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[...] – the widely accepted explanation for the universe's origin.Big Bang Theory – the widely accepted explanation for the universe's origin.
[...], [...], and [...] emerged from a single point 13.77 billion years ago.Energy, matter, and space emerged from a single point 13.77 billion years ago.
Evidence for the big bang includes [...] and red-shifted light, implying ongoing expansion.Evidence for the big bang includes cosmic afterglow and red-shifted light, implying ongoing expansion. There were so many presentations man there's no way you are gonna forget this
Initially, the universe was extremely [...] and [...], comprising particles smaller than atoms.Initially, the universe was extremely hot and dense, comprising particles smaller than atoms.
Large stars create elements like magnesium,silicon, [...] and are spread through supernova explosions.Large stars create elements like magnesium,silicon, iron and are spread through supernova explosions.
[...] - These elements are essential for forming terrestrial planets.Magnesium,silicon, iron - These elements are essential for forming terrestrial planets.
[...] are created when material is pulled to the center; the remaining material creates a disk surrounding the star.Stars are created when material is pulled to the center; the remaining material creates a disk surrounding the star.
Rocky planets are closer to the Sun, as high temperatures prohibit ice formation, enabling solidification of [...] and silicate minerals.Rocky planets are closer to the Sun, as high temperatures prohibit ice formation, enabling solidification of metals and silicate minerals.
The Earth's early heating resulted from: Radiation decay,Asteroid impacts, and[...]The Earth's early heating resulted from: Radiation decay,Asteroid impacts, andGravitational forces
Earth materials were melted by heat, this caused the molten silicate to float to the surface and form the mantle and crust and molten [...] to sink to the planet's core.Earth materials were melted by heat, this caused the molten silicate to float to the surface and form the mantle and crust and molten metal to sink to the planet's core.
The Moon was created from a collision with a debris on the Earth’s orbit and a [...] planet.The Moon was created from a collision with a debris on the Earth’s orbit and a Mars-sized planet.
The Earth’s atmosphere was formed by processes such as [...], contributions from comets and meteorites, and the evolution of photosynthesis.The Earth’s atmosphere was formed by processes such as volcanic activity, contributions from comets and meteorites, and the evolution of photosynthesis.
The expansion from the big bang is [...] until this dayThe expansion from the big bang is continuous until this day
An exception is the [...] galaxy, which is observed to be moving towards us.An exception is the Andromeda galaxy, which is observed to be moving towards us.
Molten [...] core creates the large magnetic field.Molten nickel-iron core creates the large magnetic field.
The [...] planet from the sun and the fifth densest planet in the solar systemThe third planet from the sun and the fifth densest planet in the solar system
Earth was formed around [...] years ago through solar nebula accretionEarth was formed around 4.5 billion years ago through solar nebula accretion
Early Earth not [...] to life due to harsh conditionsEarly Earth not conducive to life due to harsh conditions
The Earth is oftentimes called the [...] due its distinct blue color.The Earth is oftentimes called the Blue Planet due its distinct blue color.
2. Atmosphere • Earth's [...]-thick atmosphere keeps us warm, shields from radiation, and meteorites • Earth and Venus are right-sized for a useful atmosphere2. Atmosphere • Earth's 100-mile-thick atmosphere keeps us warm, shields from radiation, and meteorites • Earth and Venus are right-sized for a useful atmosphere
4. [...] • Cells need light or chemical energy for essential reactions4. Energy • Cells need light or chemical energy for essential reactions
5. [...] • Water cycles or volcanic activity transport and renew vital chemicals • Solid planets and moons share similar chemical makeup5. Nutrients • Water cycles or volcanic activity transport and renew vital chemicals • Solid planets and moons share similar chemical makeup
[...] – a collection of interconnected and interacting\ elements that make up a larger whole.Dynamic system – a collection of interconnected and interacting\ elements that make up a larger whole.
