Week: 5 and 6 [ 2nd Quarter ]
Lecture Note 3: Reporting and Sharing Findings
2. Data Tabulation
For easy classification and distribution of numbers based on a certain criterion,
you have to collate them with the help of a graph called TABLE. Used for frequency and
percentage distribution, this kind of graph is an excellent data organizer that researchers
find indispensable.
Example:
1. Data tabulation of Table 1
Total Sample size: 24
I. LEARNING COMPETENCIES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. present and interpret data in tabular and graphical forms;
2. draw conclusions from research findings; and
3. formulate recommendations.
II. CONTENT
In this module, you will learn about the:
1. data processing, organizing, and analysis;
2. guidelines in making conclusions and recommendations;
3. the techniques in listing references; and
4. the process of report writing
Gender
Course
School
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
It is the transformation of field observations into a system of categories and the
translation of these categories into codes amenable for quantitative analysis.
It is time consuming because it involves series of examinations, classifications,
mathematical calculations, and graphical recording. It is important to know what level or
scale of measurement to use, for the kind of quantitative analysis you will do depends on
your measurement scale.
Steps In Quantitative Data Analysis
STEP 1: PREPARING THE DATA
1. Coding System
Coding is the assignment of numerical codes to each response option or category.
It is used to change the verbally expressed data into numerical information.
Example:
SEX:
QUESTIONS ANSWERABLE BY YES OR NO:
[ 1 ] – code for male
[ 1 ] – Yes
[ 0 ] – code for female
[ 2 ] – No
TABLE 1:
Item Code
Number
Q1
Question
What is your level of
educational attainment?
Q2
Have you ever smoked?
Q3
Do you have any plan to quit
smoking?
Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
Response Options
Never attended school
Elementary level/graduate
High school level/graduate
College level/graduate
Vocational level/graduate
Post-graduate
Yes
No
Have a definite plan
No plan at all
Undecided
Response
Codes
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
1
2
3
Attended in 2016 Summer Arts Seminar-Workshop
Role in the 2016 Seminar-Workshop on Arts
Satisfaction with the demonstration and practice exercises
Male: 11 (46%)
Female: 13 (54%)
Fine Arts: 9 (37%)
Architecture: 6 (25%)
Journalism: 4(17%)
Com. Arts: 5 (20%)
FEU: 3 (12%)
MLQU: 4 (17%)
PLM: 3 ( 12%)
PUP: 5 (20%)
TIP: 4 (17%)
UE: 5 (20%)
Yes: 18 (75%)
No: 6 (25%)
Speaker: 4 (17%)
Organizer: 3 (12%)
Demonstrator: 5 (20%)
Participant: 12 (50%)
Strongly agree: 11 (46%)
Agree: 5 (20%)
Neutral: 2 (8%)
Disagree: 4 (14%)
Strongly Disagree: 2 (8%)
STEP 2: ANALYZING THE DATA
Before immersing yourself into studying every component of the data, decide on
the kind of quantitative analysis you have to use, whether to use categories of data such
as: FREQUENCY OF DISTRIBUTION, MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (mean, median and
mode), and STANDARD DEVIATION.
Descriptive Statistical Technique – This quantitative data analysis technique provides a
summary of the orderly or sequential data obtained from the sample through the data
gathering instrument used. The results of the analysis reveal the following aspects of an
item in a set of data.
Example:
Respondent
Number
1
2
3
4
5
Sex
Age
Q1
Q2
Q3
1
0
1
1
0
23
19
32
27
17
4
5
6
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
Page 1 of 8
Lecture Note 3: Reporting and Sharing Findings
Frequency Distribution – gives you the frequency of distribution and percentage of the
occurrence of an item in a set of data. In other words, it gives you the number of
responses given repeatedly for one question.
Example:
Week: 5 and 6 [ 2nd Quarter ]
of the similarities and differences between the respondents. There are mathematical
operations that you have to do to determine the standard deviation.
Examples of Sd, Variance, Correlation:
Variance Formula for Ungrouped Data (Population)
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝜎2 =
𝑛
Standard Deviation Formula for Ungrouped Data (Population)
QUESTION: By and large, do you find the Senator’s attendance in 2015 legislative sessions awful?
