Technology and Europea~!pe~l~.R!re~ineteenth Century 311-'§{71~3!} A~l~~~ THE TOOLS OF EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY AND EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, FIRST EDITION Copyright © 1981 by Oxford University Press, Inc "THE TOOLS OF EMPIRE : TECHNOLOGY AND EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, FIRST EDITION" was originally published in English in 1981. This translation is published by arrangement with Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. € 71 {::! • 71 LI L11 • 71 ~ ~ QIL/~ R 51/Eil\l x/g . ~~~ Korean translation copyright © 2013 by MOTIVEBOOK PUBLISHING HOUSE Korean translation rights arranged with Oxford Publishing Limited through EYA(Eric Yang Agency). 01 :3!jQI <t]-;{ol 3t!- Ai.'.3}~.g. 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(Lexington, Mass,, 1976); George H. Nadel and Perry Curtis , eds., Imperialism and Colonialism 4) Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher with Alice Denny, Africa (New York, 1964)5* Ralph Austen. ed., Modern Imperialism: Western and the Victorians: The Climax of Impen·alism (Garden City. N. Y., Overseas Expansion and its Aftermath, 1776-1965 (Lexington, Mass,, 1968), PP . 17-19. 5) Qcj-"f'-: £1;11-2.:i!J- 7Jl217-J7)- 1969)~ .!i!.2-}. i=-::<~oj) i:J1~ ~ c4 if:--6:) ~ ~ ~Ff--E- E. M. Winslow, The Pattern of Imperialism (London, 1948); George Lichtheim, Imperialism (New York and Washington, D,C., 1971); Roger Owen and Bob Sutcliffe, 'ft ca-;;-~ 6J~z]~ i,'J-% ---;~ 6]~.:i'..;;-Qj %{].!f- Cohen, The Question of Imperialism: The Political Economy of Dominance 'i!--G- *- 4'- 91% ~o]c}. 7.j]-;_;--"f'-Qjoj] 421 ~oj)k) 7JSji5}J-jj -"f'-7.J-5}-E- 7;:!~ 19"'1]1] J-~Zj-.S:.. .!g-'2j.S:.. 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"Imperialism Growth and and Kran zberg and Carroll W. Pursell, Jr, eds., Early German 16 g -?-2-1 ~ll1 r.J-'f:: ~.l!.J-:: ti1 Vansina, African History (Boston, 1978), P. 448, :Q-~ 1l-2-~°ll i::B-&HJ.1-CDavid Landes.Qj ''The Nature of Economic Imperialism," The Journal of Economic History 21(1961):511.£ .!i!..2.J-. 01 ~°ll"1 ::<1::<H=- 7l*J!f :t:!-i(l.'8 Jl~ %.Qj -'6-Jl.A,:j g ~A,:ji5"}JL 'V_;z.J1ll° 1!~% 15"}/jt..j- A}l-ij-&-j q~;z.1-c- '?£i::-cJ-. 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Plummer, and Joseph Jobe, T, ppllustoweed History of Paddle ifiQj ~7]~o] ~~-3:) 1tl~ ~.Q.:zl ~ o}J-]o}, o}JI2.J7}oi]J--j~ Steamers (Lausanne, 1977), pp,9-12; George Gibbard Jackson, The Ship Ci-. 