CHAPTER ONE
1.1
BACKGROUND OF SIWES
SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical
skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions. The
Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the
classroom to the world of work. Classroom studies are integrated with learning through hands-on
work experiences in a field related to the student’s academic major and career goals. Successful
internships foster an experiential learning process that not only promotes career preparation but
provides opportunities for learners to develop skills necessary to become leaders in their chosen
professions. One of the primary goals of the SIWES is to help students integrate leadership
development into the experiential learning process. Students are expected to learn and develop
basic non-profit leadership skills through a mentoring relationship with innovative non-profit
leaders. However, the effectiveness of the SIWES experience will have varying outcomes based
upon the individual student, the work assignment, and the supervisor/mentor requirements. It is
vital that each internship position description includes specific, written learning objectives to
ensure leadership skill development is incorporated. Participation in SIWES has become a
necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree certificates in specific disciplines in
most institutions of higher learning in the country, in accordance with the education policy of
government.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES:

SIWES will provide students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular career
before permanent commitments are made.
1

SIWES students will develop skills in the application of theory to practical work situations.

SIWES students will develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their careers.

SIWES will provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to effective
interpersonal relationships.

SIWES will increase a student's sense of responsibility.

SIWES students will be prepared to enter into full-time employment in their area of
specialization upon graduation.
1.3
BENEFITS OF SIWES
There are many benefits derived from SIWES. Programme, some of which are:

The opportunity for the students to be in direct contact with Junior, intermediate
and senior professional staff in the industry.

The opportunity for the students to boost the theoretical knowledge gained in the
classroom with practical knowledge in the Industry.

Scheme provides opportunity for the Industries to evaluate the prospective
employees and gives healthy feedback to the institution.

