PART I
Format, Language and Style
A. Format
The Marikina Polytechnic College prescribes a format for thesis and dissertation.
The templates presented here in will serve as guide of the graduate and under graduate students to
produce a scholarly research outputs.
1. Required bond paper size: The final copies of the Thesis/ Dissertation are to be
printed on 8.5  11 inches high quality paper (substance 20) that is not punched or
perforated in anyway.
2.
Font size: 12
3. Font style: Arial
4. Line Spacing
a. Use double spaces for the following:
1) Text of the body of research (thesis/dissertation) from chapter I to V.
2) Between entries of bibliography, Table of Contents, List of Tables, List of
Figures and Appendices.
3) Between entry clusters of Title Page
4) Between table numbers and title of table
5) Between title of table and the table
6) Heads and sub-heads of 2 or more lines in the text.
b. Use single spaces for the following:
1) Quotations of two or more lines
2) Titles/heads of two or more lines in the table of contents, list of tables, list
of figures, appendices, etc.
3) Bibliography, with in entries
4) Between entries of curriculum Vitae
5) Letters in the Appendix
5. Pagination: Every paper/page in a Thesis/Dissertation is assigned a number typed
on it. There are two series of page number s. The fist, in small Roman numerals,
begins with the title page and ends with the last page preceding Chapter I and placed
at the bottom center of the page. The second series , in Arabic numerals, begins with
the first page of Chapter I (but numeral assigned to the first page of each Chapter
should be omitted) and continues throughout the Thesis/ Dissertation, including
graphs, illustrations, tables, bibliography and appendices, and placed at the right side
and upper part of each page. When using a paper with logo, align page number with
the logo of the College.
a. Use Roman numbers in Chapters and Arabic numbers in pages.
b. Show page numbers at the bottom center of front pages (ACKNOWLEDEMENTS,
TABLE OF CONTENTS, etc.) count from title page but do not number it. Use
lowercase Roman numbers.
c. In a formal non-scientific writing, spell out numbers one on one hundred and those
that can be expressed in one or two words in the text.
Example: One hundred twenty-five
d. Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence.
Example: Fifty percent of the male respondents…
e. Use figures for dates, pages, street, serial, telephone numbers, fractions
accompanied by a whole number, decimals, percentage, and quantities combined
with abbreviations and symbols.
1
Example: January 12, page 60, 32 Ipit St, 6 2, 7.6,50 percent,7 cc, 5 oz.
6. Margin: The margins at the top bottom and right are to be 1.0 inch; the left -hand
1
margin is to be 1 2 inches. All tables, charts and illustrations are to be left-hand
1
margins of no less than 1 2 inches of binding requirements.
Any over –size material may be folded in from the right, top and bottom in such a way
1
as to leave a 1 2 inch margin on the left side.
7. Letter head : Include letter head on top of every page starting from the approval
sheet. It should be within 1 inch to margin (with underline separating the letterhead
from the text).
8. Indention/alignment
a. Observe paragraph indention on the first line of every numbered sub -head. The
first line of every paragraph. Type on the 5 th space of the heading or the preceding
line.
b. Observe paragraph indention on the first line of every numbered sub -head. The
numbers should be aligned with the first word of the main head preceding sub head.
c. Use hanging indention in the heads/titles consisting of 2 or more lines in the table
of contents, list of tables, etc. Type on the 3 rd space of the preceding line.
d. Observe 5-space indention from the main heads (starting with numbers) to the
sub-heads in the table of contents.
e. Align sub-topics with the first word in the statement/question of the statement of
the problem
f. Align sub-topics with the first word in the entire text. All succeeding lines should
start from the left margin.
9. Quotations: Quotations of more than three lines should be single spaced, set off from
the text in a separate paragraph and indented four spaces, with double-spacing
between paragraphs. Opening and closing quotation marks are omitted. Quotations of
three lines or less are enclosed in quotation marks and run in to the text.
10. Tables, Figures, Reproductions: Tables are numbered consecutively throughout the
Thesis. The word “Table,’’ followed by the appropriate Arabic numeral, is placed
above the caption.
