Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences SHS Grade 11 SELF – LEARNING MODULE ABRA DE ILOG NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL –SHS Abra de Ilog Occidental Mindoro Module 3: Navigating Society through Social Science Disciplines First Quarter ( Week 3) Name:________________________________ Level/Section: __________________________ Most Essential Learning Competency: Barangay: _____________________________ Explain the major events and their contributions to the emergence of the Social Sciences. Contact Number: ______________________ Date Received: ________________________ Date Submitted: ________________________ 1 EXPECTATIONS You must be able to explain the major events and their contributions to the emergence of the Social Science disciplines. Specifically, this module will help you to: • • Recognize the various Social Science disciplines; Compare and contrast the various Social Science disciplines; and • Appreciate the importance of the various Social Science disciplines and understand the burning issues in the society. Let us start your journey in learning more on Disciplines within the Social Sciences. I am sure you are ready and excited to answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer up! PRETEST Directions: Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What Social Science discipline seeks to understand the origin of human beings, the adaptations, either cultural or biological, and the differences in cultural traditions and beliefs about life among individuals or groups of individuals? a. Anthropology b. Economics c. Linguistics d. Sociology 2. Which of the following is NOT a goal of Psychology as a Social Science discipline? a. To make guesses about how people think and act. b. To create constructive and permanent changes in people's lives. c. To make the most of the benefits that the people will obtain from consuming goods and services. d. To understand how people living in a specific society behave and why these people act in a certain manner. 3. The systematic investigation of various political institutions and processes, sources and limits of political power and its manifestations, types of legitimate rule or authority, and systems of government refers to . a. Demography Economics c. Political Science b. d. Psychology 2 4. Which of these definitions best describes the term “Demography”? a. It analyzes the various natural or human languages, and their structures, such as sounds, words, phrases, and sentences. b. It investigates the different human behaviors, physical structures, mental conditions, intellectual processes, and on how these all relate to the environments of the people. c. It studies the distribution and location of the different natural or physical structures of the earth, the relationships, and interactions, between the people and their environments. d. It examines the different characteristics of the human population and the various aspects that bring about changes within its structure. 5. Which Social Science discipline deals with the matters or problems connected to the optimum allocation of limited resources in order to satisfy the infinite needs and wants of the people? a. Economics Geography c. Political Science b. d. Psychology Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your facilitator to check your work. Congratulations and keep on learning! BRIEF INTRODUCTION Have you ever wondered how our society has shaped you as a person? Did you ever think of the contributing factors that affect your everyday life? Well, as a Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) learner, it is important for you to ponder or think about these things seriously. According to Alan W. Watts, a British philosopher, we rarely realize that our most private emotions and thoughts, our principles or convictions, our systems of communication, and many more are not really ours. Rather, these things were given to us by our society. All actions of an individual, such as the way of thinking, the manner of doing certain activities, the method of controlling or disciplining oneself, and even one’s life choices, were molded by the different contributing forces in our society. Some of these factors are the cultural traditions, economic factors, natural environments, historical experiences, political institutions, and social statuses. These forces were the primary reasons for the emergence of the various disciplines within the Social Sciences that, although autonomous from one another, are essentially bound together to explore these contributing factors and explain how these forces affect our everyday lives, and to deal with the same entity, which is the society. In this lesson, you will learn about the importance of the various disciplines under the Social Sciences in comprehending and recognizing controversial issues and complications in the society. Additionally, you will also identify the similarities and differences among these disciplines. 