[...] – AtmosphereAir – Atmosphere
[...] – HydrosphereWater – Hydrosphere
[...] – LithosphereLand – Lithosphere
[...] – BiosphereLiving things – Biosphere
[...] meaning vapor or steam, and sphaîra meaning sphereatmós meaning vapor or steam, and sphaîra meaning sphere
atmós meaning vapor or steam, and [...] meaning sphereatmós meaning vapor or steam, and sphaîra meaning sphere
atmós meaning [...], and sphaîra meaning sphereatmós meaning vapor or steam, and sphaîra meaning sphere
[...] - The gaseous layer that envelops Earth, composed of different gasesAtmosphere - The gaseous layer that envelops Earth, composed of different gases
The atmosphere is: 21% oxygen [...]% nitrogen 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gasesThe atmosphere is: 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gases
The atmosphere is: [...]% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gasesThe atmosphere is: 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gases
The atmosphere is: 21% oxygen 78% [...] 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gasesThe atmosphere is: 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gases
The atmosphere is: 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen [...]% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gasesThe atmosphere is: 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gases
The atmosphere is: 21% [...] 78% nitrogen 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gasesThe atmosphere is: 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% gases: argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gases
[...] - Essential in sustaining life on the planetAtmosphere - Essential in sustaining life on the planet
Both plants and animals require carbon dioxide and [...] for growth.Both plants and animals require carbon dioxide and oxygen for growth.
Both plants and animals require [...] and oxygen for growth.Both plants and animals require carbon dioxide and oxygen for growth.
Air serves as a [...] and a blanketAir serves as a filter and a blanket
Air serves as a filter and a [...]Air serves as a filter and a blanket
The [...] facilitates rain distributionThe atmosphere facilitates rain distribution
The atmosphere facilitates [...] distributionThe atmosphere facilitates rain distribution
The air regulates temperature by [...] heat at night and blocking out direct sunlight during the dayThe air regulates temperature by trapping heat at night and blocking out direct sunlight during the day
The air regulates temperature by trapping heat at night and [...] out direct sunlight during the dayThe air regulates temperature by trapping heat at night and blocking out direct sunlight during the day
The air creates movement of [...] that help to distribute heat on Earth.The air creates movement of ocean currents that help to distribute heat on Earth.
The atmosphere Contributes to the formation of the ozone layer, which shields us from dangerous [...].The atmosphere Contributes to the formation of the ozone layer, which shields us from dangerous solar radiation.
The atmosphere Contributes to the formation of the [...] layer, which shields us from dangerous solar radiation.The atmosphere Contributes to the formation of the ozone layer, which shields us from dangerous solar radiation.
[...] - layer closest to the surface, at about 7-20 kilometers (depending on location). Where weather occurs and contains the air we breathe.Troposphere - layer closest to the surface, at about 7-20 kilometers (depending on location). Where weather occurs and contains the air we breathe.
Troposphere - layer closest to the surface, at about [...]-[...] kilometers (depending on location). Where weather occurs and contains the air we breathe.Troposphere - layer closest to the surface, at about 7-20 kilometers (depending on location). Where weather occurs and contains the air we breathe.
[...] - from around 20-50 kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Stratosphere - from around 20-50 kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Stratosphere - from around 20-50 kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful [...].Stratosphere - from around 20-50 kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Stratosphere - from around 20-50 kilometers. Contains the [...] layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Stratosphere - from around 20-50 kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Stratosphere - from around [...]-50 kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Stratosphere - from around 20-50 kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Stratosphere - from around 20-[...] kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Stratosphere - from around 20-50 kilometers. Contains the ozone layer, which absorbs and filters out a significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
[...] - extends from about 50-85 kilometers. Temperature drops with increasing altitude; one of the coldest parts of the atmosphere.Mesosphere - extends from about 50-85 kilometers. Temperature drops with increasing altitude; one of the coldest parts of the atmosphere.
Mesosphere - extends from about [...]-85 kilometers. Temperature drops with increasing altitude; one of the coldest parts of the atmosphere.Mesosphere - extends from about 50-85 kilometers. Temperature drops with increasing altitude; one of the coldest parts of the atmosphere.
Mesosphere - extends from about 50-[...] kilometers. Temperature drops with increasing altitude; one of the coldest parts of the atmosphere.Mesosphere - extends from about 50-85 kilometers. Temperature drops with increasing altitude; one of the coldest parts of the atmosphere.