Measurement Scale
Code
Frequency Distribution
Percent Distribution
Strongly Agree
1
14
58.33%
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝜎=√
𝑛
Agree
2
3
12.50%
Where:
Neutral
3
2
8.33%
Disagree
4
1
4.17%
Strongly Disagree
5
4
16.67%
24
100%
Total:
Measure of Central Tendency – indicates the different positions or values of the items,
such that in a category of data, you find an item or items serving as the:
Mean – average of all the items or scores
EXAMPLE: 3, 8, 9, 2, 3, 10, 3
Step 1: Add all the data.
3 + 8 +9 + 2 + 3 + 10 + 3 = 38
Step 2: Divide the sum by the number of data or items. 38 ÷ 7 = 5.43
∑
- Summation Notation
𝑛
- number of respondent or data.
Steps
1.
Find the mean (𝑥̅ )
2.
Subtract the mean from the data (𝑥).
Solution
10 + 13 + 13 + 15 + 9 + 7 + 14 + 14
+ 13 = 108
108
= 12
9
Mean (𝑥̅ ): 12
𝑥
10
𝑥̅
12
𝑥 − 𝑥̅
−2
13
12
1
13
12
1
15
12
3
9
12
−3
7
12
−5
14
12
2
14
12
2
13
12
1
𝑥
10
108
𝑥̅
12
𝑥 − 𝑥̅
−2
Mode – refers to the item or score in the data set that has the most repeated
appearance in the set.
Bimodal – Two modes; Trimodal – Three modes; Multimodal – Four / more modes
EXAMPLE 1: 3, 8, 9, 2, 3, 10, 3 - Mode: 3
EXAMPLE 2: 4, 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 1, 3 - Mode: 1 and 3 (Bimodal)
EXAMPLE 3: 9, 10, 9, 13, 13, 15, 9, 7, 12, 12, 12, 15, 15 - Mode: 9, 12, 15 (Trimodal)
13
12
1
1
13
12
1
1
15
12
3
9
9
12
−3
9
7
12
−5
25
14
12
2
4
Standard Deviation – shows the extent of the difference of the data from the mean. An
examination of this gap between the mean and the data gives you an idea about the extent
14
12
2
4
13
12
1
1
Median – the score in the middle of the set of items that cuts or divides the set of
into two groups.
EXAMPLE: 3, 8, 9, 2, 3, 10, 3
Arrange it from smallest to biggest.
2, 3, 3, 3, 8, 9, 10
The median is 3.
EXAMPLE: 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12
6+7=13
13/2=6.5
Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
The median is 6.5
3.
Square the results of 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ .
108
(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
4
58
Page 2 of 8
Week: 5 and 6 [ 2nd Quarter ]
Lecture Note 3: Reporting and Sharing Findings
4. Substitute the values obtained to the
Variance:
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
formulas for Variance and Standard
𝜎2 =
𝑛
Deviation.
58
2
𝜎 =
9
𝜎 2 ≈ 6.44444
France
Rafael
James
Loida
2.
Standard Deviation:
𝜎=√
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑛
Square all data in the X
Column to create 𝑋 2
Column.
58
9
𝜎 ≈ 2.53859
𝜎=√
Correlation Analysis – A statistical method used to determine whether a relationship
between two variables exist.
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
Also called as Pearson’s r, in honor of the English mathematician Karl Pearson who
developed the formula in the 1880s. A statistical tool that determines the existence,
strength, and direction between two variables.
3.
Square all data in the Y
Column to create 𝑌 2
Column.
Pearson’s r Formula:
4.
Where: 𝑛 - number of respondents
Multiply all data in X and
Y Column to create 𝑋𝑌
Column
Example: The following data shows the scores of 5 students in Statistics ang Physics.
Determine if there is a relationship between the scores in Physics and Statistics.
Interpret the results.
Student
Alfonso
France
Rafael
James
Loida
Steps
1. Construct a table shown
on the right side.
Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
Score in Statistics
X
3
9
10
12
7
Score in Physics
Y
5
8
10
9
8
Solution
Student
Alfonso
X
3
Y
5
9
10
12
7
Student
X
Y
Alfonso
3
5
9
France
9
8
81
Rafael
10
10
100
James
12
9
144
Loida
7
8
49
Get the sum of all
entries.