Figures are numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals, with the word “figure” (only
the first letter is capitalized) and the appropriate numeral appearing before the caption.
11. Bold:
a.
b.
c.
d.
bold face the following :
All entries in the title page
Titles of other sections of the paper (Bibliography, etc).
The word Chapter (and Number) and title
The words Chapter, Table, Figure and page in the Table of Contents, List of
Tables, etc.
e. Main heads of Chapters (Statement of the Problem, Conclusions, etc).
f. Titles of Appendix/Appendixes in the text.
g. Categories of Bibliography (A. Books, B. Unpublished Researches, etc).
12. Capitalization
a. Capitalize all letters (all caps) in the following:
1) Title of study in the title page
2) The word CHAPTER in the text
3) Section Heads (ACKNOELEDGEMENTS,
BIBLIOGRAPHY etc).
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS,
b. Capitalize only the first letters of important words -nouns, pronouns , verbs,
adverbs, adjectives (upper-lowercase) in the following:
1) All other entries of the title page
2) Titles of chapters in the text
3) Titles of tables, figures, plates, etc.
4) Sections of chapters and first sub-level headings
5) Titles of table
Do not capitalize articles, coordinate conjunctions, prepositions (of 5 or less
letters) and the word to in an infinitive.
c. Capitalize only the first word
adjectives)
of
the following (except proper nouns and
1) List of words in the Definition of Words/Variables/Terms Used
2) Column and row heads and entries of a table
3) List of enumerated items in the Statement of the problem when preceded by a
colon.
d. Do not capitalize listed items in the statement of the problem when they are part
of a lead-in statement.
13. Punctuations:
a. Use a period (.)
1) After an Arabic number in an enumeration in the text or section pages (Table
of Contents, List of Tables, List of Figures, etc.)
2) After list of words in the definition of terms
3) After paragraph heading
4) After statements
b. Use a semi –colon (;)
1) At the end of statements or paragraphs that are part of an enumeration in the
Acknowledgements
2) Between elliptical sentences analyzing findings
c.
d.
e.
f.
Use a colon (;) at the end of a formal introductory statement followed by a list.
Do not use a period after enumerated items that consist of words or phrases,
Observe two spaces after a period 1 space after a colon, a semi colon and comma
Do not use hyphen in the following words: overall, pretest, posttest.
B. Language
1. Tenses
a. Present tense is used when
1) Discussing events in literary works.
Example:
Cupid believes that there is no love without trust.
2) Indicating that a given work continues to present the same idea.
Example:
Like all Shakespeare’ tragedies, Julius Caesar addresses many themes that are
instantly recognizable: revenge, betrayal, and murder for example. (Source: Go:
September, 2012)
3) Drawing conclusions in CHAPTER V
Example:
In the light of the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
a. The faculty members of the college Education very satisfactorily perform their
teaching tasks.
b. Teachings for independent learning, management of learning, and commitment
have a weak relationship with the communication practices of the
administrators; thus, they are not much contributory factors to the faculty
performance.
4) Making general statement in the interpretation of results.
Example:
These findings emphasize the need to strengthen administrators’ communication
practices in the state colleges and universities in the National Capital Region.
5) Stating hypothesis
b. Past tense is used when
1) Reporting procedures done and findings of study.
Example:
Prior to the distribution of questionnaire, letters to the College/University
President were prepared requesting them to allow the researcher to conduct her
study in their respective institutions. After the approval of the letters of request,
the researcher personally administered the questionnaires to the respondents with
the help of her fellow faculty members.
2) Rephrasing Statement of the Problem of a complete research
Example:
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the communication
practices of the College of Education administrators of selected State University
and Colleges (SUCs) at the National Capital Region (NCR) and the level of the
faculty job performance as basis of a proposed professional development program.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:
1. What was the extent of the communication practices of SUC administrators of
selected NCR SUCs as perceived by the administrators and the faculty
respondents in the following dimensions?
a. Intrapersonal
b. Interpersonal
c. Group
d. Organizational
e. Intercultural
3) Citing what authors of related literature or studies did.