The successful operation of the SIWES program will provide an opportunity for the
Government to reduce the importation of expatriate Engineers, technologist and
other Professional Personnel.
2
1.4
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION
The Ago Adoluju Basic Health centre is a Public hospital, located at Ago Aduloju, Ado Ekiti
Local Government, Ekiti State. It was established on 9th of January, 2001, and operates on 24hours
basis. the health institution is also aimed at ensuring provision of qualified personnel for the
various fields of medical and health sciences.
The hospital is made up of different department and wards listed as follows:
 Administrative department
 Out patient department
 Security office
 Female medical ward
 Male medical ward
 Laboratory
 Children department
 Maternity
 Record keeping department
 Pharmacy department
3
CHAPTER TWO
KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED DURING MY TRAININGS
2.1
EQUIPMENT USED IN THE LABORATORY
 COTTON WOOL: Cotton wool is part of the most essential apparatus in the laboratory
especially in sample collection. It is used before and after the blood sample is been
collected. Before blood sample can be collected, methylated spirit is applied to cotton wool
and it is used to clean the spot in which the blood sample is withdrawn to avoid
contamination. And after the blood sample has been withdrawn from the patient, cotton
wool is taken to stop bleeding of blood from the patient.
 METHYLATED SPIRIT: Methylated spirit is applied to cotton wool to swab the spot in
which sample will be collected to avoid contamination and likewise, it kills germs, and it
reduces pain..
 NEEDLE AND SYRINGE: Needle and syringe is part of the most important instrument
used in collecting blood sample from vein of patient. There are various mls of syringe,
ranging from 2mls, 5mls, 10mls and 20mls. etc. It is used in withdrawing blood from
patient and it is also used in given injections to patient.
4
 TOURNIQUET:A tourniquet is a transparent rope like-structure used to tie the upper arm
of a patient to allow visibility of vein.
 LABORATORY REFRIGERATOR: It is used to store blood sample and other clinical
reagent.
 MICROSCOPE: It is used to view microscopic organisms which cannot be seen with
naked eyes.
 MICROHAEMATOCRIT CENTRIFUGE: It is used to spin blood to separate plasma
from the blood when connect with electricity. This instrument is used to carry out PCV
test.
 HAEMATOCRIT READER: This is an instrument used for reading the result of PCV
test. It is used to determine the percentage of blood in the body.
5
 CENTRIFUGE MACHINE: It is a device that uses centrifugal force to separate various
component of a fluid. This is achieved by spinning the fluid at high speed within a container
thereby separating fluids of different densities ( e.g liquids from solids or serum from
blood)
 BEAKER: This is a cylindrical glass or plastic vessel used for boiling liquids
 FUNNEL: This is used for guiding liquids or powder into a small opening
 SPATULA: It is used to measure solids, move objects and scrape materials from beaker.
 SAMPLE COLLECTION BOTTLES: These are container, in which the various sample
like will be collected into after collecting it from the patient.
 ANTI SERAS: They are of different types they are used for blood grouping test.
 WIDAL KIT: It is a small rectangular shaped box which consists of eight antigen used
to carry out widal test which is use to test for typhoid fever in the body.
 LANCET: It is used to prick the thumb of patient to collect sample.
 CAPILLARY TUBE: It is used to carry out PCV test.
 Universal bottle: used for sample collection e.g. urine, stool, semen
6
 Glass slide: It is used for the preparation of samples to be viewed directly under the
microscope.
 Sterile swab stick: Is used for the collection of samples to directly from the sight of
infection e.g. Ear, nose, vagina, cervix, etc. Glucometer: used to check for the sugar level
in the body with the aid of its strip.
 Hematology analyzer: Is used for the analysis of Full Blood Count (FBC).
2.2
PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN THE LABORATORY.
The following are the precautions to be taken in the laboratory which includes:
(a) Hand must be wash immediately after each experiment is being carried out.
(b) Hand to mouth operations must be avoided.
(c) Used sample such as Blood, Sputum, and Urine must be discarded immediately.
(d) Used needle and other sharp instruments must be disposed into a safety box.
(e) Open wound must be cover before working with sample in the laboratory.
(f) All samples must be carefully handled to avoid contamination.
(g) Tasting of colorless and odorless chemical must be avoided.
(h) Laboratory coat, hand gloves, helmet (when necessary) must always be worn when
carrying out test in the laboratory.
2.3
IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL TEST IN THE LABORATORY.
The importance of medical test in the laboratory includes the following :
7
(a) It helps the doctors diagnose easily and also helps in prescribing drugs.
(b) It helps in revealing health status of the body.
(c) It reveals the cause of diseases or infection.
(d) It aids quick recovery.
(e) It serves as guidelines before taken drugs. That is, It prevents drug abuse.
2.4
METHOD IN COLLECTING BLOOD SAMPLE.
There are two common ways of collecting blood samples from human body which are:
 VENOUS COLLECTION: This is the process by which needle and syringe are used in
collecting blood from the vein of a patient. It is usually done by tying a tourniquet on the
patient's upper arm to give a prominent vein, apply some methylated spirit on cotton wool,
use the cotton wool to swab the spot in which the blood sample will be withdrawn and
never touched or palpated, ask the patient to make a fist, set your syringe and needle, grasp
the patient, insert the needle on the straight vein, withdraw the blood gently, after collecting
the amount of mls that will be sufficient for the investigation required, remove the
tourniquet, let the patient release his/her fist and cover the spot in which the blood sample
was collected with dried cotton wool, recap the needle, dispose it appropriately, and pour
the blood in the bottle without wasting much time to avoid clotting.
 PRICKING METHOD: This is the method used in collecting small amount of sample. It
is done by using lancet. The thumb of the patient is cleaned with swab ( methylated spirit
and cotton wool) and the thumb will be pricked with lancet, pressure is then applied to aid
the gushing of blood.
8
2.4.1 SPECIMEN USED IN THE LABORATORY.
The following are the specimens used in the laboratory which includes :

