep and wide-ranging, offering a holistic picture of the challenges faced by Filipinx migrant workers in the global labor diaspora. Results and Discussion Through conducting interviews with Filipinx migrant workers, insightful information was uncovered regarding the difficulties they encounter in their foreign workplaces. Specifically, these challenges revolve around issues of gender-based exploitation, cultural adjustment, and the intricacies of their diaspora journeys, exemplifying the complexity of their situation. Navigating Gender Exploitation and Challenges of Filipinx Workers Abroad Gender-based exploitation is a pervasive issue, particularly in conservative societies where traditional beliefs clash with personal identities. The invisibility and lack of acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals only exacerbates this problem, leaving them with little choice but to conform or conceal their true selves in order to survive in these unfamiliar environments. In the workplace, the impact of gender is readily apparent, affecting how individuals are treated and the opportunities available to them. Many are forced to conform to societal expectations of gender roles in order to gain acceptance or fair treatment – a painful and unfair reality for countless individuals. As a result, there has been a growing discourse on the ways in which one's gender identity shapes their experiences and opportunities while living and working LCS 111 LITERATURE AND CULTURAL STUDIES Bachelor of Arts in Literary and Cultural Studies Mindanao State University - GSC 3 abroad. The cultural landscape also plays a significant role in exacerbating the vulnerability of Filipinx workers, influencing how they are perceived and treated within their host communities. Support systems, whether in the form of official programs or personal connections, are vital for navigating the challenges at hand. In times of difficulty, peers often become like a supportive family, offering emotional aid and companionship. However, it is evident that these support systems still require strengthening in order to effectively address issues of exploitation and discrimination. The term "modern-day slavery" serves as a poignant representation of the obstacles faced by many Filipinx individuals abroad, particularly those in domestic helper roles. Drawing parallels between the lack of education and the perception of being treated as 'lesser' or 'disposable' workers highlights the ongoing struggle against exploitation and the fight for fundamental rights. Literary criticism could serve as a platform to amplify the voices of these overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) and shed light on their struggles and challenges. This storytelling medium can effectively raise awareness and advocate for justice and better treatment for OFWs. Diaspora can then be read as a historical and political trope in Philippine literature. In this style of discourse, the diasporic trope is both historical and political. It is historical in providing for an account of the narrative of national development from a perspective that is a rewriting of a history from below. Literature itself becomes a source of and influence to history (Tolentino, 2006) To effectively combat gender exploitation and promote better working conditions, it is imperative to promote empowerment and discourage any instances of abuse or exploitation. Nurturing a culture of respect and acceptance towards all genders is vital in creating a more secure and inclusive work environment for Filipinx workers overseas. The narratives shared by these individuals highlight the significance of implementing structural changes, promoting cultural inclusivity, and establishing strong support networks to safeguard the rights and integrity of overseas Filipino workers. Moreover, it emphasizes the critical role of unity, empowerment, and advocacy in advocating for fair treatment and equal opportunities for all migrant workers. Gendered Exploitation and Workplace Dynamics: In the narratives, there is a clear depiction of widespread gender-based prejudices and imbalances within the workplace. It is evident that women are often relegated to domestic duties and subjected to vulnerabilities. Respondent 1 eloquently brings to light the stark contrast in the treatment of male and female employees, highlighting the demeaning attitudes towards domestic labor and the challenges faced by members of the LGBTQ+ community who adhere to cultural and religious norms in their respective host countries. In addition, Respondent 2 shares the arduous journey of conforming to societal expectations, particularly when it comes to gender identity, and the necessity to conceal one’s true identity to evade discrimination and mistreatment. Cultural Adaptation and Identity: The personal experiences shared by Filipinx workers highlight the difficulties of assimilating into a new culture and the effects it has on their sense of identity. Both individuals acknowledged the initial shock of adjusting to a new culture and the necessity of conforming to the customs of their host country, including modifying their behavior, language, and appearance. LCS 111 LITERATURE AND CULTURAL STUDIES Bachelor of Arts in Literary and Cultural Studies Mindanao State University - GSC 4 This process often leads to a disconnection from their authentic cultural identity, ultimately resulting in a form of self-negation in order to fit in and be accepted. Coping Mechanisms and Support Systems: The workers utilize coping mechanisms that involve building close connections with other Filipinx workers, establishing a sense of surrogate family and providing mutual support. During their downtime, they engage in activities such as social media or bonding with their colleagues to help alleviate stress and feelings of isolation. Despite this, the interviews revealed a lack of formal support systems for those who may be facing exploitation or discrimination, emphasizing the necessity for more effective interventions and advocacy. Suggestions for Improvement and Intervention: As both respondents passionately expressed, resilience and solidarity hold immense weight within the community. They brought attention to the significance of launching awareness campaigns that promote respect, acceptance, and inclusivity of individuals with diverse gender identities. Respondent 1 specifically emphasized the power of media in amplifying marginalized voices and inspiring individuals to speak out against mistreatment or prejudice. On the other hand, Respondent 2 emphasized the pressing need for decisive action against abuse and emphasized the importance of creating a secure and supportive environment for those seeking assistance. These powerful insights highlight the crucial role that both resilience and solidarity play in cultivating a harmonious and inclusive community. Intersectionality of Postcolonial Realities The narratives align with Piocos's (2021) exploration of migration in Southeast Asia, highlighting the emotional and political dimensions of labor mobility. They echo Tugano's (2020) work on Filipina overseas workers, emphasizing the concealed sacrifices and obstacles faced by these individuals. The experiences depicted in Respondent 1 and Respondent 2's narratives mirror Cruz's (2012) analysis of gender dynamics among overseas Filipino workers, showcasing the tension between traditional gender norms and the realities of migration. Filipinx labor Diaspora and Global Economic Landscape San Juan's (2011) examination of the Filipino diaspora's role in the global economic landscape resonates with the struggles depicted in the narratives. The impact of the Philippines’ laborexport policy, as discussed by San Juan, intertwines with the experiences of gender-based exploitation and the perpetuation of colonial legacies within these diasporic communities. Conclusion This study uncovers the complex intersection of gender-based exploitation and lingering remnants of colonialism that deeply affect the lives of Filipinx migrant workers. With firsthand accounts exposing strict gender roles, societal pressures, and lasting consequences of historical norms, this investigation illuminates the pressing need for policy reforms and cultural interventions to combat exploitation and promote inclusivity for Filipinx migrant workers. The research sheds light on the unique struggles faced by these individuals, particularly women and LGBTQ+ members, as they navigate a foreign labor market riddled with discrimination and vulnerabilities. The study reinforces the urgency for robust support systems, cultural sensitivity, LCS 111 LITERATURE AND CULTURAL STUDIES Bachelor of Arts in Literary and Cultural Studies Mindanao State University - GSC 5 and structural changes to ensure that all workers are treated fairly, with equality and empowerment. References San Juan, E. (2011) Contemporary Global Capitalism and the Challenge of the Filipino Diaspora, https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2010.522983 Tugano, A.C. (2020). Hidden Sacrifices: Narratives of Select Filipina Overseas Workers in Southeast Asia. Social Sciences and Development Review 12 (1):95-116. Piocos, CM III. (2021). Affect, Narratives and Politics of Southeast Asian Migration (1st ed.) Retrieved from https://api.taylorfrancis.com/v4/content/books/mono/download?identifierNam Cruz, R. (2012) Figures of Migration Gender, Kinship, and the Politics of Representation, 60(4), 513–54. 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