𝑋2
𝑌2
Student
X
Y
Alfonso
3
5
9
25
France
9
8
81
64
Rafael
10
10
100
100
James
12
9
144
81
Loida
7
8
49
64
Y
𝑋2
𝑌2
XY
15
Student
X
𝑋2
Alfonso
3
5
9
25
France
9
8
81
64
72
Rafael
10
10
100
100
100
James
12
9
144
81
108
49
64
56
𝑋2
𝑌2
XY
Loida
5.
8
10
9
8
7
8
Student
X
Y
Alfonso
3
5
9
25
15
France
9
8
81
64
72
Rafael
10
10
100
100
100
108
James
12
9
144
81
Loida
7
8
49
64
56
41
40
383
334
351
∑𝑋
∑𝑌
∑𝑋 2
∑𝑌 2
∑𝑋𝑌
Page 3 of 8
Lecture Note 3: Reporting and Sharing Findings
6. Substitute the values
(𝑛)(∑ 𝑋𝑌) − (∑ 𝑋)(∑ 𝑌)
obtained to the formula:
𝑟=
𝑟=
√[(𝑛)(∑ 𝑋 2 ) − (∑ 𝑋)2 ][(𝑛)(∑ 𝑌 2 ) − (∑ 𝑌)2 ]
(𝑛)(∑ 𝑋𝑌)−(∑ 𝑋)(∑ 𝑌)
(5)(351) − (41)(40)
√[(𝑛)(∑ 𝑋 2 )−(∑ 𝑋)2 ][(𝑛)(∑ 𝑌 2 )−(∑ 𝑌)2 ]
𝑟=
√[(5)(383) − (41)2 ][(5)(334) − (40)2 ]
1,755 − 1,640
𝑟=
√[1,915 − 1,681][1,670 − 1,600]
115
𝑟=
√[234][70]
115
𝑟=
√16,380
𝑟 ≈ 0.89855
The Pearson’s r shows a Very High correlation.
Pearson’s r
+1
+0.75 – +0.99…
+0.50 – +0.74…
+0.25 – +0.49…
>+0 – +0.24…
0
Qualitative Interpretation
Perfect
Very High
Moderately High
Moderately Low
Very Low
No Correlation
Adapted from Valdez, A. et.al. (2020). The level of satisfaction of the grade 10-Epsilon
learners on the school canteen services of Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the interpretation of data results including the data, findings,
conclusions, and recommendations.
Interpretation of Data
Table 1
Sex Distribution of the Learner-Respondents
Sex
Male
Female
Code
1
0
TOTAL
Frequency Distribution
17
36
53
Percent Distribution
32.08%
67.92%
100%
Table 1 presents the sex distribution of the respondents of the study, who were the Grade
10-Epsilon learners of Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.
The table 1 shows that 17 with a percentage distribution of 32.08 of the respondents
were male and 36 with a percentage distribution of 67.92 were female.
Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
Week: 5 and 6 [ 2nd Quarter ]
Table 2
Frequency Distribution on the School Canteen Provisions of Healthy Foods
Measurement
Scale
Yes
No
TOTAL
Mean
Code
1
2
Frequency
Distribution
45
8
53
Percent Distribution
84.91%
15.09%
100%
1.5
Choice: Yes
Code: 1
The table 2 shows that out of 53 respondents, 45 (84.91%) respondents answered “Yes”
regarding the healthiness of foods being served by the school canteen, and eight (8) (15.09%) of
them answered “No”.
The mean on the school canteen provision of healthy food is 1.15, which implies that the
respondents were satisfied on the healthiness of foods being served by the school canteen.
Table 3
Frequency Distribution on the Affordability of Foods Being Served by the School Canteen
Measurement
Scale
Yes
No
TOTAL
Code
Frequency Distribution
Percent Distribution
1
2
49
4
53
92.45%
7.55%
100%
Mean
1.08
Choice: Yes
Code: 1
The table 3 shows that out of 53 respondents, 49 (92.45%) respondents answered “Yes”
regarding the affordability of foods being served by the school canteen, and four (4) (7.55%) of
them answered “No”.
The mean on the school canteen on affordability of foods being served is 1.08, which
implies that the foods being served are affordable.
Table 4
Frequency Distribution on the Safety and Cleanliness of the School Canteen for Eating
Measurement
Scale
High
Low
TOTAL
Mean
Code
1
2
1.19
Frequency Distribution
43
10
53
Choice: Yes
Percent Distribution
81.13%
18.87%
100%
Code: 1
The table 4 shows that out of 53 respondents, 43 (81.13%) respondents answered “Yes”
regarding the safety and cleanliness of the school canteen for eating, and 10 (18.87%) of them
answered “No”.
