3D DESIGNING AND PRINTING
KANAK PRERNA
2022UGEC016
3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) is a process for making a 3D object of any
shape from a 3D model or other electronic data sources through additive processes in
which successive layers of material are laid down under computer controls.
3D designing and printing revolutionize creation by turning digital concepts into tangible
objects. It involves crafting three-dimensional models using specialized software,
bringing ideas to life layer by layer. Designers manipulate shapes, sizes, and intricacies,
enabling precise customization. This technology finds application in diverse fields like
engineering, medicine, art, and more. Designs can range from prototypes to intricate
sculptures. 3D printers utilize materials like plastics, metals, and even foodstuffs,
depositing material to construct the final product. This transformative process
accelerates innovation, streamlines production, and empowers creativity, making the
once-futuristic concept of materializing imagination a reality.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.
Dr. Vinod G. Gokhare, Dr. D. N. Raut and Dr. D. K. Shinde - A Review paper on 3D-Printing Aspects and
Various Processes Used in the 3D-Printing
: 3D printing can enable fast, reliable, and repeatable means of producing tailor-made products which can
still be made inexpensively due to automation of processes and distribution of manufacturing needs.
2.
N. Shahrubudin, T.C. Lee, R. Ramlan - An Overview on 3D Printing Technology: Technological, Materials,
and Applications
: This paper overviews the types of 3D printing technologies, materials used for 3D printing technology in
manufacturing industry and lastly, the applications of 3D
printing technology.
3.
Thabiso Peter Mpofu,Cephas Mawere, Macdonald Mukosera - The Impact and Application of 3D Printing
Technology
: 3D printing starts by making a virtual design of the object you want to create. The virtual design is used as
a template of the physical object to be created. This virtual design can be made using a 3D modelling
program such as CAD (Computer Aided Design) to create a design from scratch. Alternatively a 3D scanner
can be used for an existing object. This scanner makes a 3D digital copy of an object and puts it into a 3D
modelling program. 3D printing will change the way people acquire products as evidenced by the Amazon
proposed model.
4. Herru Santosa Budiono , Fuad Hilmy, Ikhwan Taufik - The Effect of Printing Speed Variations on Dimensional
Stability of 3D Printing Results Made from Waste Bottle Filament
: Variations in printing speed have a significant effect on the dimensional stability of 3D printing results using
filaments made from waste PET bottles. A printing speed of 40 mm/s can produce dimensions closest to the
actual size compared to higher printing speeds. It can be a consideration in selecting printing parameters on 3D
printers using filaments from waste bottles.
5. Yasusi Kanada - METHOD OF DESIGNING, PARTITIONING, AND PRINTING 3D OBJECTS WITH
SPECIFIED PRINTING DIRECTION
: This paper proposed a methodology for direction-specified 3D printing and methods for designing, partitioning,
and printing 3D objects with specified printing direction using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer.
6. Boris Kosic, Aleksandra Dragicevic, Zorana Jeli and Gabriel–Catalin Marinescu - Application of 3D Printing in
the Metamaterials Designing
: 3D printers which use plastic materials for printing can produce relatively cheap parts with complex geometries.
It is possible to produce metamaterial spring which will replace spring in ski binding mechanism. smart design of
metamaterial geometry can create parts with completely different properties and features from parts that are
conventionally manufactured from same materials.
7. Tatjana Spahiu, Erald Piperi, Nils Grimmelsmann, Andrea Ehrmann, and Ermira Shehi - 3D PRINTING AS A
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR APPAREL DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING
: The computer is now used to create a real model – in full size or scaled – for the fitting process. In this way, not
only real garments can be displayed on scaled 3D printed models with the same body dimensions as a defined
METHODOLOGY USED
1.
MODELLING - 3D printable models can be created with the help of CAD design packages or via 3D
scanner. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to
method sculpting. 3D modeling is a process of analyzing and collecting data on the shape and appearance
of an object. Based on this data, 3D models of the scanned object can be produced.
Some of the software used for modelling are Sketchup, AutoCAD, OnShape, Blender, Rhino, 3Ds Max, etc.
2.