Thermosphere - around [...]-600 kilometers. Temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius due to absorption of intense solar radiation.Thermosphere - around 85-600 kilometers. Temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius due to absorption of intense solar radiation.
Thermosphere - around 85-[...] kilometers. Temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius due to absorption of intense solar radiation.Thermosphere - around 85-600 kilometers. Temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius due to absorption of intense solar radiation.
[...] - around 85-600 kilometers. Temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius due to absorption of intense solar radiation.Thermosphere - around 85-600 kilometers. Temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius due to absorption of intense solar radiation.
The International Space Station orbits within the [...].The International Space Station orbits within the Thermosphere.
Exosphere - the outermost layer, from [...] km and extending to thousands of kilometers above. Extremely thin layer where gases gradually transition into space.Exosphere - the outermost layer, from 600 km and extending to thousands of kilometers above. Extremely thin layer where gases gradually transition into space.
[...] - the outermost layer, from 600 km and extending to thousands of kilometers above. Extremely thin layer where gases gradually transition into space.Exosphere - the outermost layer, from 600 km and extending to thousands of kilometers above. Extremely thin layer where gases gradually transition into space.
Satellites and other man-made objects in Earth's orbit are found in the [...].Satellites and other man-made objects in Earth's orbit are found in the Exosphere.
Hydrosphere - hydro meaning water, and sphaîra meaning [...]Hydrosphere - hydro meaning water, and sphaîra meaning sphere
Hydrosphere - hydro meaning [...], and sphaîra meaning sphereHydrosphere - hydro meaning water, and sphaîra meaning sphere
[...] - hydro meaning water, and sphaîra meaning sphereHydrosphere - hydro meaning water, and sphaîra meaning sphere
[...] - Consists of all the water part of the planet.Hydrosphere - Consists of all the water part of the planet.
Over 75% of Earth's surface: oceans, groundwater, the [...] (frozen water) and even the watervapor in the atmosphereOver 75% of Earth's surface: oceans, groundwater, the cryosphere (frozen water) and even the watervapor in the atmosphere
Over [...]% of Earth's surface: oceans, groundwater, the cryosphere (frozen water) and even the watervapor in the atmosphereOver 75% of Earth's surface: oceans, groundwater, the cryosphere (frozen water) and even the watervapor in the atmosphere
Only about [...]% of the water is drinkable.Only about 1% of the water is drinkable.
Water moves continuously between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere via the [...].Water moves continuously between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere via the water cycle.
The Water Cycle. Also called the [...] involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth’s system.The Water Cycle. Also called the Hydrologic Cycle involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth’s system.
The [...] Also called the Hydrologic Cycle involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth’s system.The Water Cycle. Also called the Hydrologic Cycle involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth’s system.
The most important processes are evaporation, transpiration, [...], precipitation, and runoff.The most important processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
The most important processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and [...].The most important processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
The most important processes are [...], transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.The most important processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
The most important processes are evaporation, [...], condensation, precipitation, and runoff.The most important processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
The most important processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, [...], and runoff.The most important processes are evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
[...] -cover 71% of the Earth and contain 97.5% of its waterOceans -cover 71% of the Earth and contain 97.5% of its water
Oceans -cover [...]% of the Earth and contain 97.5% of its waterOceans -cover 71% of the Earth and contain 97.5% of its water
Oceans -cover 71% of the Earth and contain [...]% of its waterOceans -cover 71% of the Earth and contain 97.5% of its water
Glaciers and Ice Caps -stores [...]% of Earth's freshwater (frozen)Glaciers and Ice Caps -stores 68.7% of Earth's freshwater (frozen)
[...] and [...] -stores 68.7% of Earth's freshwater (frozen)Glaciers and Ice Caps -stores 68.7% of Earth's freshwater (frozen)
Groundwater -stores about [...]% freshwater in underground rockformationsGroundwater -stores about 30.1% freshwater in underground rockformations
[...] -stores about 30.1% freshwater in underground rockformationsGroundwater -stores about 30.1% freshwater in underground rockformations
[...] - the rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Only 0.3% of Earth's total water, but it is essential for ecosystems, drinking water, and various human activitiesSurface Water - the rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Only 0.3% of Earth's total water, but it is essential for ecosystems, drinking water, and various human activities
Surface Water - the rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Only [...]% of Earth's total water, but it is essential for ecosystems, drinking water, and various human activitiesSurface Water - the rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Only 0.3% of Earth's total water, but it is essential for ecosystems, drinking water, and various human activities
[...] - includes water vapor in the form of clouds and humidity in the [...]Atmosphere - includes water vapor in the form of clouds and humidity in the atmosphere.