Example:
Pearson (2011) remarked affectionate communication includes the
expression of feelings or concern that could be demonstrated by a manager toward
his subordinates in the workplace.
Steve (2008) commented that in education institutions, communication
becomes even more of a challenge because schools are complex communities
comprised of multiple layers of administration, faculty, and student body.
2.
Pronouns
a. Use third person pronouns in the Acknowledgement.
Example:
The researcher expresses her heartfelt thanks to the following persons whose
helping hands made this work possible:
b. Use first person pronouns in Dedication.
Example:
To my husband, Robert and my sons, Gilbert and Alvin, who have supported and
inspired me in all my undertakings.
C. Style
1. Introductory Paragraph
Start sections of each chapter that are followed by a list with introductory paragraphs.
Examples:
a. Based on the foregoing, the following conclusion are drawn:
b. The following terms are defined according to the context in which they w ere used
in the study for a clearer understanding of what they mean.
2. Complete Sentences
Define words in Definition of Terms in complete sentences.
Example:
Departmentalization. This involves the grouping of jobs according to some logical
arrangement.
3. Demographic Profile
Place demographic profiles that have not been used as variables in the study in
Chapter III, not in Chapter IV. (If age and gender have not been used as basis of
comparison or relationship, they may be shown in Chapter II, under Subjects of the
Study or Respondents)
4. Tables
a. Tabulate only data with three or more entries, (Data on gender often identify
only male from female. In this case, the topic is just discussed in paragraph
form. A table is not necessary)
b. Do not cut tables. If it is too long, reduce font or place horizontally on the
page.
c. Place discussions of tables either before the table or after the table.
d. Use inverted pyramid style for titles of tables.
e. Avoid starting titles of tables with: Frequency and Percentag e Distribution of
Respondents According to Age. “The trend is to mention the variable directly,
e.g. “Ages of the Respondents” “respondents’ Ages”.
5. Statistical Formulas
The trend now is not to include formulas of common statistical instruments. Just
explain how they were used in the study. (Percentage and Mean formulas are often
omitted in the study. Their uses are however, specified.)
Formulas which are rarely used may be included for clarity and verification.
6. Parallelism
When making a list whether in text or tables, observe parallelism. (Use phrases or
sentences throughout the list. When starting with a verb or noun, follow the same
beginning up to the end of the list.)
7. Title of the Study
a. Use inverted pyramid style tor titles of research/ thesis/dissertation.
Example:
EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION BOARD AS A TOOL FOR
INCREASING UTTERANCES IN THE CLASSROOM SETTING OF
CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
b. Avoid starting your title with “An Assessment,” “An Investigation,” “A
Comparative Study,” “An Evaluation” etc.
Example: (Obsolete)
Assessment of the Board Performance of CEU Graduates in Allied Medical
Courses (2000-2010)
8. References
a. Cite only references that are not more than 5 years old.
b. Allot only 10 to 15 pages for Chapter II: Review of Related Literature and
Studies of undergraduate research or Thesis, and not more than 20 pages for
dissertations.
c. There should be 10 Related Literature and 10 Related Studies for Master’s
Thesis. Fifteen (15) Related Literature and 15 Related Studies for
dissertation.
9. Summary of findings
When summarizing findings of the study in chapter 5, list the specific problems
asked in chapter 1, but phrase them as topics not questions.
Example:
Summary of Findings
The following are the findings of the study:
1. Profile of the Subjects
2. Number of Whole World Utterances Before and After Use of Communication
Board
3. Comparison of the Numbers of Whole World Utterances Before and After
Use of Communication Board
4. Effects of the Use of Communication Board on the Whole World Utterances
of Children with Autism According to Classroom Periods.
10. Conclusion
Conclusions are generalizations that evolve from the findings. Do not confuse them
with findings.
Examples:
1. Sixty percent of the respondents showed very low proficiency in English
based on their scores in the English Proficiency Test. (Finding)
2. Most college student have low English proficiency. (conclusion)
PART II
Guidelines in the Development of Content
Chapter I Introduction
A. For Background of the Study
1. Cite the reasons why you have chosen the topic of your study.
2. Cite the problematic situation/s which prompted you to conduct the study from the macro to
micro levels, that is, globally, nationally, regionally and locally, to zero -in on the local
setting of the study.