3 LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON Research Cruzadex Directions: Fill in the crossword puzzle with the correct words using the clues below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. (1 point per item) 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 9 Across Down 2. This includes the selection of methods of inquiry to be used to gather data that will help the researcher in addressing his/her research questions and desired topic 3. A non-experimental research design that concentrates on measuring the variables through quantitative research instruments 4. The procedure of collecting and measuring accurate information, such as insights from numerous relevant sources, in an established systematic way 5. A type of inductive research design wherein a researcher employs an organized set of procedures in order to formulate a focused, abstract, conceptual theory about a specific phenomenon 7. Specific questions about a behavior, event, or phenomenon of interest that a researcher wishes to seek answers for in his/her research project 9. The process of analyzing and interpreting the data gathered from a variety of sources for the intention of drawing conclusions about the research questions of interest 1. This strategy of inquiry is different from other types of research design because the data collected from the participants are often retold by the researcher into a thematically or chronologically coherent story 2. It is involved with the formulation of a set of activities to be performed in order to satisfactorily answer the research questions identified in the exploration phase 6. This interpretative research design stresses the importance of exploring a specific social phenomenon, such as an event, an interaction, or a relationship, within the context of its culture 8. The construction of new scientific knowledge and/or the employment of prevailing knowledge in a new and innovative way to create or attain new concepts, conclusions, and procedures 4 DISCUSSIONS Lesson 1 Social Science Disciplines Aside from the spread of the infectious disease and the struggle to contain it, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic has created far-reaching implications, including economic, social, and cultural consequences. The said disease is anticipated to automatically affect the Philippine economy and the global economy as well, since deceleration or slowdown in economic activities, which is an infection control practice, is inevitably needed in preventing and reducing the transmission of the disease from one person to another. Decrease in tourist arrivals because of travel restrictions, sharp decline in remittances, increase in business closures, and rise in the unemployment rate are some of the expected economic impacts of the pandemic. Apart from the economic sectors, this infectious disease has also affected the different social institutions, such as education and family. Widespread closures of educational institutions and utilization of distance education instead of face-to-face learning are a few implications of the pandemic in the educational system. Also, people, especially women and children, have become more vulnerable to the different types of domestic and sexual violence because of community quarantine, which is sad, thinking that it should be safer for them to stay at home with their family. According to the Philippine National Police's - Women and Children Protection Center (PNP-WCPC), 602 cases of sexual assault, or an average of eight incidents a day, were recorded from March 17, 2020 to May 23, 2020. These were the times when Luzon and other parts of the Philippines were under enhanced community quarantine because of the pandemic. Religion is another social institution that is impacted by the pandemic. Sunday schools or church schools were closed, worship services of various religious institutions were cancelled, and even pilgrimages, or visitations to the places that are considered holy or special, were also cancelled. Because of these consequences brought by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic, our world and our everyday lives will never go back to normal for a long period of time. Whether we like it or not, we must adapt the routines and restrictions of the “new normal,” such as wearing face masks, practicing social distancing, and changing our lifestyles, so that we can prevent the spread of the infectious disease and ensure not just our own safety, but the safety of all. Fortunately, various disciplines of Social Sciences can help us adjust to the “new normal.” These disciplines can help in the battle against the pandemic by 5 investigating the different social forces related to the development and transmission of this infectious disease. Moreover, Social Science disciplines can produce knowledge that can be employed in helping individuals, families, and communities on how to better cope with the implications of the pandemic. Now, the question is: What are the different disciplines under the Social Sciences? DISCIPLINES OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES Social Sciences explore the different factors, such as cultural, demographic, economic, geographical, historical, linguistic, political, psychological, and social factors, that mold the actions of the people and their societal implications. These forces are being represented by the various disciplines within the Social Sciences, which emerged because of these forces themselves. Social Science disciplines, although independent and different from one another, share the same goal and that is to define the essence of being a human. These disciplines allow us to analyze the human behavior from a variety of perspectives, to deeply understand the controversial issues and complications surrounding our society, and, most significantly, to empower ourselves as democratic citizens of the fast-changing world. Social Sciences mainly include the following disciplines: Anthropology, Demography, Economics, Geography, History, Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology. • Anthropology - It is s etymologically defined as “the study of humanity” that originated from the Greek word “anthrÅpos,” word