[...] is the only planet in the solar system that are known to contains water in all three phases.Earth is the only planet in the solar system that are known to contains water in all three phases.
Earth is the only planet in the solar system that are known to contains water in all [...] phases.Earth is the only planet in the solar system that are known to contains water in all three phases.
Lithosphere - lithos meaning rock or stone, and [...] meaning sphereLithosphere - lithos meaning rock or stone, and sphaîra meaning sphere
[...] - lithos meaning rock or stone, and sphaîra meaning sphereLithosphere - lithos meaning rock or stone, and sphaîra meaning sphere
Lithosphere - [...] meaning rock or stone, and sphaîra meaning sphereLithosphere - lithos meaning rock or stone, and sphaîra meaning sphere
[...] - The solid part of the entire planet, from the inner core to the outer crustLithosphere - The solid part of the entire planet, from the inner core to the outer crust
Crust – subdivided into pieces called tectonic [...]: responsible for geological processes such as creation of new landforms and the driving force of the interior heat of EarthCrust – subdivided into pieces called tectonic plates: responsible for geological processes such as creation of new landforms and the driving force of the interior heat of Earth
[...] – subdivided into pieces called tectonic plates: responsible for geological processes such as creation of new landforms and the driving force of the interior heat of EarthCrust – subdivided into pieces called tectonic plates: responsible for geological processes such as creation of new landforms and the driving force of the interior heat of Earth
The [...] covers around 10% of the earth's surfaceThe crust covers around 10% of the earth's surface
[...] - sustains billions of plants, animals, and microorganisms, filters water, and aids in waste decompositionSoil - sustains billions of plants, animals, and microorganisms, filters water, and aids in waste decomposition
[...] – directly below the crustMantle – directly below the crust
Upper mantle has a region called the [...], which is partially molten and responsible for the movement of tectonic plates.Upper mantle has a region called the asthenosphere, which is partially molten and responsible for the movement of tectonic plates.
Upper mantle has a region called the asthenosphere, which is partially molten and responsible for the movement of [...] plates.Upper mantle has a region called the asthenosphere, which is partially molten and responsible for the movement of tectonic plates.
[...] has a region called the asthenosphere, which is partially molten and responsible for the movement of tectonic plates.Upper mantle has a region called the asthenosphere, which is partially molten and responsible for the movement of tectonic plates.
Core - innermost layer; primarily composed of [...] and [...]Core - innermost layer; primarily composed of iron and nickel
[...] - innermost layer; primarily composed of iron and nickelCore - innermost layer; primarily composed of iron and nickel
Outer core is [...]; generates the magnetic fieldOuter core is liquid; generates the magnetic field
Outer core is liquid; generates the [...] fieldOuter core is liquid; generates the magnetic field
[...] is solid due to extreme temperature and pressure.Inner core is solid due to extreme temperature and pressure.
Inner core is [...] due to extreme temperature and pressure.Inner core is solid due to extreme temperature and pressure.
Biosphere - bios meaning life, and [...] meaning sphereBiosphere - bios meaning life, and sphaîra meaning sphere
Biosphere - [...] meaning life, and sphaîra meaning sphereBiosphere - bios meaning life, and sphaîra meaning sphere
[...] - bios meaning life, and sphaîra meaning sphereBiosphere - bios meaning life, and sphaîra meaning sphere
[...] - Thin layer of the earth's surface where all types of life can be found.Biosphere - Thin layer of the earth's surface where all types of life can be found.
Human [...] plays a significant impact on the biosphere.Human activities plays a significant impact on the biosphere.
[...] – a collection of interconnected and interacting elements that make up a larger whole.The interrelated spheres of the Earth – a collection of interconnected and interacting elements that make up a larger whole.