Page 4 of 8
Week: 5 and 6 [ 2nd Quarter ]
Lecture Note 3: Reporting and Sharing Findings
The mean on the level of satisfaction of the Grade 10 Epsilon learners on the safety and
cleanliness for eating is 1.19, which implies that the canteen is safe and clean for eating.
3.
4.
Table 5
Frequency Distribution on the Level of Satisfaction of the Grade 10-Epsilon Learners on the
School Canteen Services
Measurement
Scale
High
Low
TOTAL
Code
Frequency Distribution
Percent Distribution
1
2
27
26
53
50.94%
49.06%
100%
Mean
1.49
Choice: Yes
Code: 1
The 5 table shows that out of 53 respondents, 27 (50.94%) respondents answered “Yes”
regarding the school canteen services, and 26 (49.06%) of them answered “No”.
∑𝑥
79
Mean rating:
𝑥̅ = 𝑁
𝑥̅ = 53 𝑥̅ = 1.49
Recommendations
Based from the conclusions, the following were hereby recommended.
1. The school, school administrators, and teachers should take an action through planning
the necessary improvements of the school canteen and its services given to students.
2. The school canteen staff may initiate feedback mechanism to continuously improve its
services offered to entire school.
3. The school canteen should add more variety of choices (foods).
4. The school canteen manager should maintain the cleanliness inside and outside of the
canteen.
5. Future researches should be conducted to further validate this study.
Experimental Research
Adapted from Soriano, G., et. al. (2020). Key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) hand
sanitizer: aid for proper hygiene
CHAPTER III
The mean satisfactory rating of the school canteen services is 1.49, which when rounded
is 1. This corresponds to the satisfactory rating “High”. Therefore, the average rating on the school
canteen services is “High”.
2.
3.
4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter of the study presents the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of
the study.
Findings
1.
The learner-respondents are satisfied on the safety and cleanliness of the school canteen
for eating.
The null hypotheses were rejected, therefore, the alternative hypotheses were accepted.
Based from the gathered, the following findings were revealed:
Out of 53 respondents, 45 (84.91%) respondents answered “Yes” regarding the
healthiness of foods being served by the school canteen, and eight (8) (15.09%) of them
answered “No”. The mean on the school canteen provision of healthy food is 1.15, which
implies that the respondents were satisfied on the healthiness of foods being served by
the school canteen.
Out of 53 respondents, 49 (92.45%) respondents answered “Yes” regarding the
affordability of foods being served by the school canteen, and four (4) (7.55%) of them
answered “No”. The mean on the school canteen on affordability of foods being served
is 1.08, which implies that the foods being served are affordable.
Out of 53 respondents, 43 (81.13%) respondents answered “Yes” regarding the safety
and cleanliness of the school canteen for eating, and 10 (18.87%) of them answered “No”.
The mean on the level of satisfaction of the Grade 10 Epsilon learners on the safety and
cleanliness for eating is 1.19, which implies that the canteen is safe and clean for eating.
Out of 53 respondents, 27 (50.94%) respondents answered “Yes” regarding the school
canteen services, and 26 (49.06%) of them answered “No”. The mean satisfactory rating
of the school canteen services is 1.49, which when rounded is 1. This corresponds to the
satisfactory rating “High”. Therefore, the average rating on the school canteen services
is “High”.
Conclusions
Based from the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The learner-respondents are satisfied on the healthiness of foods being served by the
school canteen.
2. The learner-respondents are satisfied on the affordability of foods being served by the
school canteen.
Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
Findings
Based from the gathered data, the following findings were revealed:
1.
The control set-up (without hand sanitizer) has grown 32 bacteria in its first trial; the
experimental set-up 1 (commercial hand sanitizer) got the highest number of grown
bacteria which has 83 bacteria in its first trial; and the experimental set-up 2 (key lime
(Citrus aurantiifolia) hand sanitizer) got the lowest number of grown bacteria which has
23 bacteria in its first trial.
2.
The control set-up (without hand sanitizer) got the highest number of grown bacteria
which has 81 bacteria in its second trial; the experimental set-up 1 (commercial hand
sanitizer) has 44 bacteria in its second trial; and the experimental set-up 2 (key lime
(Citrus aurantiifolia) hand sanitizer) got the lowest number of grown bacteria which has
8 bacteria in its second trial.