for “human being,” and the suffix “-logy,” which means “the study or the science of”. This discipline seeks to comprehend the origins or roots of human beings, the adaptations, either cultural or biological, that allow people to go well with their environments, and the variations in cultural traditions and beliefs about life among individuals or groups of individuals. It is a mixture of Social Sciences and Natural Sciences, specifically Biology, for it considers both cultural and biological perspectives in dealing with the human nature. Its central focus is the concept of culture since culture molds the nature of human beings and is conditioned by both social and natural environments. This broad field of study analyzes culture by exploring the people’s systems of communication, patterns of behaviors, principles or values, tools or ornaments, and even the manners of grouping themselves. It investigates the changes in the traditions of various cultural groups that occurred throughout the years. Related News: New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species- ancienthuman-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/) • Demography - It is etymologically characterized as "writings about population” which was derived from two ancient Greek words “demos,” meaning "the people," and “graphia,” meaning "writing about or recoding something". It analyses the different characteristics of the human 6 population, such as the size, the density, the territorial dispersion or spatial distribution, and the structure or composition, and the various factors that bring about changes within its structure, namely fertility or natality, aging, mortality, migration or spatial movement (emigration and immigration), and social mobility or change in social status (e.g., horizontal, vertical), through statistical models to determine how they cause changes in the society over a specific period of time. Its primary sources of data and information are population and housing censuses, household sample surveys, and administrative records, such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, and death certificates. Related News: PH population growth slows, 2020 estimate 1M less than expected (https://www.rappler.com/nation/248067-philippine-populationgrowth-slows-2020) • Economics - It is etymologically described as “household management” which was originated from the Greek word “oikonomia”. This subject of interest deals with the matters or problems related to the optimal allocation of limited resources, which have alternative uses (decision-making). In order to satisfy the infinite needs and desires of the people or to maximize the utilities or the pleasures that the consumers will obtain from goods, services, or experiences. It seeks to comprehend the different types of economic system (e.g., traditional, command), the various human actions or behaviors with regard to the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services, and the role of the market and the government in these economic activities, especially in the regulation of the outputs. This branch of knowledge characterizes different social behaviors, such as collecting of raw materials and manufacturing of products, using mathematical equations and quantitative analyses. Its primary goal is to develop better economic policies in order to mitigate the issues about the allocation of scarce resources or the distribution of wealth and to maximize the benefits that the people will get from consuming goods and services. Related News: Philippine economy to shrink 2% to 3.4% in 2020 (https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/government-economy/philippineeconomy-to-shrink-2-to-34-in-2020) • Geography - It is etymologically defined as “description of the earth's surface” which was derived from two Greek words “geo,” which means “earth,” and “graphia,” which means “recoding something or writing about”. It investigates the distribution and location of the different natural or physical features of the earth, which include the landscapes or topographies, the climatic conditions, the living things (floras and faunas), and even the characteristics of the inhabited portions, and the relationships, as well as the interactions, between the people and their surroundings. It is the field of study that serves as the bridge between the Social Sciences and the Natural Sciences, particularly the Earth Sciences, as it examines the people and their environments and analyzes the geographical relationships between all cultural and physical phenomena in the world. It asserts that the environments or the geographical locations of the people ultimately determine the human actions or behaviors that will be manifested within the community and the kinds of society that will be established or developed over a long period of time. 7 Related News: Namria discovers 400 to 500 new islands in PHL archipelago (https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/555068/namria- discovers-400-to-500new-islands-in-phl-archipelago/story/) • History - It is etymologically characterized as “knowledge acquired by inquiry or investigation” which was emanated from the Greek word “historía,” which means “inquiry” or “knowledge from inquiry or investigation”. This area of study reconstructs various recorded human events and natural phenomena and explains the different human thoughts and actions in the past and the changes that these had experienced through the analysis of primary (e.g., diaries, video footages, official records) and secondary (e.g., articles, documentaries, encyclopedias) sources