The [...] is a complex network of interconnected physical, chemical, and biological activities.The Earth is a complex network of interconnected physical, chemical, and biological activities.
Hydrosphere and Geosphere are linked by [...] falls to Earth’s surface,causes erosion and weathering of rocks and forms sediments and soil.Hydrosphere and Geosphere are linked by Precipitation falls to Earth’s surface,causes erosion and weathering of rocks and forms sediments and soil.
Geosphere and hydrosphere provide habitats for the [...]Geosphere and hydrosphere provide habitats for the biosphere
Atmosphere regulates temperature,shields from UV radiation, and supports [...]Atmosphere regulates temperature,shields from UV radiation, and supports life (Biosphere)
[...] (an example of a material made from interaction between all spheres)Fossil fuel (an example of a material made from interaction between all spheres)
[...] are the building blocks of rocks, and in turn the soil that sustains plants, and the deep rock of Earth’s mantle.Minerals are the building blocks of rocks, and in turn the soil that sustains plants, and the deep rock of Earth’s mantle.
[...] - a product of Earth’s natural processesnaturally occurring - a product of Earth’s natural processes
[...] - it must be product of Earth’s physical processesinorganic - it must be product of Earth’s physical processes
[...] - minerals should have definite volume and rigid shapeHomogeneous solid - minerals should have definite volume and rigid shape
[...] - atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating patternRegular crystal structure - atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern
[...] - represented by a chemical formulaDefined chemical composition - represented by a chemical formula
Some natural materials are technically not [...], but are included by exception.Some natural materials are technically not minerals, but are included by exception.
[...] - a liquid at ambient temperatureMercury - a liquid at ambient temperature
[...] - usually formed through organic processesCalcite - usually formed through organic processes
The International Mineralogical Association in [...] amended the definition of a mineral.The International Mineralogical Association in 1985 amended the definition of a mineral.
The [...] in 1985 amended the definition of a mineral.The International Mineralogical Association in 1985 amended the definition of a mineral.
“A [...] is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.”“A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.”
“A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally [...] and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.”“A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.”
“A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of [...] processes.”“A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes.”
[...] - materials that do not fulfill the concept of minerals; examples are: coal, opal, pearl and obsidianMineraloids - materials that do not fulfill the concept of minerals; examples are: coal, opal, pearl and obsidian
[...] - A purple-violet variety of quartz.Amethyst - A purple-violet variety of quartz.
Minerals are made up of [...] - a fundamental component of matter that cannot be broken down into smaller particles bystandard chemical processesMinerals are made up of elements - a fundamental component of matter that cannot be broken down into smaller particles bystandard chemical processes
[...] are made up of elements - a fundamental component of matter that cannot be broken down into smaller particles bystandard chemical processesMinerals are made up of elements - a fundamental component of matter that cannot be broken down into smaller particles bystandard chemical processes
Minerals are formed when atoms bond in a [...] pattern.Minerals are formed when atoms bond in a crystalline pattern.
Most minerals are made up of a [...] number of different chemical elements.Most minerals are made up of a small number of different chemical elements.
For a crystal to grow: The elements needed to make it must be present in the appropriate [...]For a crystal to grow: The elements needed to make it must be present in the appropriate proportions
For a crystal to grow: The physical and chemical conditions must be [...].For a crystal to grow: The physical and chemical conditions must be favorable.
For a crystal to grow: The [...] and [...] conditions must be favorable.For a crystal to grow: The physical and chemical conditions must be favorable.
For a crystal to grow: There must be sufficient [...] for the atoms to become arranged.For a crystal to grow: There must be sufficient time for the atoms to become arranged.
For a crystal to grow: There must be sufficient time for the [...] to become arranged.For a crystal to grow: There must be sufficient time for the atoms to become arranged.
For a crystal to grow: There must be sufficient time for the atoms to become [...].For a crystal to grow: There must be sufficient time for the atoms to become arranged.
[...] - made up of ions or molecules (solutes) that dissolves in a medium or solvent.Solution - made up of ions or molecules (solutes) that dissolves in a medium or solvent.
Solution - made up of ions or molecules ([...]) that dissolves in a medium or solvent.Solution - made up of ions or molecules (solutes) that dissolves in a medium or solvent.