3. Support your discussion with legal basis relevant to your study
4. Support your claim with pertinent statistical data.
5. Make your presentation emphatic and explosive. It should create an impact on the reader of
your research. It should prod your reader to go on and find out what good is there in your
research study.
6. Include objects which jibe with the problems. If there are six problems, there should also be
six objectives.
7. While the problems are stated in interrogative form, state the objectives in the infinitive form
of the verb. The objective should start with the word “to.”
8. Do not be repetitive in the use of action words. Vary them, for instance: to assess, to
determine, to evaluate, etc.
9. State the objectives in behavioral terms. It means, objectives should be SMART (specific,
measurable, attainable, result-oriented, and time bounded.)
B. For Statement of the Problem
1. Make a general statement of the problem.
2. Cite the specific problems in logical and sequential order as they appear in your paradigm.
3. The problems must be jibe with the paradigm, conceptual framework, hypothesis,
methodology, and research instrument.
4. Define the problem in terms of the data that can be obtained.
C. For Significance of the Study
1. Name those who are to benefit from the study- people, institutions, agencies, etc.
2. Cite how they will benefit from the findings of the research.
3. Do not fail to include the researchers as beneficiaries and what they are expected to benefit.
D. For Scope and Delimitations of the Study
1. Define the scope of your study, the parameters or boundaries of the investigation, the variables included
and the respondents to be involved.
2. What weaknesses or limitations of the study do you anticipate? How are you going to handle them so that
they do not become the bottleneck of the investigation?
Chapter II Conceptual Framework
A. For Related Literature
1. Make an introductory statement before you present your related literature.
2. Cite conceptual literature taken from books, periodicals, magazines.
3. The conceptual literature should be logically presented.
4. Type single space/inset statements copied from original sources.
5. Paraphrase long citations. In this case, you should restate the author’s thoughts in your own words.
6. Document your sources properly.
B. For Related Studies
1. Write an introductory paragraph.
2. Arrange your research related studies by variables. The arrangement of variables should be based
on the paradigm.
3. Cite those studies which are relevant to your study.
4. Present the related studies by citing the research methodologies used, the respondents, the
statistical treatment, and the major findings.
C. For Similarities and Differences of This Study and Those Reviewed
1. Cite first the similarities of the related study with your study then, cite the aspects where they
differ.
2. Cite the aspects that make your study original or novel.
3. Similarities and differences should be compared even to their minor details.
4. Recapitulate the similarities and differences with a last/concluding paragraph.
D. For Theoretical Framework (For Doctorate only)
1. Look for a core theory with which to anchor your study. The core theory should relate to your
dependent variable/s.
2. Have other supporting theories. The supporting theories should be related to your independent
variables.
3. Your theoretical framework should be a well – knit presentation where to hinge your study.
E. For Conceptual Framework
1. The conceptual framework should be hinged on your theoretical framework. The theories cited
should be clearly explained and operationalized in this portion.
2. The paradigm, which is a schematic illustration of the conceptual framework should be discussed
comprehensively to encompass the parameters of the investigation.
3. Describe how your variables will relate to each other.
4. Clearly explain the hypotheses to be tested in this portion.
F. For Conceptual Model
1. Illustrate or concretize the conceptual framework in the paradigm.
2. Appropriately place the variables in their corresponding boxes. The use of one-headed or twoheaded arrows will clarify which variables are to be correlated.
3. Write the figure number under the whole paradigm and label it.
C. For the variables
1. Describe all the variables and how they will be assessed/evaluated.
2. The presentation of the variables should follow the sequencing in the paradigm.
D. For research hypothesis
1. The null hypotheses should be clearly stated. The test of the null hypotheses will aid in
rejecting or accepting it.
2. The null hypotheses should jibe with number of variables to be studied.
E. For Definition of Terms Used in the Study
1. Key terms or phrases used in the study should be defined conceptually (conceptual
definitions are taken from books, encyclopedias, periodicals, magazine s and journals).