of information. It involves the systematic detection, collection, organization, and presentation of substantial evidences or information regarding several past events or phenomena; this subject of interest points out that the past events, such as the rise and fall of the civilizations and the dawn of revolutions, are still significant factors affecting the present-day as these events continue to shape the way people act, behave, or decide in the present. Related News: Duterte signs law making April 27 ‘Lapu-Lapu Day’ (https://news.abscbn.com/news/07/03/18/duterte-signs-law-makingapril-27-lapu-lapu-day) • Linguistics - It is a branch of knowledge that is etymologically described as “the science of languages” which came from the Latin word “lingua,” meaning "language or tongue,” and the suffix “-ics,” which means “the science or the study of”. It is the scientific study of various human or natural languages, which are products of humanity’s cultural and biological heritages, and their structures, such as sounds, words, phrases, and sentences. It analyzes the nature of different human languages by closely examining their formal properties or features, which include displacement (imagination), arbitrariness (flexibility), productivity (creativity), discreetness (uniqueness), dualism (double articulation), and cultural transmission (acquisition). This discipline investigates the origins of various natural languages, language acquisition procedures, and the changes that have occurred in different human languages over a period of time, including their modern modifications or variations. Its main focus is the concept of language, since it is a universal and identifiable feature of human capacity and behavior. It plays a vital role in both understanding and culture of a certain society and molds the people living in it. Its principal goals are to create language theories by analyzing the nature of several human languages and to employ these theories in order to describe all natural languages. Related News: Team launches online rescue of dying PH languages (https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/356816/team-launches-online-rescue-of- dying-phlanguages/) • Political Science - It is etymologically defined as “the science of city-state” which was originated from Greek word “polis,” meaning “city-state,” and the Latin word “scire,” meaning “to know”. This subject of interest is the systematic analysis of various political institutions and processes, sources and limits of political power and its manifestations, types of legitimate authority or rule, and systems of government. It examines the different political thoughts or philosophies (e.g., patriotism, neutralism) and political ideologies (e.g., democracy, fascism) as well as the impacts of these concepts on the political activities or 8 behaviors (e.g., supporting or opposing a particular candidate for public office) of the people or groups of people by utilizing numerous empirical and scientific methods of analysis. This branch of knowledge investigates the various social structures or patterned social arrangements, such as public policies and social laws that maintain peace and order within a certain society and address the needs of the people living in it. It considers politics or the political realm as the domain that captures human lives and as a competition for control of and access to wealth or resources among contending interest groups. Related News: House pursues shift to federal government (https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/05/1982149/house- pursues-shiftfederal-government) • Psychology - It is etymologically characterized as “the study of the mind” which was derived from the Greek word “psyche,” which means “soul or mind” and the suffix “logy,” which means “the study or the science of”. It is the scientific investigation of different human behaviors, physical structures (e.g., nervous system, endocrine system), mental states (conscious and unconscious), cognitive processes (e.g., critical thinking, problemsolving), and on how these all relate to the surroundings of the people. This field of study analyzes the various internal (e.g., personality traits) and external (e.g., environmental or situational features) factors that shape humans and affect their behaviors or reactions, such as the blink of an eye, the rise in blood pressure, or the disorderly violence that frequently explodes in a large group of people, using systematic and objective procedures of investigation and observation. It insists that whatever is going on within the psyche or the human mind, such as sensation, pleasure, phobia, doubt, victory, or conflict, molds the way a person sees his/her society and, therefore, affects his/her relationship or connection with other people and the environment. Its main goals are to figure out how people living in a particular society act and why these people behave in a certain manner, to make predictions regarding how people think and act, and to create positive and permanent changes in people's lives, such as treating different mental health conditions and improving the well-being of the people. Related News: More Pinoys experiencing mental health issues as a result of lockdowns, says NCMH (https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/05/28/more- pinoys-experiencing-mentalhealth-issues-as-a-result-of-lockdowns-says- ncmh/) • Sociology - It is etymologically described as “the study of society” which was derived from the Latin word “socius,” which means "companion," and the suffix “-logy,” which