Solution - made up of [...] or [...] (solutes) that dissolves in a medium or solvent.Solution - made up of ions or molecules (solutes) that dissolves in a medium or solvent.
Solution - made up of ions or molecules (solutes) that dissolves in a [...] or [...].Solution - made up of ions or molecules (solutes) that dissolves in a medium or solvent.
[...] - process in which ions in solution combine to form solid minerals.Precipitation - process in which ions in solution combine to form solid minerals.
[...] occurs when the temperature of the solution drops, the solute evaporates, or the chemical conditions in the solution change.Precipitation occurs when the temperature of the solution drops, the solute evaporates, or the chemical conditions in the solution change.
[...] - the most common natural solvent for solutions.Water - the most common natural solvent for solutions.
[...] (table salt) can dissolve in water - Na+1 and Cl-1 ions split and distribute in the solution.Halite (table salt) can dissolve in water - Na+1 and Cl-1 ions split and distribute in the solution.
Salt is commonly harvested in salty lakes or [...] through precipitation of saline water and crystallization to salt.Salt is commonly harvested in salty lakes or inland seas through precipitation of saline water and crystallization to salt.
Salt is commonly harvested in salty lakes or inland seas through [...] of saline water and crystallization to salt.Salt is commonly harvested in salty lakes or inland seas through precipitation of saline water and crystallization to salt.
Salt is commonly harvested in [...] or inland seas through precipitation of saline water and crystallization to salt.Salt is commonly harvested in salty lakes or inland seas through precipitation of saline water and crystallization to salt.
Salt is commonly harvested in salty lakes or inland seas through precipitation of saline water and [...] to salt.Salt is commonly harvested in salty lakes or inland seas through precipitation of saline water and crystallization to salt.
Most rocks' minerals develop by cooling [...]Most rocks' minerals develop by cooling molten rock (magma).
As magma [...], it cools, allowing minerals to crystallize and form the diverse rocks we see.As magma rises, it cools, allowing minerals to crystallize and form the diverse rocks we see.
As magma rises, it cools, allowing minerals to [...] and form the diverse rocks we see.As magma rises, it cools, allowing minerals to crystallize and form the diverse rocks we see.
Organisms create bones, shells, and coverings by extracting [...] from water and precipitating minerals.Organisms create bones, shells, and coverings by extracting ions from water and precipitating minerals.
[...] create bones, shells, and coverings by extracting ions from water and precipitating minerals.Organisms create bones, shells, and coverings by extracting ions from water and precipitating minerals.
[...], or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - The most common mineral precipitated by organisms,Calcite, or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - The most common mineral precipitated by organisms,
Calcite, or [...] (CaCO3) - The most common mineral precipitated by organisms,Calcite, or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - The most common mineral precipitated by organisms,
Calcite, or calcium carbonate ([...]) - The most common mineral precipitated by organisms,Calcite, or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - The most common mineral precipitated by organisms,
Calcite, or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - The most common mineral precipitated by [...],Calcite, or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) - The most common mineral precipitated by organisms,
Aragonite - a [...] of calcite: shares the same chemical formula but differ in crystal formsAragonite - a polymorph of calcite: shares the same chemical formula but differ in crystal forms
[...] - a polymorph of calcite: shares the same chemical formula but differ in crystal formsAragonite - a polymorph of calcite: shares the same chemical formula but differ in crystal forms
Aragonite - a polymorph of [...]: shares the same chemical formula but differ in crystal formsAragonite - a polymorph of calcite: shares the same chemical formula but differ in crystal forms
Aragonite - a polymorph of calcite: shares the [...] chemical formula but [...] in crystal formsAragonite - a polymorph of calcite: shares the same chemical formula but differ in crystal forms
[...] and [...] use aragonite or calcite to form their shells and structures.Corals and clams use aragonite or calcite to form their shells and structures.
Corals and clams use [...] or calcite to form their shells and structures.Corals and clams use aragonite or calcite to form their shells and structures.
Corals and clams use aragonite or [...] to form their shells and structures.Corals and clams use aragonite or calcite to form their shells and structures.