2. After the conceptual definition, define the key terms and phrases operationally or how these
are taken to mean in your study.
3. Terms to be defined should be arranged alphabetically.
Chapter III Research Design
A. For Method of Research Used
1. Decide on what research design to use, Your decision should be based on the purpose of
your research --- will you do it to search a theory? To test a theory? Or to solve a problem?
2. Make a justification why you are going to do it, etc.
3. Cite authorities to support your choice of research design.
B. For Source of Data
1. Locale of the study
a. Describe the locale or place of the study
b. If your study is about the educational practices of a certain locality, present some
educational statistics. If the topic is about health, present some health statistic and so
on.
c. Include a map or a location, if any.
2. The Respondents
a. Describe your respondents; their characteristics and profile and how you are going to
identify them.
b. Present a table depicting your total respondents, the population and sample sizes, type,
number, frequencies and percentages, and so on.
3. Sampling procedure
a. Describe your sampling procedures:
1) How will you derive the sample size?
2) What sampling techniques will you use?
b. The sampling procedure should be scientific. Avoid arbitrariness.
c. The sampling procedures and sample size determination should pass the test of
representativeness.
C. For Data Gathering Instrument
1. Decide on the type of research instruments that will best gather the data and information
needed in your study. Will you use the questionnaire, opinionnaire, interview guide,
observation? Will you use the triangulation method or a combination of other research
methods?
2. From whom will you adopt your research instruments? Have th ey been validated? If so, are
they reliable and valid? Is there still a need to revalidate them?
3. Do they possess the basic characteristics of a good research instrument?
4. How about measurement and scaling of these research instruments?
5. Make sure the instructions are clear and explicit. Erroneous instructions will affect the
respondents’ response and likewise your data.
D. Validation of Research Instrument
1. Research instruments which have been adopted from previous studies usually do not need
to be revalidated. But when changes or revisions have been made to suit the needs of your
study, there is a need to revalidate them.
2. Research-made instruments need to be validated.
3. Decide on how you are going to validate your research instrument. Will you empl oy field
testing? Expert validation? Or a combination of the validation techniques?
4. If you are going to frame your testing instruments, will you subject the test items to item
analysis?
5. Cite your justification why you will no longer validate them.
6. Where will you validate your instruments? Who will be your pretest group? How many will
be involved, etc.?
E. Sampling procedure
1. Cite the procedure for determining your sample size.
2. Decide on the sampling techniques you are going to employ and why? Will you use a
combination of different sampling techniques or procedures?
3. Make sure the determination of the samples and the identification of your respondents has
been done following scientific procedures and not your arbitr ary decision or subjective
judgment.
F. For Scoring and Interpretation of Data
1. Describe your scoring or point system for every variable. Your data quantification should
help you in your statistical analysis.
2. Mention the source or author of the scoring pattern you have adopted.
3. Explain how your data will be scored and interpreted.
G. For Data Gathering Procedure
1. Describe the step-by-step process in your data gathering, what you actually intend to do
and the individuals who will act as research aid.
2. Take note of unusual events, occurrences, or comments of the respondents in the course
of your data gathering.
3. If using the triangulation method, be extra observant of whatever happe ns during the data
gathering.
H. Statistical Treatment of Data
1. Describe the statistical tools you are going to use and for what purpose you are going to
use them.
2. Indicate the different formulas and the legend for the symbols used.
3. Indicate also at what level of significance the interpretations be based.
Chapter IV Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
To present, analyze and interpret the data:
1. Present the findings based on the arrangement of sub-problems enumerated in chapter 1. Use
each sub-problem as title for the entire presentation, analysis and interpretation of data from the
tables/figures of each sub-problem.
2. In the presentation of data, decide on the most appropriate medium to use to present them
effectively. It will be helpful if the results will be summarized and analyzed through tables or
figures.
3. Make sure that the textual presentation should supplement or expand the contents of tables and
charts rather duplicate them. Only facts should prevail, not opinions.