3.
The control set-up (without hand sanitizer) got the highest number of grown bacteria
which has 105 bacteria in its third trial; the experimental set-up 1 (commercial hand
sanitizer) has 49 bacteria in its third trial; and the experimental set-up 2 (key lime (Citrus
aurantiifolia) hand sanitizer) got the lowest number of grown bacteria which has 40
bacteria in its third trial.
4.
The control set-up (without hand sanitizer) got the highest average number of grown
bacteria which is 73 within its three trials; the experimental set-up 1 (commercial hand
sanitizer) has the average number of 59 bacteria within its three trials; and the
experimental set-up 2 (key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) hand sanitizer) got the lowest
average number which has 24 bacteria within its three trials.
Page 5 of 8
Week: 5 and 6 [ 2nd Quarter ]
Lecture Note 3: Reporting and Sharing Findings
Conclusions
Based from the findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1.
On the first trial, it can be gleaned from the findings that the experimental set-up 2 (key
lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) hand sanitizer) is effective in removing bacteria compared to
the experimental set-up 1 (commercial hand sanitizer) and control set-up (without hand
sanitizer).
2.
On the second trial, it can be observed from the findings that the experimental set-up 2
(key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) hand sanitizer) has a lesser grown bacteria compared to
the control set-up (without hand sanitizer) and experimental set-up 1 (commercial hand
sanitizer), which means that the key lime is effective as a sanitizer.
3.
On the third trial which recorded the highest number of grown bacteria, it revealed based
on the findings that the experimental set up-2 (key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) hand
sanitizer) is effective in removing bacteria compared to the experimental set-up 1
(commercial hand sanitizer) and control set-up (without hand sanitizer).
4.
Based on the three trials conducted, the researchers therefore conclude that the
experimental set up-2 (key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) hand sanitizer) is effective in
removing bacteria compared to that of a commercialized hand sanitizer. On the other
hand, without the use of hand sanitizer, there is a greater possibility that bacteria may
multiply in number.
Recommendations
Based from the conclusions of the study, the following recommendations were
WRITING THE CONCLUSION:
The conclusion is the section that ties the entire paper together. It summarizes for the
reader the most important findings of your study. It also gives you the opportunity to
highlight important observations and to five relevant recommendations both for practical
applications and for future research. It is your final chance, as the writer, to leave lasting
impression on your reader. The best way to do this is to summarize and restate your
research questions, arguments, findings, and recommendations briefly but clearly.
RECOMMENDATIONS can be described as a suggestion regarding the best course of
action to take as a result of your summary of findings and conclusion. The purpose of a
recommendation is to provide a useful guide that will not only address certain problems
but result in a successful outcome.
REFERENCING YOUR RESEARCH
Referencing your research means directing your readers to the exact sources of data or
information stated in your report, particularly those stated in the review of related
literature. This is easy for you if the moment you collect data, you begin practicing a
systematic, accurate, and complete recording of the identities of the sources of data. There
are several styles of referencing your research, namely, Harvardian, Vancouver, Turibian,
APA, and MLA.
Many prefer using the last two styles. The following are the important things you
have to know about these commonly used referencing styles.
formulated:
1.
Key Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) Hand Sanitizer, a cheaper and a safer way of sanitizing
bare hands to remove bacteria since it only contains natural ingredients, yet effective
without alcohol content. Aside from this, the use of key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) hand
sanitizer is highly recommended since it acts quickly to kill microorganisms on hands
though it only requires less time than hand washing and are more accessible than sinks.
Added to these benefits is the fact that hand sanitizers that do not contain alcohol can
actually improve the texture of the skin of hands and can address skin problem
conditions such as dry skin, and could as well moisturize hands because of its aloe vera
content.
2.
The school administrators and teachers shall reiterate the importance of proper hygiene
to the students of Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc. This shall be sustained as well in their homes
through the guidance of their parents.
3.
The parents should further monitor their children’s proper hygiene.
4.
The learners should know the importance of proper hygiene using the key lime (Citrus
aurantiifolia) hand sanitizer and produce other alternative products that will serve as
their aid for their proper hygiene.
5.
The future researchers should be conducted to further validate the content of this study.
Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
EXAMPLES OF MLA REFERENCING STYLE
1. DOCUMENTARY NOTES
The same as the entries in a bibliography or references, except that, here, the first name
precedes the family name of the author.
Josie Cruz, G. Mt. Pinatubo. Quezon City: GB Press. 2016.
Manolo De Guzman. Naming of typhoons.
2. BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
ONE AUTHOR
Cruz, Josie A. Mt. Pinatubo Lahar. (Quezon City: GB Press, 2016).
Paras, Beth M. The Philippine Eagle. (Manila: Adarna Publishing House, 2016).
TWO AUTHORS
•
Oteza, Nina C. and David, Jose L. Climate Change. (Baguio City: KLM Co. 2018).
•
Reyes, Mario R. and Cortez, Josie M. Collegiate Athletic Competitions. (Manila:
National Bookstore, 2016)
Page 6 of 8
Week: 5 and 6 [ 2nd Quarter ]
Lecture Note 3: Reporting and Sharing Findings
THREE AUTHORS (List the names in the order they appear on the title page)
•
Ramos, Celso A., Bautista, Cora C. and Vinluan, Gloria F. Energy-giving Foods.
(Pasay City: ABC Press, 2016)
•
Manuel, Joven D., Gregorio, Ben C., and Ferrer, Susan V. The Fury of Super
Typhoon Yolanda. (Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House, 2016)
INTERVIEWS
Interviews are best cited in texts or notes. It is not necessary to include them in a
bibliography, but if they are listed, the entries should appear in this manner:
Barcelo, Felicitas. “Laguna de Bay: Interview with Felicitas Barcelo.” By Gloria De La Cruz.
The Manila Bulletin, 4 August 2016.
THESES, DISSERTATIONS, AND OTHER UNPUBLISHED WORKS
THREE OR MORE AUTHORS (Use the first name in the list)
Villar, Rosalina D. “Modern Language Theories” (Ph.D diss., U.P. Diliman, 2016)
•
Samson, Esther N. et al. Philippine Trial Courts. (Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, 2016) Tiempo, Dolores G. “Critical Evaluation of UST High School Language Books” (M. A. UST,
•
Norman, Vivian. et al. Entry-level Workers’ Pay. (Pasig City: Hope Press, 2016)
2016)
ANONYMOUS AUTHOR (If the authorship of a work is known but not revealed on the title
page, the name is given in brackets)
•
[Evelyn Vargas]. The Bubble Gang. (Nowhere: Nonesuch Press, 2016).
•
[Lina Calderon]. Bulletin-board Postings. (Nowhere: Nonesuch Publication, 2016)
(If the identity of the author is guessed, a question mark follows the name before the closing
bracket.)
EDITOR, TRANSLATOR, COMPILER
•
Parayno, Gabriel F. ed. Philippine Politics. (Manila: PH Press, 2016)
•
Generoso, Luis F. comp. Banking Systems. (Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House,
2016)
•
Formoso, John S. trans. The Makati Business Club. (Makati City: Rex Press, 2016)
ORGANIZATIONS, ASSOCIATION, OR CORPORATION AS AUTHOR
International Monetary Fund, Survey of Asia Economies. Vol.
Thailand,Indonesia and Philippines (New York
International Monetary Fund, 2008)
6,
Malaysia,
NO ASCERTAINABLE PUBLICATION FACTS
Carmona, Lory. The Marcos Regime. (n.p., n.d.)
Solis, Dianne. Philippine Law Schools. (n.p., n.d.)
POPULAR MAGAZINES
Suratos, Mila. “The Ilocano Dishes.” Panorama, March 2016, pp. 23-26.
Roldan, Arnold. “Banana Leaves.” World Mission, May 8, 2016, p. 8.
NEWSPAPERS
News items from daily papers are rarely listed in a bibliography. Rather, the name of the
paper may be given either in the general alphabetical list or in a separate section devoted
to the newspapers.
Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
REFERENCE BOOKS: ENCYCLOPEDIA, DICTIONARY, ALMANAC, INDEXES, ETC.
Well-known reference books are usually not listed in bibliographies. When such reference
books are listed in notes, the facts about the publication are usually omitted, but the
edition, if not the first, must be specified.