means “the science or the study of”. This area of study is the systematic analysis of the various developments, systems, structures, and functions of human society. It examines how individuals behave and interact with each other as members of a certain social or cultural group and how these people work as a whole in the larger society through the sociological perspective, which is an effective approach in discovering several repetitive and general patterns of human behaviour and interaction. This subject of interest, which is a sister discipline of anthropology, investigates the different social influences that affect general patterns of human behavior and interaction, such as historical events (e.g., revolutions, reforms, wars), social institutions (e.g., family, education, religion), socially derived cultural norms (e.g., laws, folkways, taboos), collective values, socially shared beliefs and practices, and social problems (e.g., poverty, gender discrimination, ecological imbalance), and hypothesizes regarding the processes wherein the individuals are socialized in a particular society in which 9 they are living. It mainly deals with the concept of social interaction since social interaction is the fundamental element of all relationships and groups that comprise every human society. Its goal is to recognize the various characteristics of the people living in a specific society, such as their genders, nationalities, or age groups, in order to apprehend the distinct nature of human relations. Related News: Sociologist’s research on Filipino leader reveals insights into populist politics (https://news.uchicago.edu/story/sociologists-research- filipino-leader-reveals-insightspopulist-politics) ACTIVITIES Activity 1.1. Pictures of Reality Objective: Recognize the various Social Science disciplines. Directions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Examine the pictures below and identify the social issues reflected in each picture. Identify the Social Science discipline/s that is/are appropriate to each social issue. Provide a short explanation of your answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. Picture Social Issue/s https://pixabay.com/de/photos/m% C3%BCll-plastik-philippinen-cebu4252118/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfat australianaid/10695910543/ https://www.schriever.af.mil/Ne ws/ArticleDisplay/Article/13325 35/fight-depression-search-forsigns/ 10 Appropriate Social Science Discipline/s and Explanation The highest possible score for the five items is 50 points. Each written answer for every item will be graded based on the following criteria: Appropriateness (correct answer) 4 points Content (in-depth and comprehensive) 3 points Organization (Presentation of thought) 2 points Conventions (grammar, spelling) 1 points Total 10 points Activity 1.2. Table of Comparison (Communication, Critical Thinking) Objective: Compare and contrast the various Social Science disciplines. Directions: 1. Compare and contrast the Social Science disciplines 2. Make the table of comparison on a separate sheet of paper. 3. Answer the guide questions that follow. Discipline/s Definition/s Key Concept/s Source/s of Information Primary Goal/s Anthropology Demography Economics Geography History Linguistics Political Science Psychology Sociology Guide Questions: 1. What are the similarities among the Social Science disciplines? 2. How the social science disciplines are differ from one another? REMEMBER • Social Sciences primarily include the following disciplines: Anthropology, Demography, Economics, Geography, History, Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology. • Anthropology seeks to understand the origins of human beings, the adaptations, either biological or cultural, that enable people to fit in with their environments, and the variations in cultural traditions and beliefs about life among people or groups of people. • Demography examines the various characteristics of the human population, such as the size, the density, the spatial distribution or territorial dispersion, and the composition or structure, and the different factors that cause changes within its structure Economics deals with the issues or problems connected to the optimum allocation of limited resources, which have alternative uses, in order to satisfy the unlimited needs and desires of the people • • Geography studies the distribution and location of the various physical or natural structures of the Earth, which include the topographies or landscapes, the climatic conditions, the living things, and even the appearances of the occupied portions, and the relationships, as well as the interactions, between the people and their environments. 11 • • • • • History reconstructs several recorded human events and natural phenomena and explains the various human actions and thoughts in the past and the changes that these had undergone through the analysis of primary and secondary sources of information. Linguistics is the scientific analysis of different natural or human languages, which are products of human race’s biological and cultural heritages, and their structures, such as sounds, words, phrases, and sentences. Political Science is the systematic study of different political institutions and processes, bases and limits of political power and its manifestations, types of legitimate authority or rule, and systems of government. Psychology is the scientific inquiry of various human behaviors, physical structures, mental conditions, intellectual processes, and on how these all relate to the environments of the people. Sociology is the systematic study of the numerous developments, systems, structures, and functions of human society. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING It’s Thinking Time Based on what you have read about the “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19),” think of the ways on how the various Social Science disciplines can help in the battle against this infectious disease. Directions: 1. Think of the ways on how the various Social Science disciplines can help in the battle against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 2. Do this activity on a separate sheet of paper. 3. Use the table below in laying out your ideas. Possible Contribution/s in the Prevention and Control of Disciplines Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Anthropology Demography Economics Geography History Linguistics Political Science Psychology Sociology 12 Rubrics: Criteria Content (presence of ideas) Organization (order) Style (choice of words) Conventions (grammar and spelling) Total Highest Possible Points 10 points 4 points 4 points 2 points 20 points POSTTEST Directions: Read each question/sentence carefully and choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. 1. In Social Sciences, if Sociology analyzes the different structures of human society, Anthropology analyzes . a. The nuanced nature of human relations. b. The variations in cultural traditions and beliefs about life among people or groups of people. c. The nature of different natural languages by closely examining their formal features or properties. d. The different types of economic system, the various human behaviors or actions regarding the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. 2. Ms. Cruz is curious about several political institutions and processes, bases and limits of political power and its displays, types of legitimate rule or authority, and structures of government. Which of the following Social Science disciplines can help her know about these matters? a. Demography c. Political Science b. Economics d. Psychology 3. “I get irritated often. Little things make me lose my temper and I overreact.” – A working student. Which of the following Social Science discipline can help with the problem of the working student? a. Economics c. Political Science b. Geography d. Psychology 4. If History reconstructs numerous recorded human events and natural phenomena and explains the various human actions and thoughts in the past. Which of the following Social Science discipline deals with the issues or problems related to the optimum allocation of scarce resources in order to satisfy the unlimited needs and wants of the people? a. Economics c. Political Science b. Geography d. Psychology 5. Mr. Garcia, a researcher, wants to gather information about the various characteristics of the human population in the Philippines. Which of the following sources of information is NOT useful for Mr. Garcia’s objective? a. Administrative Records c. Population and Housing Censuses b. Household Sample Surveys d. Social Media Accounts 13 REFERENCES Books Dela Cruz, A. R., Fadrigon, C., & Mendoza, D. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Sampa, E. (2017). Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. Tatel, C., Jr. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, Inc. Online Sources Abelarde, R. (2018, July 26). DISS (Disciplines within Social Sciences). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/RoseannAbelarde/diss-disciplines-within- socialsciences Cherry, K. (2019, October 28). The Major Goals of Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-the-four-major-goals-ofpsychology2795603#:~:text=Psychology%20Predicts%20Behavior&text=Successfully%2 0predicting%20behavior%20is%20also,the%20mechanisms%20underlying% 20the%20phenomena. Department of Education. (2014, February). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences [Curriculum Guide]. Retrieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/01/Disciplines-and-Ideas-in-the-Social-Sciences.pdf Discipline of Social Science. (2017, February 22). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/SAJINAKS/disciplines-of-social-science Khader, K. (2011). Linguistics. Retrieved from http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/kkhader/files/2011/10/Intro-to-linguistics.pdf Koyippally, J. (2007, September). Chapter 3: Properties of Language. Retrieved from http://haillinguistics.blogspot.com/2007/10/chapter-3-properties-oflanguage.html Linguistics. (n.d.). In Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.etymonline.com/word/linguistics Mondal, P. (n.d.). Essay on Sociology: The Meaning of Sociology (800 Words). Retrieved from https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/essay-onsociology-the-meaning-of-sociology-800-words/8496 Acknowledgement Writer: Paul Gavasan – Teacher III Editor: Amalia C. Solis – EPS Reviewers: Ma. Teresa B. Berondo - MT II (Content) Fernando B. Halili - MT II (Language) Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim – Schools Division Superintendent – Manila, Aida H. Rondilla – Chief Education Supervisor, Lucky S. Carpio – EPS, and Lady Hannah C. Gillo, Librarian II – LRMS 14 2 0 ANSWER KEY: Across 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 9. Research Method Survey Research Data Collection Grounded Theory Research Questions Data Analysis Down 1. 2. 6. 8. Narrative Research Research Design Ethnography Research Pretest 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a c c d a Posttest 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b c d a d