0 ] Under Steam (New York, 1928), ch,1; Thomas Main (M.E,), The Progress ~ g o}J-]o}Qj- o}JI2.J7}Qj LJJ~~ o]%!-]XJ.q. !-)J-,J B~ 7]-;1-£ of Marine Engineering from the Timand EWwet until the Present Day (New York, 1893), pp.10-16; Michel Mollwe, ed., Les origines de lw ::= l:lH~ ~ i}ifiQj l:lH~ 0 ] * J.i]7] %'?1- tjJ 0J-.A.rF°1JAl -i=-2.J-12 'l{~ lf-AJ~ 7eJ.g-~1fillb};.3)Qj ~7]~. ::; ¥.~gunboat.!il..q c-j 7}77Jrj] Ai] navigation a(La (ur (Paris, 1970); George Henry Preble, A Chronological History of the Origin and Developmant of Steam Navigation, 2nd ed. 1924), p_50; David B. Tyler, Steam Conquests the Atlantic (New York, (PhiladelphiW. 1895), pp, 119-25; Hereward Philip Sprwet, The Birth of lfl39), p,112; and Rene Augustin Verneaux, Lindustrie des transports the Steamboat (London, 1958), pp,17-40; Joannes Tramond pplluplre Re mnritimes au X !Xe siecle et au commencement du XX e siecle, 2vols (l'uris, 1903), 2:16-23 ssner, 26 EJemants d'histoire maritimanet coloniale (1815-1914) (Paris, 27 O> N ·. ] ~ CX) N 0 oJJ uJru ~Jo o '.:!(J ~ 0 (") •:•JM: • - ~ '1 J,<.]boi11ng kettle-9.] ~~ ~h5H ~ 4'- ~7] a:Jl.go)J:i-.······" 9) {l.i 1J 1826\1 2~ .!f-rgoj];::= o]~j-OJ~] '~H.l" 0 ]2.j-2 if;:: cf ol-L'.]-;rl_O_ *OJ 7.l7.1c5} Jt.OM'-~ #0]1•L '-'....,_ c.J-ojolll fl...,L _y_L..:.Oi.....:. 7]"4-'= IL- Ol.5C_N] 1......: '-' I !-]-''- aj..:.io] O_.,,_ {;To] %-7]{i g 7J-<>1]l--j AJ--§-<5~ }!oj] i:J1<5H 1?£2. :e:!-{lg 7j-/Z].5C..~ 7.j7:1o]o4rl Jc_Q_ 37).k]_Q_ A M'-1. 2'-0 "L.:2 o]Al0 ~Cf~ 0 1:1]- .::i.t;} 2]·Amarapura7lj-/Z] %2.J-~cf. 4'-5:.7J- i'-J~'i!;::= }! g ~ o]~J- 9cf2. :§:j- cj-51..7.] ~,Jcf. o]A~];: ;;zj-AJ~Qj J-i]Sl g 7J-:§:l-<5H~ -'ti-~<'>] J-H~-8:- 7] ~ g ~a-oJ-111 ~~cf. ~J-Qj <SHJ-i %<?1.5C..:§:ll-r:::= 0 1-'efg ~51..~2 o] ~~-o]W1J- ~:A~oj] {}7J-<3-J-l1] ~ }!2. ~ii] Jf-~o] 5!.~ ~%~ <5~i'-Joj].5C.. 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'6'-7]J.j~ ~ ~.;::--oj<j:o} ~:A~oJJAi J.j-%~ ~ oJl cJ1iiflJ.ii::- c.J-%21 ~ 7 ~ ~ .!2.2.f. Graham, Indian Ocean, PP. 345-58; Henry T. Bernstein, Steamboats on the Ganges: An Exploration in the History of India s Modernization 7-1 g pJ-g ~g a:Jl 51..<?__l }!:7.1'f:l ~'@<5) :@-~~cf. and Burma: A Study of European Relations with Burma to the Annexation of Thibaws Kingdom, 1886 (London, 1945), p.115; Col. W. -1f:-A~j7j- ~ 7cl- ;:<jlf-Qj :e:!-{)J-j-<?__l }!2_ LJ-~~7) a:Jl-1f:-oj) ~;;zjA 7J-<>1)J--jQj ~7){1_ l-J-'i:J 2. 7-1 g if E1 <?__l.5C.. MoJJ!