Strong forces of attraction structure Solids packed very closely, regular motion vibrate fixed volume & shape less strong forces of attraction structure Liquids 1.1 KINETIC THEORY close, layers, irregular pattern motion slide fixed volume/ not fixed shape no intermolecular forces no defined pattern， random Gases motion high speed, randomly, in all directions no fixed v & shape s->l melting temperature increases, process heat -> KE of solid particles, absorb energy overcome attraction between solid particles melting point l->s freezing temperature decreases process KE of liquid particles -> heat release energy l->g temperature increases, heat -> KE of liquid particles, internal energy = KE (+ PE) external energy: thermal energy(heat) boiling overcome attraction between liquid particles process below the surface gain energy, escape from the surface specific temperature at which l changes into g boiling point unique l->g 1.2 STATES OF MATTER State changes temperature increases, heat -> KE of liquid particles, evaporation process overcome attraction between liquid particles only occurs at the surface of the liquid any temperature g->l 1. States of Matter condensation temperature decreases process KE of gas particles -> heat release energy s->g temperature increases, sublimation process heat -> KE of solid particles, overcome attraction between solid particles e.g I2(s) -> I2(g) g->s desublimation temperature decreases process KE of gas particles -> heat release energy heated -- thermal energy increases --KE increases -- enough energy to escape -state changes 1.3 HEATING CURVE horizontal line -- fixed m.p/b.p --pure 1.3.2 heating curves mixture doesnt have fixed m.p/b.p density = m/V Temperature and Volume 1.4 Pressure and Temperature in Gases Increasing T -> increasing distance -> increasing V -> decreasing density random motion P=F/A Kinetic theory increase T -- increase KE constant volume more collisions -> more pressure p1v1 =p2v2 high conc. to low conc. -> even conc. the lower the molecular mass, the faster the rate 1.5 Diffusion Diffusion & Molecular Mass Mr -> molecular mass specific temperature at which s changes into l volume constant, increased T -> increased P unique