CHAPTER 2
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY: WORLD HISTORY
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Science and Technology in Different Periods
1. Ancient Period (ca. 3,000 B.C. - 500A.D.)
2. Mesoamerican Period
(1200 B.C.-3rd Century A.D.)
3. Medieval Period (ca. 500 - 1,500)
4. Renaissance Period (14th - 17th Century)
5. Middle East (17th Century)
6. Intellectual Revolution (18th Century)
7. Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=history+of+science/britanica
Ancient
Egyptian Architectural Technology
8. African Revolution
9. In 19th Century
10. In 20th Century
“Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done. One could write a history of
science in reverse by assembling the solemn pronouncements of highest authority
about what could not be done and could never happen.” – Robert Heinlein
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. explain the historical timeline of science and technology;
2. analyse the difference between the different periods involved in the development
of Science and Technology; and
3. showcase their understanding of the different periods involved in the development
of Science and Technology through a creative role-play
INTRODUCTION
Science and technology is evident since the beginning of time. New knowledge
made it possible to create new things that would help people improve their everyday
living. Development in the field of science has helped humans to have a better life
while advancement in technology made the lives of the people much easier by
developing new machines that helped their way of living effortless.
In combination, science and technology transforms the lives of humans. It helps
provide growth in the field of medicine, transportation, engineering and even
entertainment that until today people are benefiting from.
The development of science and technology has gone so far, tracing how it all began
would give us a better idea on how it has developed since then and what are the
significant changes that has happened throughout time. By looking back at the history
of science and technology, we will be able to determine its progression
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CONTENT
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS
The next discussions will reveal the different evidences on how the development of
science and technology has been part of the early days of humankind.
Ancient Period (ca. 3,500 B.C. - 500 A.D.)
Accumulation of knowledge and passing it from generation to generation has
begun when the modern humans evolved from their hominid ancestors. They used
stones as tools, and then learned how to shape stones to make more efficient tools.
As the tools improved, so people were able to use them to fashion weapons and other
artifacts from bone, antler, and wood. They also learned how to capture fire from
natural sources such as wild fires, and later to make fire for themselves by using the
heat generated by friction or sparks from stones, or by concentrating the sun's heat.
Here are some of the development in science and technology during the ancient
period (Goddard, 2010):
EUROPE
ca 750,000 Fire is used by Homo erectus.
ca 45,000 Stone-headed spears are used in Europe.
ca 20,000 The wooden bow and arrow are used in Spain and Saharan Africa. People
in Southern Europe use sewing needles made from bone.
ca 2000 The Minoans build palaces in Crete.
ca 1000 Ironworking is introduced in Greece.
ca 1000 Etruscan craftsmen make false teeth from gold.
THE AMERICAS
ca 8,500 North Americans make stone arrowheads.
ca 8,000 The Folsom people living on eastern side of the Poe's Mountains develop
sophisticated tools.
ca 6000 Pottery is made in South America.
ca 2500 People in the Arctic makes flirt tools.
ca 1750 Peruvians build a long canal to irrigate their cops.
ca 1200 Fishermen in Peru makes rafts and boats from reeds
ca 1200 Olmec sculptors carve figurines and giant human heads.
ASIA AND OCEANIA
ca 11,000 The earliest-known day pots are made in Japan.
ca 5200 People in Iran make wine.
ca 4000 Bronze is first made in Thailand.
ca 3500 The plow is invented in both China and Mesopotamia.
ca 3000 Boats in China are equipped with anchors.
ca 2950 A lunar calendar is developed in China.
ca 2500 Clay pipes are used as drains in Pakistan.
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ca 2500 Chinese doctors begin using acupuncture.
ca 2296 Chinese astronomers record the sighting of a comet.
ca 1361 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse.
ca 1000 The Chinese begin writing on bamboo or paper made from bark.
ca 1000 The Hindu calendar of 360 days is introduced in India.
ca 850 The Chinese use natural gas for lighting.
Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C. – 3rd Century A.D.)
I t has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The tem ple and
pyram ids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study m ore of it.
The term Mesoamerica comes from the Greek word mesos meaning "in the
middle." This period is characterized by the following civilizations:
Olmecs ((1500 B.C.-400 B.C.)