-i ~~Qj ~t>J=Sj g 7J-:§:j-A]~ 9- 5'.1~ ;:<j?,]~<?J Aj-'i;jo]~cf. 1828\:! ~ ~c.1'tJ 1illF8.3.Sir William Bentinck ~ {1_7.J- £o-jA :U:i:(lJ.Jjojj;.zjj ~;;z)A 7Jg ~t.J6j-_5C_~ ~~cf. 6\1 ~ through Science and Technology (Bombaby, 1960), pp.28-31; H. A. Gibson-Hill, 'The Steamers Employed in Asian Waters, 1819-39," The Journal of the Royal Asian Society, Malayan Branch. 27 pt. l(May 1954): 127-61; D. G. E. Hall, Europe 1°-5- oj) WrE.J-2-J- 9=)-2.j-iij-l:lj-t:: l-j-o)oj) ~Al) ~7)Aj ~c.1'tJ 1illF83Lord William Bentinck :Q:;~ OJ%~ ;:<j7)Aj Aj-'i;jo] AJ~~~~i:::i], o] l:lH;::= A] {}"7f 6~7oj-9=)Qj 4;:-.5C..~ L}j ;::= 120Iij E_Q_j {lo] .2i~ 7]{isternwheeler, !Jfil&HH/ir~o]~cf. ic.12 2\1 L}joj] ~ :3jQj cf;:: 7]{1_~ EJ]-"'-Thames F. B. Laurie, Our Burmese Wars and Relations with Burma: Being an :Q:;, -%L-jJumna :Q:;, uj]iL-jMegna :Q:;-_5C_ ~:zlJ{J_o]l-j- :§:] ~ g i'-j~- l:lj-/Z] Abstract of Military and Political Operations. 1824-25-6, and 1852-53 {i..2.£. ~;;z]~ 7J-g _2__SL}j'JJ.cf.12) (London, 1880), PP. 71-72 and 119-20 ; John Fincham, History of Naval of the Indian Navy (1613-1863), 2 vols. 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Young, "Report from the Select Committee on Steam Navigation to India, with the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index," PP. 9-10, in The Life and Novels of Thomas Love Peacock (Norwich, Eng., 1904), Parliamentary Papers 1834 (478.) X N, pp, 378-79. 3:. pp, 26-27; and Diane Johnson, The True History of the First Mrs. ~'7 ]1J iiJ-~ -¥-;;(11011 Meredith and Other Lesser Lives (New York, 1972), p, 60. oJlCi '\l)~Mary EllenOl g]j.::::Z.2.17-J CJ]ojE.Qj .!f-'?..!QJ Ji} ej]ojE.~ ~:310] 42 !8t:.J-. \:l"%"'g:il} I!.]~Qj ~'?..! ~~% -&-}1i5Ai I!.]~ f!'tJ.!8 I!.)~.g. ~-%!~011 ~ytj_Qj -¥-Ai.£ ;;(jlAl~~r:j] o]:;!~.':_ 1833\-:! 12-Y1 01 ~.g. ~.£. .!i!.Jl.Ai, oj~Aj-%Qj 010J:7l01H u:j-.g. ~~ '?12 Ndinburgh Review 60 (Jan. 1835): 445-8201]~ 5'. %oli.:.}, .!i!...JIA-jQj JlQ.f-¥-o] 1JC;j ~ : cj] o}o}S:. I!.]~ A}-BoJ .::::z. JlQ{-¥-g 11% ;;!o]t:J-. 43 .5 0 t- i '° If) -...: ' - ... ' ' ' 1, n.1i::c.LEJ]A 71I ·1 - 0 · - · · ,, _ .,. 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Francis Rawdon Chesney, The Expedition for the Survey of the Euphrates and Tigris, 9-1 :Al2i011 qi~ :Al~_Q_.£ =;1€t.<f1~%0lll11 :Q,C: ~,._Jg ~ ;til"'Y~ ~~i::\1~ :Al~~l £1~Li-. %~5:.:Q:l.A}E ~.=1-2..]71 Cll°lE.7} ol.AJ-Z;j !,'on•rnment, ~ 1/J1J 7J-%rrm ~7111_2_.£ ~~~ 11~ .!f- .:31 g Cll°lE. {l~~ :Q:l.A}oil ~2f-"9:V.Li-. i;-Ec.f"EJl"' ~~ ~Ol7r 105IrjE, ~.