Over time, the sediment can transform into [...], a sedimentary rock.Over time, the sediment can transform into limestone, a sedimentary rock.
While inorganic processes also form [...], biological precipitation is the primary contributor.While inorganic processes also form limestone, biological precipitation is the primary contributor.
While inorganic processes also form limestone, [...] is the primary contributor.While inorganic processes also form limestone, biological precipitation is the primary contributor.
These are not technically minerals until the organism dies and become [...].These are not technically minerals until the organism dies and become fossils.
[...] and crystalline structure - the two most important properties of a mineral; they distinguish any mineral from all othersChemical composition and crystalline structure - the two most important properties of a mineral; they distinguish any mineral from all others
Chemical composition and [...] - the two most important properties of a mineral; they distinguish any mineral from all othersChemical composition and crystalline structure - the two most important properties of a mineral; they distinguish any mineral from all others
Geologists identifies minerals by examining [...] features such as color, luster, streak, hardness, crystal habit,cleavage, fracture and other properties.Geologists identifies minerals by examining physical features such as color, luster, streak, hardness, crystal habit,cleavage, fracture and other properties.
[...] Property Observed with sensesDetermined without destroying matterPhysical Property Observed with sensesDetermined without destroying matter
[...] Property Indicates how a substance reacts with something else Matter will be change into a new substance after reactionChemical Property Indicates how a substance reacts with something else Matter will be change into a new substance after reaction
[...] – the first property that can be noticed about a mineral.Color – the first property that can be noticed about a mineral.
[...] is unreliable since surface color may change depending on external factorsColor is unreliable since surface color may change depending on external factors
[...] - always in vivid yellow colorSulfur - always in vivid yellow color
[...] -can be deep dull red, or black and bright metallicHematite -can be deep dull red, or black and bright metallic
[...] - has wide range of color depending on trace elements in mineralsQuartz - has wide range of color depending on trace elements in minerals
[...] – “true color of a mineral”; more reliable distinguishing propertyStreak – “true color of a mineral”; more reliable distinguishing property
[...] – Acquired when a mineral is scratched in an unglazed porcelain streak plate and transfers its inner color.Streak – Acquired when a mineral is scratched in an unglazed porcelain streak plate and transfers its inner color.
[...] - how light is reflected off a surface; another notable surface property.Luster - how light is reflected off a surface; another notable surface property.
[...] - has the appearance of a shining metal; i.e. chrome, steel, silver, or gold.Metallic luster - has the appearance of a shining metal; i.e. chrome, steel, silver, or gold.
[...] - duller in shine; i.e. pewterSubmetallic luster - duller in shine; i.e. pewter
[...] - described as vitreous (glassy), earthy, silky, pearly, or other surface attributes.Nonmetallic luster - described as vitreous (glassy), earthy, silky, pearly, or other surface attributes.
[...] - measures the ability of a mineral to scratch other substances.Hardness - measures the ability of a mineral to scratch other substances.
[...] - One of the most important diagnostic property.Hardness - One of the most important diagnostic property.
[...] - Determinant of mineral’s hardness.The Mohs Hardness Scale - Determinant of mineral’s hardness.
The Mohs Harness Scale was developed by [...] geologist Fredrick Mohs.The Mohs Harness Scale was developed by German geologist Fredrick Mohs.
The [...] was developed by German geologist Fredrick Mohs.The Mohs Harness Scale was developed by German geologist Fredrick Mohs.
The Mohs Harness Scale was developed by German [...] Fredrick Mohs.The Mohs Harness Scale was developed by German geologist Fredrick Mohs.
The Mohs Harness Scale was developed by German geologist [...].The Mohs Harness Scale was developed by German geologist Fredrick Mohs.
Mohs hardness values are determined by the strength of a mineral’s [...].Mohs hardness values are determined by the strength of a mineral’s atomic bonds.
[...] (10) - hardest mineral, can scratch almost all other mineralsDiamond (10) - hardest mineral, can scratch almost all other minerals
[...] (1) - Softest mineral, can be scratched by a fingernail (Hardness 2.5)Talc (1) - Softest mineral, can be scratched by a fingernail (Hardness 2.5)
[...] – or crystal shapes refers to how crystals grow and appear in rocks.Crystal Habit – or crystal shapes refers to how crystals grow and appear in rocks.