• The top of the society are priests and nobles who lived in ceremonial centers.
•
Normal people lived in farming villages around the elites.
•
Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks as portraits of rulers.
•
Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic writing into stone.
•
The mother culture of Mesoamerica.
Mayans (300 B.C.-900 A.D.)
• Developed methods of farming such as shifting agriculture and raised bed
farming.
•
Organized into city-state without political unity but bounded economy.
•
Developed numbering system including place value and the concept of zero.
•
Developed hieroglyphic form of writing that were used for recording
astronomical observations, rituals and religious matter but was burnt during
the invasion of Spanish conquerors.
•
Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and ritual calendar with 260 days.
Aztecs (12th-15th Century)
•
Built chinampas or “floating gardens” to plant crops.
•
Built empire which has a ruler with his council consisting of nobles, priest,
and military leaders.
•
Developed a calendar with 365 days and a ritual calendar with 260 days.
•
Believed that illness is a punishment from the gods but still uses herbs and
medicine for treatment
Medieval Period (ca. 500-1500)
The Medieval Period also known as “Dark Ages” is considered to be one of the
creative periods in the history of humans and said to be the start of the first industrial
revolution. The term “Dark Ages” came up because there are few written records
remained from the said era. There are very little evidence that will support that there
was progress in the society during the periods 500 to 1500.
In the years immediately after the fall of Rome, there was a period of
readjustment, where medieval society was more concerned with keeping peace and
empire building than nurturing centers of learning. Despite this, Charlemagne (742814) a medieval emperor who ruled Western Europe in 800-814, tried to establish a
scholastic tradition. The later Middle Ages (around 1250-1500 A.D.) saw
advancements in the philosophy of science and the refinement of the scientific method.
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Far from being a backwards-medieval society, overshadowed by Islam and Byzantium,
scholasticism acted as a nucleus for the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.
This was the time for discovering great new inventions in science and
technology. There were greater advancement in technology and adaptation of Eastern
technologies in the West, including the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles,
mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building techniques like the Gothic
style, and three-field crop rotation.
One of the greatest inventions during the Middle Ages was the printing press of
Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395-1468) in the 15th century. It was Gutenberg who made
printing mechanized. The invention of the printing press itself obviously, owed much to
the medieval paper press, in turn modeled after the ancient wine-and-olive press of
the Mediterranean area. A long handle was used to turn a heavy wooden screw,
exerting downward pressure against the paper, which was laid over the type mounted
on a wooden platen. In its essentials, the wooden press reigned supreme for more
than 300 years, with a hardly varying rate of 250 sheets per hour printed on one side.
Renaissance Period (14th-17th Century)
The term Renaissance is used to refer to the period of rebirth as age of
preparation for the 17th century scientific development and achievements. One of the
greatest achievements in Western Europe during this period was the technology of
printing books and other documents which helped the rapid spread of knowledge and
information as well as the preservation of culture. The technology of the Chinese in
preparing printed materials was followed and used by the Muslims and later introduced
in Europe.
Renaissance connects the period of Middle Ages to modern history. It is closely
connected with Italy, where it began in the 14th century, although some European
countries also went into same cultural changes and phenomena.
Many historians prefer to think of the Renaissance as primarily an intellectual and
cultural movement rather than a historical period. Robert Wilde, U.K. based historian
born April 30, 1977 said that interpreting the Renaissance as a time period, though
convenient for historians, “masks the long roots of the Renaissance (para.2)”.
According to Wilde in his interview with livescience.com, the demand for perfect
reproductions of texts and the renewed focus on studying them helped trigger one of
the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history: printing with movable type. It
allowed Bibles, secular books, printed music and more to be made in larger amounts
and reach more people. On the other hand, people and a lot of steps were involved.
Wood printing first came to the West from China in 1250-1350, papermaking originated
from China has reached 12th century Spain, and the new printers' ink originated from
Flemish oil painting. In Mainz, Germany, Gutenberg made final steps in wooden press
by casting a metal type and locking into it. The invention spread fast, reaching
European countries from 1467-1483. By 1500, Europe had already produced six
million copies of books. Without the printing press, communications revolution would
not happen and it would not transform the condition of life. The communications
revolution greatly made an impact in human opportunities for enlightenment and
pleasure and created unimaginable possibilities for manipulation and control on the
other. The consideration of these contradictory effects may shield us against a ready
acceptance of triumphalist conceptions of the Renaissance or historical change in
general.