=1-2..]~ ~~ 87IrjE S1Li-. % q ~.£ ~°l~Jl -g--;--~ 3Irj§. 0~')1-2..o:j, ~ .g~ ::t: armed steamersg 7.-jg_Q_.£ 1B- t:]·. 31) cci1;;:l-Li-. q ~01].Al~ .!f-AJ- 2] r :1•ographical in the Years Carried on by Order of the British 1835, 1836, and 1837; Preceded by and Historical Notices of the Regions Situated Between Rivers Nile and Indus, 2 vols, (London, 1850), 1: ix, :l2) %E2.fEJl~ lit~oJl r\l<W+e qg.Qj :A\-li%S:. ~cf. Ghulam Idris l{IJ11n, "Attempt at Swift Communication between India and the West 11,.l'orP 1830 ," The Journal of Asiatic Society of Pakistan 16 no, 2 (Aug. ~ £~ lffAR"9:V.Li-. BR011 ~ 11~~::_ Cll°lE. S.11::t:01l"1 .:&-i\'.!g ~ 1'1 71); John Marlowe, World Ditch: The Making of the Suez Canal (New 'XJ:tj-.30) ;til~Y~ 01~g Yi:irk. 1964), P. 34; Low, 2:31-41; and Gibson-Hill, p.123. li:f~Q] ''o]'.Alo}~ 7J-01l uR~ %-Jli>}Jll ~ IfS{l-38- tJ1% " "ll"<J9.cj- w-01 %'XJ.cj-, 18361doJl Q]:Q:J:::: %~5:.:Q:lJ.\-oJJAiS:. lif~Q] -'8-~~ 30) Chesney, Narrative, p. 154; Hoskins, p, 164; Gibson-Hill, p. \ f•IJ .~ l 81'1 n}-8:-E.~ \!icj--2 ~Q]i>\-oJl 8{\ :uf-&E.~ ~7\- :7.]f:!i>}S:.~ ~ci-. 123; Dupuy de Lome, P. 6; and "List of Iron Steam and Sailing Vessels Htrlmmentary Papers 1836(159.) XX XVJ[ P. 418. ~'2 »ll~~(Willson 46 47 <• \1 11 ·- «•\ 0 <'<'•>I 1 •\ljj/...Ol EJ-"6:1_Q_ .2..7.--1.Q.. ci-A-:l-Ql7.1 .2..f>l1rl El-"6:1 7-l-7l;zl..S. --~OO'--_L -,---,22.0I A.M~.oaolf-2. -i ,Lnlj .i;;=..ol.OJ...Q.. 1 ...... l e IM·2 rrll~ 01r:;:::> Ll-fl '-- L.:....:r:....::r- 71.';-;,'i"_Atj-0 ;: :> 1·'-- ....u-~L.:.-_':C.. .$-~O]: f>Ji;ll_Q_Ol ~ o o no 4 -';;-i/-21 {117.1] TW-A}~ 1]{101 7J% ~71~.!:i!_q c-j ~Fcl~-_l)_ 9Jc;tl71 11]1.g-0 11*. :lc1L-} ·~JnBojJs=_ ~<5}_lL ojVJ~Q.] ~i!.}71- L-}~t:f. 1834\15!1 ~ ~~-%1:§1 ~ ~<'>B ~~J!j- C11°l£ ~~ 0 1 ~~~q!J.-j ¥.~li{>Jf.;i.Q.j J.1LB7} ~5:1_ ~ =(i~i5}7.}-e-1J1~~ 1:!'ilr1] %~5:-:§:]J.}2 o];;i;11 \:! 0 1~oi1 1 IT11.g 01t:f. tjj~ :t.21 ~7}% 0 1 .:;y-\tj-'f-1i5}J.11 ;.\ltlJ<'>ll ·? .:I.oj]:;zj] 7.1J'il-"9:11~ a:Jl£ .:r. :3!j'i)g IIi'V~LJ.:11J ~9it:f. 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Pforzheimer Library, New York. Beckles)-e- %'il£ ~7} 'il"?~ iPH!. _!f'-71, BQf, 71.:;t, .!fl "'i:l"~oj] B]% 7}~'il .§- %B]~ 2~ 9{:1_637nf-&2::. lO~?cl 3Jlf 1/2 TI1]Y7} %~t:\-Jl ~~t:\- . .:I.21 Ledger and Sword: or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies (1599-1874), 2 vols, (London, 1903), 2:393. 33) %<'>}~6.-e- TI1~"11 rJ1isB 0 1~111 1:tt:\-. ".:r.7.1'tJ ~Jl.