Well-formed crystals are rare in ordinary rocks, thus [...] isn’t a useful diagnostic toolWell-formed crystals are rare in ordinary rocks, thus habit isn’t a useful diagnostic tool
Garnet - common in some [...] rocks and typically displays the dodecahedral shape.Garnet - common in some metamorphic rocks and typically displays the dodecahedral shape.
[...] - common in some metamorphic rocks and typically displays the dodecahedral shape.Garnet - common in some metamorphic rocks and typically displays the dodecahedral shape.
Garnet - common in some metamorphic rocks and typically displays the [...] shape.Garnet - common in some metamorphic rocks and typically displays the dodecahedral shape.
[...] - forms long thin crystals, and is common in igneous rocks like graniteAmphibole - forms long thin crystals, and is common in igneous rocks like granite
Amphibole - forms long thin crystals, and is common in [...] rocks like graniteAmphibole - forms long thin crystals, and is common in igneous rocks like granite
Amphibole - forms long thin crystals, and is common in igneous rocks like [...]Amphibole - forms long thin crystals, and is common in igneous rocks like granite
[...] and [...] - Describe how a certain mineral breaks.Cleavage and Fracture - Describe how a certain mineral breaks.
[...] occurs when a material breaks along a certain plane or planes.Cleavage occurs when a material breaks along a certain plane or planes.
[...] occurs when a mineral breaks irregularly.Fracture occurs when a mineral breaks irregularly.
Minerals break according to their atomic arrangement, specifically the [...] within the lattice.Minerals break according to their atomic arrangement, specifically the plane of weakness within the lattice.
[...] and the [...] have cleavage planes parallel to their sheetsGraphite and the micas have cleavage planes parallel to their sheets
[...] has three cleavage planes parallel to the lattice directions.Halite has three cleavage planes parallel to the lattice directions.
[...] has no cleavage because its bonds are strong in all directions.Quartz has no cleavage because its bonds are strong in all directions.
[...] - describes the mineral’s reaction to stress and its resistance to breaking, bending, or to being deformed.Tenacity - describes the mineral’s reaction to stress and its resistance to breaking, bending, or to being deformed.
[...] - the ability of a mineral to be flattened by pounding.Malleability - the ability of a mineral to be flattened by pounding.
[...] - the mineral’s ability to be crumbled or turned into powder.Brittleness - the mineral’s ability to be crumbled or turned into powder.
[...] - the ability of a mineral to be stretched.Ductility - the ability of a mineral to be stretched.
[...] - Calcite and other carbonate minerals dissolve quickly in acid, creating visible bubbles of CO2Acid reactivity - Calcite and other carbonate minerals dissolve quickly in acid, creating visible bubbles of CO2
[...] - Magnetite mineral is magnetic,so will affect a magnetMagnetism - Magnetite mineral is magnetic,so will affect a magnet
[...] - Minerals containing radioactive elements,such as uranium, produce radiation that can be measured with a scintillometer.Radioactivity - Minerals containing radioactive elements,such as uranium, produce radiation that can be measured with a scintillometer.
Radioactivity - Minerals containing radioactive elements,such as uranium, produce radiation that can be measured with a [...].Radioactivity - Minerals containing radioactive elements,such as uranium, produce radiation that can be measured with a scintillometer.
[...] - When exposed to UV radiation, they emit visible light, whereas phosphorescent minerals continue to emit light after the external stimulation is removed.Fluorescence - When exposed to UV radiation, they emit visible light, whereas phosphorescent minerals continue to emit light after the external stimulation is removed.
Fluorescence - When exposed to [...], they emit visible light, whereas phosphorescent minerals continue to emit light after the external stimulation is removed.Fluorescence - When exposed to UV radiation, they emit visible light, whereas phosphorescent minerals continue to emit light after the external stimulation is removed.
Fluorescence - When exposed to UV radiation, they emit visible light, whereas [...] minerals continue to emit light after the external stimulation is removed.Fluorescence - When exposed to UV radiation, they emit visible light, whereas phosphorescent minerals continue to emit light after the external stimulation is removed.