4. Only objective data embodied in tables must be the bases of discussion. It is advised to avoid
highly opinionated and sweeping statements in the textual discussion.
5. Be objective and logical in analyzing the data. Present a clear distinction between fact and
opinion. Again, facts should prevail.
6. To analyze and interpret the data, point out those that are consistent or inconsistent with the
theory presented in the study’s theoretical framework. The interpretation must be based on the
following levels:
a. Based on inferences and deductions;
b. Based on documented evidences, supporting or contradicting the findings of the study;
c. Based on the researcher’s insightful interpretation using implications and syntheses.
7. In reporting statistical tests of significance, include only the information that concerns the value
of the test, the degree of freedom, the probability level, and the direction of the effect.
8. Compare and contrast the findings with that of other cited previo us studies and make sound
interpretations.
Chapter V Summary, Conclusion, Recommendations
A. Summary
To present a Summary of Findings:
1. Provide an introductory statement.
2. Write general statement of the problem as stated in Chapter I. follow the order of
presentation of the specific/ sub-problems.
3. Include textual and numerical data.
4. Include only the salient findings of the study, the method of research used, the instrument
used in data gathering, the respondents and the statistical tools used to treat the data.
5. No inference or interpretation should be stated.
B. For conclusion
To present the conclusions:
1. State them based on the arrangement in specific problems. Make sure to follow the sequence
of their presentation in Chapter I.
2. Use brief but generalized statements derived from the findings.
3. It should not be repetition of statements anywhere in the body.
4. Do not include numerical data.
C. For Recommendations
To present the Recommendations:
1. The suggestions for the improvement of practices, policies and implementing strate gies
relative to the topic should be specific.
2. Specific recommendations should be focused on the study’s findings and conclusions. They
should not be opinionated but must be based on evidences.
3. Suggestions for further investigation in the same field may be made.
4. Some closely related problems that seem to have grown out of the study may be mentioned.
5. Modification that may be introduced if one were to study the same problem again may also
give.
6. The recommendations should be addressed to the persons, agencies or offices which are in
a position to implement them.
7. The areas which require further research should be identified.
8. Every specific sub-problem should have its corresponding recommendation/s.
(Recommendations should be equal or more than the number of specific/sub -problems.)
Bibliography
The printed materials should be arranged based on the order of the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Books
Journals/Periodicals
Thesis/Dissertation
Internet Sources/Websites
Other Sources
The following should be observed:
1. Include in the Bibliography only the sources used in the study.
2. Follow the format of America Psychological Association (APA) style for References
3. Arrange the materials used alphabetically within the category
4. Internet sources should be arranged by including the author’s name, year of publication the title
of the book/thesis/dissertation/journal, etc. Date retrieved from website should be included.
Appendix
The following are the inclusions of Appendix:
1. Research output consisting of a number of pages such as instructional materials, work texts, etc.
which may be printed in non- thesis but for research output with only few pages, they should be placed
after Chapter IV.
2. (Original copy) Signed by authorities to conduct the study
3. Original copy of letters accepted/signed by validators and/ or evaluators
4. Questionnaire and other research instruments used.
Notes: Appendices should be identified with capital letters and should be page -numbered continuously
in Arabic numbers with the other parts of research report.
Curriculum Vitae
The following are included:
1. Personal Information
2. Educational Qualification
3. Work Experience
Include passport size at the upper right side of the first page of the curriculum vitae. The researcher
can decide his/her own format in the presentation of his/her information/profile. This must be printed
in thesis paper and counted as page.
QUOTATIONS AND REFERENCE CITATIONS
A. APA Parenthetical Citation
2. Work by one author
a. If the name of the author is used as part of the sentence, only the date of publication should be
placed in parenthesis.
Example:
Pearson (2011) remarked that affectionate communication includes. the expression of feelings or
concern that could be demonstrated by a manager toward his subordinates in the workplace.
b. If both date and author are stated in the sentences, citation is no longer needed.
Example:
The study of made in 2015 stated that the administrators of the College of Education of the
five SUCs in NCR practiced to a High Extent the five communication dimensions.