PRINTING - Before printing a 3D model from .STL file, it must be processed by a piece of software called a
"slicer" which converts the 3D model into a series of thin layers and produces a G-code file from .STL file
containing instructions to a printer. The 3D printer follows the G-code instructions to put down successive
layers of liquid, powder, or sheet material to build a model from a series of cross-sections of a model. These
layers, which correspond to the virtual cross sections from the CAD model, are joined or fused to create the
final shape of a model.
There are seven main types and more than 20 subtypes of 3D printing technology used today which include
FDM, SLA, LCD, DLP, SLS, SLM, EBM, material jetting, DOD, binder jetting, MJF, and more types of
additive manufacturing.
3.
FINISHING - Although the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications, printing a slightly
oversized version of the object in standard resolution and then removing material with a higher-resolution
process can achieve greater precision as with the Accucraft iD-20 and other machines Press Release.
3D PRINTING PROCESS
Some of the methods melt or soften material to produce the layers, e.g. selective laser melting(SLM), selective
laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), while others cure liquid materials using different other
technologies, e.g. stereolithography (SLA) and With laminated object manufacturing (LOM).
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Selective Laser Sintering - Selective laser sintering is a 3D-printing technique that uses a laser as the power
source to sinter powdered material (mostly metal), aiming the laser at points in space defined by a 3D
model, binding the material to create a solid structure.
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Fused Deposition Melting - In this technique, the model is produced by extruding small beads of material
which harden to form layers. A thermoplastic filament or wire that is wound into a coil is unwinding to supply
material to an extrusion nozzle head. A thermoplastic filament or wire that is wound into a coil is unwinding
to supply material to an extrusion nozzle head.
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Stereolithography- Stereolithography is a form of 3-D printing technology used for creating models,
prototypes, patterns in a layer by layer fashion using photo polymerization, a process by which light causes
chains of molecules to link together, forming polymers.
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Laminated Object Manufacturing - In it, layers of adhesive-coated paper, plastic, or metal laminates are
successively joined together and cut to appropriate shape with a laser cutter.
3D PRINTER MATERIAL
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Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene [ABS] - One of the most widely used material since the inception of 3D
printing. This material is very durable, slightly flexible, and lightweight and can be easily extruded, which
makes it perfect for 3D printing. It requires less force to extrude than when using PLA, which is another
popular 3D filament. This fact makes extrusion easier for small parts. The disadvantage of ABS is that it
requires higher temperature. Its glass transition temperature is about 105°C and temperature about 210 250°C is usually used for printing with ABS materials. Also another drawback of this material is quite intense
fumes during printing that can be dangerous for pets or people with breathing difficulties. So 3D printers
need to be placed in well-ventilated area.
Poly lactic acid (PLA) - Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) is another well-spread material among 3D printing
enthusiasts. It is a biodegradable thermoplastic that is derived from renewable resources. As a result PLA
materials are more environmentally friendly among other plastic materials. The other great feature of PLA is
its biocompatibility with a human body. The structure of PLA is harder than the one of ABS and material
melts at 180 –220°C which is lower than ABS. PLA glass transition temperature is between 60 – 65 ° C, so
PLA together with ABS could be some good options for any of your projects.
High Impact Polystyrene [HIPS] - HIPS filament is made from a High Impact Polystyrene material and it is
another example of support 3d materials. This material is well spread in food industry for packaging. It is
also used to pack CD discs and to produce trays in medicine naturally this filament has bright white color
and it is also biodegradable so there is no adverse effect when it is put in tight contact with a human or
animal body. HIPS filaments have curling and adhesion problems, which can be reduced by using a heated
bed during the printing. HIPS material that can also be used as support structure during the printing and
then dissolved in a colorless liquid hydrocarbon.
Poly lactic acid + (PLA+) - PLA is the most commonly used filament in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D
printers. It’s affordable, readily available, and easy to print. However, it lacks the mechanical strength for
use under load-bearing conditions compared to PLA+. PLA+ is an augmented version of PLA. PLA+
contains additives and modifiers that make it stronger and tougher, with better layer-to-layer adhesion than
conventional PLA. While those additives make for a more useful material, they also make PLA+ more
expensive.
CONCLUSION
3D designing and printing revolutionize manufacturing by creating objects layer by layer from digital designs.
This technology finds applications in various industries, from aerospace to healthcare, enabling rapid
prototyping, customization, and cost-effective production. The future holds promises of enhanced materials,
larger-scale printing, and even potential for printing organs and complex structures, pushing the boundaries
of innovation and design.