MOTIVATION 1) Define motivation Koontz and O’Donnell – motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, needs, wishes and similar forces. Bleach–motivation is a willingness to expand energy to achieve a goal of a reward. 2) what are the two types of motivations The two types of motivations are a) Extrinsic motivations- person with this motivation performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separated from the person. Example: salary people work for b) Intrinsic motivation- person with this motivation performs an action because the act itself is fun and rewarding and challenging in an internal , manner. Example: playing football intrinsic motivations yields better results because it happens from within the person without any kind of motivation from the environment. 3) what is the motivational cycle NEED MOTIVE DRIVES incentive 4) explain the terms in the motivational cycle a) NEED- it is the lack of some material essential for the survival of the organism, a physical derivation that causes tension b) DRIVES- it is the psychological tension and the physical arousal caused due to the deprivation that motivated the organism to act to fulfill the need and reduce the tension c) INCENTIVE- object in the environment that activates, maintains, and directs behavior d) MOTIVE- the reduction of tension in the body is the main goal of any motivational behavior. Goals can be both negative and positive. 5) explain the instinct approach towards motivation. Motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, needs, wishes, and similar forces. Instincts are inborn patterns of behaviour that are biologically determined rather than learned. The early attempts to understand motivation focused on biologically determined and innate patterns of behaviour. For example, the instinct to reproduce caused sexual behaviour, and The instinct for territorial protection led to aggressive behaviour. William McDougall proposed 18 instincts for humans. There were thousands of instincts that came in later by other psychologists. Instinct approaches faded away because psychologists could explain only the behaviour and not the instinct. But it gave way for them to realize that behaviour is also controlled by hereditary factors. A study also revealed that heredity plays more than 50% role in cognition and personality. 6) explain drive reduction theory. motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, needs, wishes and similar forces. The drive reduction theory talks about the connection between internal physiological states and outward behaviour. When a requirement for materials essential for the survival of the organism is missing, the need arises. With this, the psychological tension and physical arousal that motivates an organism to act in order to fulfil the need and reduce the tension that is the drive also happens. The two types of drives are a) primary drives- looks at survival needs like hunger , thirst b) secondary drives- looks at drives acquired from experience and conditioning like money, social approval. The goal is to keep the need and drive in homeostasis state, it is the tendency of the body to maintain a sturdy and balanced state. CRITICISM : This approach doesn’t explain about all motivations like why people eat even when not hungry? Why people act in a manner to increase their inner tension and arousal? 7) what is David McClelland’s approach to motivation? David McClelland proposed three types of needs that are all learnt through culture and experience. He views motivation in a humanistic manner. a) need for achievement (nAch) it is the strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, people with this need are high achievers, look for feedback. Although they are not rich or famous, they just want the challenge in life. They avoid low risk and high risk situations. b)need for affiliation (nAff) people want interpersonal social interactions and relationships. Want to be liked by others, like the popularity, have high regards, they are good team players, avoid uncertainty, and don’t want to change anything as they fear being rejected. c) need for power (nPow) they like to control others, influence others with their ideas and plans, like high status and recognition with prestige. CRITICISM : overlooks some of an employee’s more basic needs like shelter, food and safety. 8) what was Abraham Maslow’s approach for motivation? motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, needs, wishes and similar forces. Self actualization Abraham rejected all other dominant theories to propose a more positive view of human behaviour. Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs Physiological needs These include physical needs that humans must meet in order to survive, such as: food water sex warmth shelter sleep Safety needs These include things that make humans feel safe. living or working in a safe environment having a stable and sufficient source of income feeling protected from crime or abuse being in good physical health with no serious illnesses Love and belonging need Love and belonging needs include the feeling of being connected to others, belonging to a group, and having secure relationships. making friends giving and receiving affection emotional intimacy feeling accepted by loved ones Esteem needs Self-esteem involves a healthy positive regard for oneself. The things a person needs to have good selfesteem include: self-worth, which is when a person feels they have value competency, which involves feeling skilled or knowledgeable dignity, which is feeling worthy of respect respect from peers acknowledgment for one’s achievements status or prestige fame or reputation Self-actualization The highest need on Maslow’s pyramid is self-actualization, which involves a person knowing themselves, understanding their full potential, and reaching it. This is different from the esteem needs of the previous section. According to Maslow, people who become self-actualized find motivation in growth and possibility rather than trying to gain something they lack. They see things that they or their community could achieve, and they pursue them, whether or not it results in an external reward. CRITICISM : the theory was made from his personal observations and had no scientific base. 9) explain the physiological motivation. motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, needs, wishes and similar forces. A few physiological motivations are thirst, hunger, sex drive and maternal drive. Hunger Earlier, it was believed that the contractions in the stomach caused hunger, but those with removed stomach also felt hungry. It was later studied that liver, hypothalamus and cues from environment makes us hungry Liver send signals to hypothalamus. The two parts in hypothalamus is a) Ventrimodeial hypothalamus: helps stop eating (rats with no ventromedial hypothalamus dies due to over eating) b) lateral hypothalamus: helps start eating (rats with this removed died due to starvation) We also eat when not hungry, that’s because food is seen as a comforter during stress. Maladaptive disorder with food are a) obesity b) anorexia nervosa (when you starve yourself with the fear of gaining weight) c) bulimia nervosa ( when you binge eat and purge out everything later to avoid gaining weight) sexual motivation it is needed for the survival of the species. It can be caused due to external stimuli, and the expression of it differs from person to person. The sex hormones for males are testosterones from the gonads, and for females it is progesterone and estrogen from the ovaries. Adrenal and pituitary gland helps in the secretion of these hormones with the development by age. Maternal drive It is the urge to take care of young ones and others. It is manifested through nesting, feeding and defending. It is linked with oxytocin, the bonding hormone. Thirst It is needed for survival. It is triggered through loss of water through urine, sweat. The mouth can become dry. Due to dehydration, the osmoreceptors are activated and send signal known as thirst. This is known as cellular dehydration thirst.