Also, Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
made one of science's greatest achievement. He presented the theory of heliocentric
where he said that the sun is the center of the solar system instead of the earth. It was
a major breakthrough in the history of science, though the Catholic Church banned
Copernicus' book.
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was also a major Renaissance scientist persecuted
for his scientific experiments. Galileo improved the telescope, discovered new celestial
bodies, and found support for a heliocentric solar system. He conducted' motion
experiments on pendulums and falling objects that paved the way for Isaac Newton's
(1643-1727) discoveries about gravity.
Middle East (17th Century)
The revolutions in the M iddle East w ere a product of the developm ent and
grow th of individual nationalism , im perialism , for the efforts to w estern and
m odernize M iddle Eastern societies, and to push the declining pow er of the
Ottom an Em pire in the Arab region.
Middle east is a term used to describe a geographic location that extends from
Egypt to Afghanistan where Islam arose. Islam, however, is a religion of right actions,
rules, and laws that began in the 7th century and follows the teachings of Muhammad
who was believed by Muslims as the messenger of God. Islam is also an Arabic word
meaning “submission to God”. Islamic rules are symbolized by five obligatory acts or
the five pillars of Islam: Witness (Shahada), worship (salat), fasting (Sawm), Tithing
(Zakat), and Pilgrimage (Hajj). If the Roman Catholic Church has the “Bible” Islam, on
the other hand, also has its holy book called Qur’an (Koran).
Seemingly different to other ancient civilizations like Europe, Isla as religion
plays an important role not only in Arab ways of living but also in the advancement of
science. The pursuit of knowledge is included in the teachings of Prophet Muhammad.
This practicality of Islam and openness to embracing knowledge resulted to some
advancement in the field of geography, medicine, and mathematics.
Contributions to Geography
•
Salat prayers require knowledge in geography to know the direction of the
Qublah, i.e., the direction that should be faced when Muslims pray.
•
In 1166, Al Idrisi produced very accurate maps including a world map that
has continents, mountains, rivers, and famous cities.
•
Al-Muqdishi, a geographer, also produced an accurate colored map.
•
Muslims are great navigators for the expeditions of other countries.
Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher Columbus imported Muslim
navigators.
Contributions to Mathematics
•
Muslims invented symbols to express an unknown quantity.
•
Made use of zero and decimal system.
•
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (early 9th century), one of the first
directors of the house of Wisdom, introduced algebra in solving equation.
Medical Contributions
•
Arabs made use of human cadaver to study and understand its anatomy
and physiology.
•
Abū-‘Alī al-Husayn ibn-‘Abdallā Ibn-Sīnā or Avicenna (ca. 970-1037) wrote
an encyclopedia of medical knowledge. This work was translated into Latin
and was used as a textbook in Europe up to 17th century.
•
Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi spearheaded the construction
of the first Islamic Bimaristans (hospital)
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INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION (18TH CENTURY)
The Age of Enlightenment is a period in Europe in the 18th century when many
writers and thinkers began to question established beliefs. These beliefs include the
authority of kings or the of the Church, in favor of reason and scientific proof. The idea
developed that everyone was of equal value and had equal rights.
Copernican Revolution
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun w ere placed in the
heavens/ universe. I t is the idea that rejected P tolem aic m odel (earth is the center of the
solar system ) and proved the heliocentric m odel (Sun is the center of the solar system
having the earth revolving around it.)
The theories and ideas from ancient thinkers about the natural world and the
universe laid a foundation of how we understand astronomy today. Though there is
only a small number of extraordinary thinkers during the time of antiquity, there is
always a divergence of theories and ideas of philosophers during that time. The fact
that the Earth is not the center of the solar system is only one of the results of scientific
revolution. Mathematics was the common tool used by ancient astronomers to explain
the motion of celestial bodies and on the latter combined with actual observations that
provided enough evidences proving that the Sun is the center of the solar system. The
remarkable contributions of ancient astronomers to the development from Geocentric
to Heliocentric model of the Universe is listed in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Notable contributions of ancient astronomers to the development of the
universe
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.,
Greek)
Aristarchus (310-230 B.C.,
Greek)
Hipparchus (190-120 B.C.,
Greek)
Claudius Ptolemy (85-165
A.D., Greek)
Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543,Polish)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642,
Italian)
Johannes Kepler (15711630, German)
Proved that the Earth is spherical
Earth was at the center of the universe, i.e., sun,
planets, and stars were located in sphere that
revolved around the Earth.