£. .:I.7.1'tJ ~.:Q:.zil'il J.Pif:i!f .lV11~ "11 i5}L.j-7} ~oj~t:\-." "'? ~~1fl ~_g. !¥1°Pd ~7.}o]7.} 1-]1 .X.\:121 ~ii..~ 7]-%}J!f AB..U- ~ Sir John Cam Hobhouse, First Baron Broughton, Recollections of a Long Life, with Additional Extracts from his Private Diaries, 6 vols. (London, 1910-11), 5:184. Young, P. 28 £ 48 .!.!2..\-. 0 E:: 'i'~·'-91 g~ ~ "'? t:fl~<'>}7.]7} ?..ft:\-. ~c.J-e- ~t:\-. ~~z.'12-£, %'il.S:.~J.}:: ~£ll~lE tlj-§2'i!- 1!}-&-s 3'i!- 7~5001l}~S 5'i!- :;i}~S I R:l'I 5't!- l!J l([_g. 1:llf-oj]Ai L.j-~gg ~Jl ~::i::1] 'il£2.J-21 %7]).j .ii!.~oj] {:)-1(1 %~ 7.]~J!}!?j ~7]).j .ii!.~oj] '(1_1,~ gg ~S'.J:t:\-. \tU1 I H:Hi I H:i7 I H:!7-:l8 I~ The Carl and H. Pforzheimer 1 1:1tt%g -17-~<'>}::i::11 -¥:!-1(1¥! 7-H1:l~'il ':I 11]§-_g. qg21 -&J--&%0\]J.i l'l'•lnJl.l.j Y.:: o]%"11 "5j7~ ~-e- i::1J-e- Donald H. Reiman 'ij-J.}2.j- Mihai 11. Ilandrea "1JA21 £ 1 JI l'i1 {tJ.i~ ,11'lJ1L o] 1 :15) 360nf-&2::. 12~'1] 9llj]y~ -%7-1]~ :l't! }! 0 11*. ~ C11°1£~ 7.} '8i!.} 7.}'85!1 %A~o1 "tl ~~l-o1 9}c;tlgoj15:- ~<5}_lL W\1oj1 ¥.~ 7B ~1" 0 P·1~ uB~ llH 8~ :;i}~S 2::.-e- BJ%9j ~% _!f-'Efi5}7]£ ~oj ~ 91~ ~J.1 (492.)XLII. 459 059 .) X X X VIII 418 ( 445.) X L.401 (313.) XX X Vll 386. nl-~£ (142-IV) XX X I. 684 5~ 1*-&-~ (179- IV) X X X. 859 •)l' I. :Iii) ,John Laird, "Memorandum." 49 lO - ~ 0 lO 0 r\\o o\J ':(nl ~o .J\J nr o\j!U N IO !}7·J- R~g ~t-1~..2.71~ l:lH~ i.:j1uj1J.1~emesis ~$1-cf. Lllli!J1-,,<.j ZJ5:~ 1!:A11 J.jlo!j- %011J.-j 7]-7-J- ~ i.:j1uj]J.1!:: ~~ l:l]-tj-011 u:1~~ J.H.£-t't- -6ff ~ l:lH~ 7]-,ct--c11 ~ ~~S1-cf. 1840\11~ %-1f-7-J~ l:lH71- ~ C11e>-1£ 1H~~ 0 1~~ ; s:; g <)1-JI. Y-E.J-1:d.'g rri1, ~-&1 J.H.£-t't- -6-IT~ 01 l:lH011 -cH<5H P:l {-~ 0 1 %01-~-cf. i.:j1uj1J.1!:: ~r Jc.]~ g BJ-_g-~g IIl1 J 7-1~~ r~3i) 7r:A11s Shipping GazetteJ ~. "o1 l:lH~ 2:1_c.j-~.£ *<5J-W ~o1c.J-JI. ~-cf. 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S:l) The Times (March 30, 1840), P. 7. 51) India Office Records, L/P&S/3/6, pp,619-29. 54) 52) William H. Hall (Capt. R. N.) and William Dallas Bernard, The Nemesis in China, Comprising a History of the Late War in that Country, with a Complete Account of the Colony of Hong Kong, 3rd ed. (London, 1846), p, 6. 54 Hall and Bernard, L/ 1'&S/5/10: letter no. pp, 122, 18 and Auckland 61; to India Office Records, Secret Committee, Fort Willi a ms, November 13, 1840. fifi) Graham, China Station, p,140 n. 3. Hrncli e, c.J-%21 7.}lig.S:. .!i!.2.}. 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