(Note: Verbal interpretation should be bold and the first letter of each word, if there are two or three
words, is capitalized)
c. If neither of them is given in the sentence, both should b e in parenthesis.
Example:
A study on Management Communication Practices of Selected Local Government Universities
and Colleges in Northeastern Part of the National Capital Region (Buhay,2012) identified solution to
this problem.
3. Work by Two Authors
a. Give the names of the both authors every time the work is cited.
Example:
It is mentioned in the study of Bacay and Parcon (2014)that…
4. Work by Three, four, or five Authors
a. Give the names of all authors the first time the work is cited. When the names are given in
parenthesis, use an ampersand (&) instead of and. In later citations, give only the name of the first
author, followed by et.al.
Examples:
As stated in the study of Bacay, Madera Quinzon, and Cirineo (2015)…
Recent research (Bacay, Madera, Quinzon, and Cirineo, 2015) has shown…
The researchers (Bacay, et,al,. 2015) conducted a study that proved…
5. Work by Six or More Authors
a. Give only the last name of the first author followed by et.al. A work written by Bcay, Madera,
Parcon, Qiunzon, Cirineo, and Concepcion would be cited as follows:
Example:
According to Bacay, et,al,, (2015)…
A study on Administration Communication Management (Bacay, et,al 2015 ) revealed that…
6. Corporate Author
a. Give the full name of a corporate author (government agency, association, or research
organization) each time it occurs in the text. However, if the group is well known by its abbreviation
in sub sequent references.
Examples:
To ensure that illiteracy will be minimized if not totally eradicated Department of Education
[DepEd] Memorandum No. 221, s. 2007 released…
To make sure that the program is fully implemented, the DepEd (2007) issued Memorandum No….
Memorandum was released for the full implementation of the program (DepEd, 2007) to assist…
7. Work without an Author
a. In your citation give enough of the title to enable your readers to find it in your reference list;
usually two or three words are enough.
Example:
For an article titled “Strategies for Ensuring Computer Literacy Among Undergraduate Business
Students” would be cited as: (Strategies for Ensuring Computer Literacy” 2012).
(Source: Helms, Marilyn (2012). Strategies Computer Literacy Among Undergraduate Business
Students: A Marketing Survey of AACSB. Accredited Schools. Information Systems Education
Journal.)
8. Two or more Authors with the same Last Name
a. If you have used as sources two or more authors with the same last name, you must give their
initials each time you refer to their work.
Example:
As stated by R.C. Mande (2014) and E.N. Mande (2015)…
9. Two of More Works by the Same Author
a. Give the name followed by the dates of the works.
Example:
The study reveals (Dela Pena, 2008, 2012)…
b. If the works were published in the same year , use the alphabetical suffices you assign to the works
in the reference list.
Example:
(Capuno, 2009a, 2012b)
10. Two or more authors within the same parentheses, give them in alphabetical order and separate
the entries with semicolons.
Example:
( Capuno, 2011; Conception & Quinzon, 2015)
11. Part of source
a. You may want to cite a page, chapter, illustration, or other specific part of a source. When you
use a quotation, you must always give the page number.
Example:
(Cirineo and Bungag, 2011, chap. 2)
(See Figure 4 in Chua, 2009, p.15)
12. Legal Documents
a. For statutes, give the name of the act and year.
Examples:
Higher Education Act (1994)
Or
Higher Education Act of 1994
13. Quotation with Name of Author
a. When your sentence contains a quotation and includes the name of the author, place the publication
date and page number in parentheses. Abbreviate page or pages (p. or pp.) The publication date
should follow the name of the author; the page number should follow the end of the quotation.
Example:
Crineo (2014) said that Bungag proved in his study the theory as “experiential learning or
first-hand experience.” (p.15)
14. Quotation without the Name of the Author
a. When you quote but do not identify the author in the sentence, the name of the authors, date of
publication, and the page number appears in parenthesis at the end of the sentence.
Example:
Bungag proved in his study the study the theory as experiential learning or first –hand
experience” (Cirineo, 2014,p .15)
15. Work by Two Authors
a. When you refer to a work by two authors, cite both names each time the reference appears.