The first to propose the idea that the Sun was the
center of the universe.
Considered to be the greatest astronomer of ancient
times.
Used Hipparchus observations to develop the
Ptolemaic System which describes the Earth as the
center of the universe with sun, moon, planets, and
stars revolving around it in a circular orbit.
Concluded that the Sun, not the Earth is the center of
the universe.
Supported Copernican model of the universe.
Formulated the three Laws of Planetary Motion.
Darwinian Revolution
This has brought a great im pact on how people approach Biology forever. This revolution
provided a different than the "theory of Creation". The Darw inian revolution started w hen
Charles Darw in published his book "The Origin of Species" that em phasizes that hum ans
are the result of an evolution.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) is a biologist who was famously known for
his works on evolution and the process of natural selection. He studied Divinity in
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Cambridge where he met Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873) and the naturalist John
Henslow (1796-1861) who brought back his interest in biology and geology.
With the teaching of the church and the influence of Henslow, Darwin also
rejected the idea of Lamarck that acquired characteristics are inheritable. His faith
altered after five years mapping expedition with the British Army in 1831 headed by
Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy (1805-1865) of the ship named H.M.S Beagle. He made
observations on diversity of organisms in the Galapagos Islands and adaptation which
laid the foundation to develop his theory of evolution and natural selection.
Evolution, as explained by Darwin, occurs by means of natural selection, in
addition, natural selection might occur because of the following reasons:
a) Overproduction and variation-some species produce many offspring but not all
of these will survive. It means that not all of the offspring do not have the
characteristics to survive in the environment.
b) Competition and Selection- Competition may or may not be direct but the idea
is always on the survival of organism. The organisms that survived more likely
reproduce which transfer their characteristics to their offspring.
c) Environmental change- the environment will not adjust for the organism but
rather it is always the organism that will change to adapt to the environment.
Freudian Revolution
This theory has started to revolutionize P sychiatry w ith Sigm und Freud. This includes the
"Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the hum an developm ent contributes to
his/ her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper
functioning if a hum an does not com plete his/ her developm ental stage.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) explained how human mind works and cure
its mild mental illness. He calls this method psychoanalysis and its main goal is
to make unconscious conscious. He also developed topographical and
structural model of the mind to basically explain the sources of human behavior.
According to the topographical model of Freud, the mind is divided into three
regions. These are the subconscious, preconscious, and conscious mind.
The Structural Model of the
Mind
a)
b)
c)
Conscious mind- consists of
thoughts that focus on the
present state of mind.
Preconscious mind- consists
of what can be retrieved from
the memory.
Subconscious mind- consists
of the primitive desires,
wishes, or impulse, which is
mediated by the preconscious
mind.
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The structural model of Freud elaborates his topographical model which
preconscious mind is then divided into superego, ego, id.
a) Ego-drives a socially acceptable way to satisfy the demands of id as it
operates the conscious and unconscious mind
b) Id- comprises Eros, the life or survival instinct of man and Thanatos the
death or destructive instinct of man.
c) Super ego- operates based on the principles of morality that drive man to
become socially responsible and behave in an acceptable manner. It
basically means that super-ego drives a man to follow rules and resolves
the conflict between ego and the id.
Industrial Revolution (18th Century)
People rely on their hands in doing labor works even before the machines have
emerged after a century that significantly increases of production output. The
phenomenal process in the transfer of doing work by human hands and feet to the use
of machines was called The Industrial Revolution.