Urine

Blood (Further divided into plasma and Serum)
 PLASMA: Plasma is produced when the whole blood is treated with anticoagulant,
centrifuge, the superman is plasma. Plasma is turbid. Plasma is used for Pregnancy
test(PT),Retro Viral Screening, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis surface Antigen test.
 SERUM: Serum is the liquid fraction of the whole blood that is collected after the blood
is allowed spin or settles into different layer Serum is transparent and is without
anticoagulant. Serum is used for PREGNANCY TEST, RVS AND WIDAL TEST.
2.5 VARIOUS TEST CARRIED OUT IN EACH DEPARTMENT OF THE LABORATORY.
2.5.1 MALARIA PARASITE(MP)
This test is carried to detect malaria parasite know as MALARIA FALCIPARUM. This parasite
is the cause of malaria which is common disease in Tropic Africa. It is caused as a result of
mosquito bite whereby female anopheles’ mosquito is a vector of the organism
o Materials: A new unopened test kits, disposable gloves, buffer timer, capillary
tube, lancet and lancet holder and alcohol swab.
o Procedure: Check the expiry date of the kits, put on your gloves. Open the packet
and remove the kit. Use the provided swab to clean the patient fingertip and use the
lancet to prick the patient to get blood sample, allow the blood sample to drop on
9
the sample hole of the kit add a drop or two drops of the buffer solution into the
buffer hole then wait for 15 minutes after adding the buffer before reading the result.
o How to Read Result:
 Positive: A line near C on the kit and a line near T on the kit means the patient has malaria
 Negative: No line near the C on the kit and a line near the T on the kit means the patient
does not have malaria
 Invalid: No line near the C and no line near the T on the kit means the result is negative.
2.5.2 BLOOD GROUP
This test is carried out to know the blood group rhesus factor ABO of a patient, it can be
positive or negative. This can be determined by collecting blood sample from patient to carry
out the investigation.
o Materials: Alcohol swaps, needle and syringe, Anti- sera reagent, blood sample,
pipette, sterile tile slide.
o Procedure:
o The blood sample was collected into an EDTA bottle through needle and syringe. 10ml of
blood was placed 3 spot on a white tile with the aid of a pipette.
10
o The anti-sera A, B and D were placed carefully on each spot of the ABO of the grouping
system on the tile respectively and an applicator stick was used to thoroughly mix the drop
of blood with an anti-serum one after the other without contamination. The tile was gently
rocked from side to side for 3 minutes to allow agglutination occurrence, then result was
observed.
Result: The result of this test is based on visible agglutination.
BLOOD GROUP ANTI A
ANTI B
ANTI D
RESULT
A+
+
_
+
A+
A-
+
_
_
A-
B+
_
+
+
B+
B-
_
+
_
B-
AB+
+
+
+
AB+
AB-
+
+
_
AB-
O+
_
_
+
O+
O-
_
_
_
O-
Result For Blood Grouping
11
2.5.3 PACKED CELL VOLUME TEST:
o Materials: Capillary tubes, blood sample, dry swab, sealer, microheamatocrit centrifuge,
and micro heamatocrit reader.
o Procedure: Fill the capillary tube to 2/3 either with well mixed venous blood or directly
from finger /thumb pricking. Seal one end of capillary tube using plasticine then place in the
micro heamatocrit centrifuge and spin at 12rpm for 5 minutes.
Result: Read the result using a microhaematocrit reader.
2.5.4 WIDAL TEST
Widal test is an agglutination test which detects the presence of serum agglutin (H and O) in
patient’s serum with typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid is an acute infection disease cause
by bacterium known as SALMONELLA TYPHI AND SALMONELLA PARATYPHI. It is
diagnosed by widal test which employs an antigen / antibody reaction for the presence of
salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphoid antibodies.
Materials: Serum (Blood Sample), Specimen collection procedure: Venipuncture,
collection of blood from a vein, usually from the arm.
12
Procedure:
 Place one drop of positive control on extraction circles of the s by the lide.
 Pipette one drop of Isotonic saline on then extraction circle.(-veControl).
 Pipette one drop of the patient serum to be tested onto the remaining four reaction
circles.
 Add one drop of widal Test antigen suspension ‘H’ to the first two reaction
circles.(PC&NC).
 Add one drop each of ‘O’,‘H’,‘AH’ and ‘BH’ antigens to the remaining four
reaction circles.
 Mix contents of each circle uniformly over the entire circle with separate mixing
sticks.
 Rock the slide gently back and forth and observe for agglutination macroscopically
within one minute.
13
2.5.5 URINALYSIS
It is also known as urine analysis. It is used to check the glucose level and some substance in the
urine and likewise, it is also carried out to screen for the presence of protein and blood in the urine.
Also, it is used to detect and manage wide range disorder such as kidney disease and diabetes. It
involves checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine. Abnormal urinalysis may
result or leads to disease or illness.
Urinalysis test strip
2.5.6 PREGNANCY TEST (PT)
A pregnancy test is a way to determine if you’re pregnant by looking at the amount of human
chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in your body. From the very beginning of pregnancy, your body
starts to go through changes to support growth in the grouping of cells that will develop into your
baby. One thing that happens very quickly is production of HCG. This chemical is only found in
pregnant women and it starts to build up once the fertilized egg implants in the uterus (womb) —
about 10 days after conception.
There are two main types of pregnancy tests — urine tests and blood tests. Often, you’ll take a
urine test at home with a home pregnancy test kit. This type of test can be purchased over-the-
14
counter (you don’t need a prescription from your healthcare provider) and is available in a variety
of price ranges. Blood tests to check for pregnancy are done in your healthcare provider’s office.
How to carried out pregnancy test by pregnancy test strip

Open the sealed pouch and remove the strip.

Place the test strip vertically (straight) into the urine sample, making sure the arrows are
pointing down. Do not allow the urine surface to go above the maximum level line (marked
by arrows) on the test strip.

Leave the strip in the urine for at least 8 seconds (recommend 10 seconds).

Remove the pregnancy test and place on a dry flat surface.

Wait for coloured bands to appear, depending on the concentration of HCG, results can be
seen in as little as 40 seconds. However, to confirm a negative result the complete reaction
time (5 minutes) is required.