Example:
Schools like most organizations depend on shared meanings and interpretations of reality to
facilitate and coordinate actions (Gray & Euphoria 2011) … Gray & Euphoria (2011) also added
that…
16. Work by Three, Four, or Five Authors
a. For a work by more than two authors but fewer than six authors, cite all names in the first
reference. In subsequent reference, cite only the name of the first author use et,al.
Example:
Bacay, Mande, Madera and Collo (2015) proved that the faculty members of the College of
Education of five selected SUCs in the National Capital Region are highly dedicated in the
performance of their work … these findings (Bacay, et.al., 2015) reveal that..
DOCUMENTING THE PAPER (APA FORMAT 5 TH EDITION)
In doing the Bibliography, the following guidelines are to be observed:
1.
Indent the lines next to the first (five spaces)
2.
Spell out the surname and use initials for the given and middle names.
3.
Enclose in parentheses the date/year of publication.
4.
Capitalize the content word and proper nouns and adjectives in the title and subtitle of a
book or an article.
5.
Capitalize the content words (nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs) in the
name of a periodical (newspaper, magazine, or journal).
6.
Italicize the title of a book or the name of a periodical.
7.
Write the edition number after the book title.
8.
Write n.p. if there is no place of publication.
9.
Write n.d. if there is no date of publication.
10. Write Anon. or long dash if the source has no known author.
11. Write the pseudonym (false name) of the author before his/her real name enclosed in brackets.
12. Write a colon after the place of publication.
13. Write a period after the author’s name, the book title, and the last item in every entry.
14. If the book is an edited book, write the abbreviation ed. after the writer’s name.
15. Write et.al. (and others) after the name of the main author of a book authored by six persons or
more; the co-authors’ names are dropped.
16. Single-space within entries.
17. Double-space between entries.
18. Type BIBLIOGRAPHY at the center if the list includes direct and indirect reference
materials; however, type REFERENCES if the list includes only those reference materials
directly used in the paper.
(Source: Menoy, J. Z.,(2013). The Simplified and Technical Reporting Writing: Documenting
the Paper. (3 rd ed.) Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp., pp.224 -227.)
For samples of bibliography entries having the APA format, the following are prepared by Owen
Williams of the University of Minnesota Crookston (UMC) which can serve as your guide.
Journal Article, One Author
Simon, A. (2000). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye.
and Cognition, 23, 635-647.
Memory
Journal Article, Two Authors
Becker, M.B, &Rose, S.J (1995). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of social Issues,
32,230-343.
Magazine Article, One Author
Garner, H.J. (1997,July). Do babbies have a universal song? Psychology Today, 102,70 -77.
Newspaper Article, No Author
Study finds free care used more. (1982, April 3). Wall Street Journal, pp .A1, A25.
Book, Two Authors
Strunk, &White, E.B(1979). The Elements of Style (3 rd Ed). New York Mcmillan.
Edited book
Letheridge,S, &Cannon, C.R. (Eds.). (1980). Bilingual Education. New York: Praeger.
Entry in an Encyclopedia
Imago. (2000). In World Book Encyclopedia (Vol.10,p.79). Chicago: World Book Encyclopedia.
Dissertation
Mande, R.C. (2014). Adminidtrators’ Communication Practices of State Universities and
Colleges and Their Relationship to Faculty to Performance: Inputs for a Professional
Development Program (Doctoral Dissertation), Marikina Polytechnic College, Marikina City.
Electronic Format
The citation is done as if it were a paper article and then followed by a retrieval statement that
identifies the date retrieved the source.
Web Page with Private Organization as Author
Midwest League (2003). Pitching individual records. Retrieved October 1, 2003, from
http://www.midwestleague.com/indivpitching.html
Chapter or Section in an Internet Document
Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach handbook. In Joe soccer. Retrieved September 17, 2004,
from http://www.joescocer.com/menu.html
(source: Menoy, J.Z., (2013). The Simplified Research and Technical Report Writing:
Documenting the Paper. (3 rd ed.) Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp., pp.224 227.)