It began in Great Britain and spread across Europe, America, and even Asia
from 1760 to 1840. It was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced and
altered the way people lived. The Industrial Revolution was a time of scientific and
technological advancement which spanned the period during late 19th century to early
19th century. Partly through good fortune and partly through conscious effort, Britain
by the early 18th century came to possess the combination of social needs and social
resources that provided the necessary preconditions for a commercially successful
innovation and a social system capable of sustaining and institutionalizing the
processes of rapid technological change.
One of the major setbacks of the Industrial Revolution was skilled workers were
set aside because operation of new machines were used. The companies also hired
women and children increasingly which cost lower than of the skilled workers.
Manual/physical labor was changed into machine operated devices, even
tradesperson replaced the craftsrmen and the applied scientists replaced the amateur
inventors.
Aside from these, three important technologies formed the foundations of the
first Industrial Revolution namely, iron production, steam engine, and textiles.
The steam engine has been around but later on improved by Scottish James
Watt (1736-1819) and other investors after 1778. It was used to run machines and
made a major contribution to the first Industrial Revolution. The steam-powered
machine was improved gradually and was adapted for many uses and the use of more
complex machinery was made possible. The development and refinement of machine
tools by British engineers Henry Maudslay (1771-1831) and Joseph Whitworth (18031887) played a key and crucial part in the later phase of the first Industrial Revolution
as machine tool technology enabled standardized manufacturing machines to be
fabricated.
Some of the greatest inventions were introduced by American scientist, such as
during this period was Robert Fulton's (1765-1815) steamboat that used one of Watt's
engines. Thomas Edison (1847-1931) who invented the light bulb. Alexander Graham
Bell (1847-1922) who invented the telephone. English engineer George Stephenson
(1781-1848) developed the first steam-powered locomotive.
African Revolution
Africans like other Eastern civilizations are pioneers of some advancement in
science and technology. They worked independently without any influence of
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European science. Some remarkable works of Africans were in the field of
mathematics, metallurgy, architecture and engineering, astronomy, medicine, and
navigation. The remarkable contributions of Africans are the following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Africans made use of the first method of counting.
The modern concepts of mathematics that is globally accepted and used
today in high schools was first developed in Africa.
Used advanced techniques for furnace that made it fuel efficient which
was 200 to 400°C hotter compared to 1600°C-furnace used by the
Romans.
Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11 interconnected rock-hewn
churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia which are considered as wonders of the
world.
Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people.
Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and constellations to
calculate and establish an accurate calendar.
Pioneered some medical practices like installation of false teeth, filling of
dental cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction, vaccination, brain
surgery, skin grafting, and autopsy.
Made use of plants like the bark of Salix capensis as source of aspirin,
kaopectate for treating diarrhea and Rauwolfia vomitoria as source of
reserpine for hypertension and snakebite.
Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can carry a load of 80
tons.
In the 19th Century
In the 19th century, witnessed the rise of modern industry, from agriculture to
industrial manufacturing and technology-intensive services. An unending stream of
new products turned out by factories employing radically new technologies, skills, and
organization drove this emerging modern world.
Based on the Gregorian calendar, 19th century lasted from 1801 to 1900. The
invention of useable electricity, steel, and petroleum products led into a second
Industrial Revolution during the 19th century. This century was considered to be the
age of machine tools. Tools were made for tools; machines were made for other parts
of another machine.
During the 19th century, science also made great progress.
• John Dalton (1766-1844) published his atomic theory in 1803. Dalton also studied
color blindness.
• Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated the Periodic Table.
• Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) formulated the law of the Conservation
of Energy in 1847. In 1851, he invented the ophthalmoscope. In the late 19th century,
physics made great strides.
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) showed that light is an electromagnetic wave in
1873 and was later on proved by Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1888.
• Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) discovered radioactivity in 1896.
• Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) discovered radium in 1898.
• Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897.
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In the 19th century, people mastered electricity.
• Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) discovered that electric current is a wire caused
a nearby compass needle to move is 1819.
• Michael Faraday (1791-1867) showed that a magnet can produce electricity
and in 1831 he invented the dynamo.
• Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872) invested the electric telegraph is 1937.
In the 19th century, machines in factories were usually operated by steam
engines. At the end of the 19th century, they began to covert to electricity. In the mid19th century, railways revolutionized travelling and made travel much faster. Steam
locomotives pulled the carriages.
• Kari Benz (1844-1929) and Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) made the first cars in 1885
and 1836.