Discard the test after use, put the used test in a special container and if possible regard it as
infectious.
Reading the Result
POSITIVE RESULT
If two coloured lines appear on the test strip, you are pregnant. One line may appear lighter than
the other, but they will both be the same thickness. A faint line is more likely to occur when you
15
are testing early and your hCG levels are low. See Questions 5 and 7 in the frequently asked
questions.
NEGATIVE RESULT
If only one coloured line appears on the test strip this is a negative result and you are either not
pregnant or you may have tested too early. If you are unsure repeat the test in 48 hours with a new
test strip. See Questions 6 and 7 in the frequently asked questions.
INVALID RESULT
If no lines appear anywhere on the test strip or if only the test line appears, the test has not worked
properly and is invalid. This is usually due to the strip not being wet enough. Repeat the test with
a new test strip ensuring that the strip is immersed in the urine sample for the full 10 seconds.
2.5.7 RETRO VIRAL SCREENING (RVS)
The retro viral screening test is done to determine the positivity or negativity of the Human
Immuno Deficiency Viral (HIV) in the body fluid. This virus affects some special cells of the
immune system such as white blood cells. For the first 3months, the body produces antibodies to
fight the virus during this period. It cannot be screened out after the window period which last
for about two weeks to six months, another screening is adviced. Capillary tube is brought out
after the packed cell and Plasma has been separated, the result is taken by measuring the level of
the packed blood cell on the HAEMATOCRIT reader.
3
Normal PCV for a healthy being falls between the following ranges :
4
For Neonate (Baby) ==> 55 - 65% but after 1 week, it will come down.
5
Adult Men ==> 40 - 54%
6
Adult Women ==> 32 - 46%
16
7
NOTE => SS patient Packed Blood Cells does not fall between this ranges, it can be from 1722% and that of a pregnant woman ranges from 30-34 % for lower limits and 46% for upper
limit.
17
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
TERMINOLOGIES USED

PCV: Packed Blood Cells

RBS: Random blood sugar

PT: Pregnancy test

ESR: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

MP: Malaria parasite

BG: Blood Group

COAGULATION: This is the process of blood clotting

SWAB: This is the when cotton wool is been socked with methylated spirit..

MEAN CUBITAL : Mean Cubital us the name of the vein in which blood is been
withdrew from.

Capillary tube : the apparatus used PCV

Universal bottle : is used to collect urine

WIDAL: is an agglutination test which detects the presence of serum agglutins (H
and O) in patients serum with typhoid and paratyphoid fever

RBS: this is carried out to detect the level of blood glucose of a patient at any point
in time.
18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
SUMMARY
In the course of my SIWES exercise, basic concept about each test is well understood.

PCV: Is a test done to determine the percentage of the whole blood in the body.

Blood Grouping: it is a test carried out to know the blood group and rhesus factor of a
patient.

Malaria Parasite (MP): This is a test carried out in microbiology department to detect
malaria Parasite present in the body.

FBS (FASTING BLOOD SUGAR): this is the test carried out to detect the presence high
blood sugar in the morning before eating

WIDAL: is an agglutination test which detects the presence of serum agglutin’s (H and O)
in patients’ serum with typhoid and paratyphoid fever

RBS: this is carried out to detect the level of blood glucose of a patient at any point in time.

Sampling bottles: They are bottles used for the collection of blood samples e.g. universal
bottle, fluoride oxalate bottle, ethylene-di-amine-tetra acetic bottle (EDTA), lithium
heparin bottle, plain bottle.
19
4.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
I recommend that all institutions or bodies involve in Student Industrial Working Experience
Scheme, should provide places for industrial attachment for Student Industrial Training Fund and
also pay some allowances to students and the company should provide more safety equipment to
prevent further environmental and health hazards.
Also, to students that are to undergo the training, I recommend that they should take it very
seriously, because it is one of the most important parts of their studies which will help them build
a very significant and effective meaning in their career pursuit.
4.3
CONCLUSION
My industrial attachment with ago-aduloju basic health centre, ado ekiti, ekiti state was one of
the most interesting, productive, instructive and educative experience in my life. Through this
training, I have gained new insight and more comprehensive understanding about the real
industrial working condition and practice and also improved my soft and functional skills.
All these valuable experiences and knowledge that I have gained were not only acquired through
the direct involvement in task but also through other aspects of the training such as: work
observation, supervision, interaction with colleagues, supervisors, superior and other people
related to the field. It also exposed me to some certain things about medical environment. And
from what I have undergone, I am sure that the industrial training program has achieved its primary
objective.
20