Meanwhile, the steamship revolutionized travelling a sea. At 1815, steamships
were crossing the English Channel. Furthermore took several weeks to cross the
Atlantic. Then in 1838, a steamship called the Sirius made the jobs across the Atlantic
in 19 days. However steam did not completely replace sail until the end of the 19th
century when the steam turbine was used on ships
In the 20th- Century
It is not skeptical that the 20th century is one of the most noticeable in the history
of humans for its incomparable technological advances and scientific discoveries.
There were a lot of new technologies made and science discoveries.
Technology was rapidly developed in the 20th century. With the use of scientific
methods and funding for research, it helped achieve the advancement of modern
science and technology. With the ascension of new technology, it enhanced the
communication and transportation system of humans and brought it closer to people.
Military research and development brought about the rise of electronic computing and
jet engines. Radio and telephony enriched greatly and reached a wider population of
users, though near-universal access was impossible until mobile phones became
affordable for the people in the late 2000s and early 2010s.
The relationship between science and technology has become more
problematic on several levels in the 20th century. In the face of an ever-growing
complexity, technology has become more scientific and the natural sciences more
technological, as the social scientific concept of techno science indicates. At the same
time, many technological innovations since the 1970s have only slowly resulted in jobcreating new products.
Some of the greatest technological advancement during this period was the
creation of personal computer. In 1971, Intel developed a microprocessor that made
computer smaller, easier to use, and cheaper which replaced the early computers that
were bulky and had a tube-powered behemoths. Computer has become a dominant
tool in the global economy and as a necessity in many homes that until today we greatly
rely on them. Steve Jobs (1955-2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950) have redefined the
meaning of computer by introducing Apple in 1976. While in connection with the
invention of personal computers, the Internet was also created in 1969 for defenserelated research known as ARPANet or Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network. It helped us in terms of global communication, gathering information through
searching, conducting business matters and on our everyday affairs through the World
Wide Web which was created in 1989.
Another one is the automobiles or cars, which were considered to be one of the
most revolutionary technological advancements in the century. Exploitation of the said
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technology was made possible because of Henry Ford (1863-1947) by devising a
system of mass production for the Model T in 1908. It made cars affordable to people
and also made a dramatic change in the society. Using automobiles as a form of
transportation has connected people together including those in the rural areas to
urban centers.
One of the breakthroughs during the century was the invention of Artificial
Intelligence that has the capacity for a computer to perform humanlike intellectual
processes and it was later on developed during the 1940's. Modern A.I. features
specially designed computers that can think" similarly to humans. A.I. is also being
used to assist doctors in making medical diagnoses. While there are no any program
or computer existing today that can match the man's full intellectual capacity.
REFERENCES
1. Agsalud, Priscilla Signey. (2012). Science, Technology and Society. Great
Books
Publishing
2. Bautista, D., N. Bruce, J. Marasigan-Dungo, C. Garcia, J. Imson, R. Labog, F.
Salazar, J. Lee-Santos. (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Maxcor
Publishing House Inc
3. Ballena, N., R. Bernal, L. Paquiz, R. Ramos and L. Viet. (2004). Science,
Technology and Society. Trinitas Publishing
4. https://www.slideshare.net/rey_john_rey/intellectual-revolutions-that-definedsociety?from_action=save
SUGGESTED READINGS
VIDEOS/ FILM CLIPS
/
WEBSITE/
i.
Bautista, D.H., N.S. Burce, J.M. Dungo, C.S. Garcia, J.B. Imson, R.A.
Labog, F.J.B. Salazar and J.L. Santos (2018). Science Technology and
Society. MaxCor Pub. House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines
ii.
Goddard, J. (2010). Concise history of science and inventions: An
illustrated Timeline. Washington, D.C., USA: National Geographic Society
iii.
123 Help me. (n.d.). History of science and technology. Retrieved from
http://www.123helpme.com/history-of-science-and-technologyview.asp?id=158842
iv.
Moistero, A.P. (2006). Science, technology and society. Quezon City:
Educational Publishing House
v.
The
scientist-history
science.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cgp_Oh7eifA
vi.
Progress
in
science
and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlwwZZeiz5o
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of
technology.