References to encyclopedia, dictionary or to the alphabetically arranged works cite the
items (not the volume or page number) preceded by S.V. or sub verbo, meaning “under
the word)
1. Encyclopedia Britannica, 10th ed., S.V. “Ozone Layer.”
2. Columbia Encyclopedia, 5th ed., S.V. “Industrial Revolution.”
EXAMPLES OF APA REFERENCING STYLE
1. BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCE
ONE AUTHOR
Fajardo, J. A. 2016. The Ebola Virus. Quezon City: GB Press
Perez, B.M. 2017. The Philippine Constitution: The highest law of the land. Manila: Adarna
Publishing House.
TWO AUTHORS
Oropesa, N.C. and David, J. L. 2017. Palawan penal colony. Baguio City: KLM Company
Reynoso, M. R. and Saballa, J.M. 2017. Academic freedom. Manila: National Bookstore.
THREE AUTHORS (List the names in the order they appear on the title page)
Revilla, C. A., Bautista, C. C., and Vinuya, G. F. 2017. Boy scout jamborees. Pasay City: ABC
Press.
Manaloto, J. D., Gracia B. C., and Ferrer, S. V. 2017. The victims of super-typhoon Yolanda.
Quezon city: Abiva Publishing House.
THREE or MORE AUTHORS (Use the name of the first author listed on the title page)
Sonora, E.N. et al. 2016. Regional trial courts. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore.
Sevilla, V. et al. 2016. Labour strikes. Pasig City: Hope Press.
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Week: 5 and 6 [ 2nd Quarter ]
Lecture Note 3: Reporting and Sharing Findings
ANONYMOUS AUTHOR (If the authorship of a work is known but not revealed on the title
page, the name is given in brackets.)
[Valerio, E.]. The millennium condominium craze. 2016. Nowhere: Nonesuch Press.
[Valderon, L.]. Non-verbal language. 2016. Nowhere: Nonersuch Publication.
(If the identity of the author is guessed, a question mark follows the name before the closing
bracket.)
[Valerio, E.?]. The millennium condominium craze. 2016. Nowhere: Nonesuch Press.
EDITOR, TRANSLATOR, COMPILER
Pareja, G. F. 2016. Ed. Pacquiao’s lucky charm. Manila: PH Press.
Orosa, L. F. 2016. Comp. Merging of banks. Quezon City: Abiva Publishing House.
Floro, J. S. 2016. Students’ activities. Trans. (Makati City: Rex Press).
EDITOR, TRANSLATOR, COMPILER WITH AN AUTHOR
Lauriano, G. F. 2016. Language textbook writing. Edited by Gina Alamares and Ching Cortez.
Manila: PH Press
Bravo, Luisa F. 2016. Faculty Evaluation System. Compiled by Baby Lapid. Quezon City: Abiva
Publishing House.
Clemente, J. S. 2016. Pope Francis, papal visits. Translated by Carina Davalos. Makati City:
Rex Press.
ORGANIZATION, ASSOCIATION, OR CORPORATION AS AUTHOR
International Monetary Fund, 2008. Survey of Asia Economies. Vol. 6, Malaysia, Thailand,
Indonesia and Philippines New York
International Monetary Fund.
NO ASCERTAINABLE PUBLICATION FACTS
Ramona, L. The rise and fall of the Marcos regime. (n.p., n.d.)
Soriano, D. Western law schools. (n.p., n.d.)
POPULAR MAGAZINES
Salvador, M. March 2016. “The Chinese Dishes.” Panorama, pp. 23-26.
Olarte, A. May 8, 2016. “Catholicism in Asia.” World Mission, p. 8.
THESES, DISSERTATIONS, AND OTHER UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Villarica, R. D. 2016. “Contemporary Language Theories.” Ph.D diss., U.P. Diliman
Corpuz, D. G. 2017 “The UST faculty evaluation system: Critical Analysis.” M. A., UST.
ONLINE MATERIALS
1. Signed article in a magazine
Duterte, R. July 2016. “Social-media networks.” Personality growth.
http://www.inter.com./Jol/labor.htm/.
2. Unsigned article in a magazine
“Unstructured interview. August 2016.” Business Trends Magazine.
http.//www.BusTRendscom/Bus Trends/Trends/ctshoot.htmlz.
3. Article in Journal
“Linguistic competence. 18 May 2016.” English Forum. http.//www.jhu.edu/English
Studies Journal/vol.83/83.1 strethson.html.
4. Article in Newspaper
Lepanto, J. “globalization vs. climate change.” 21 December 2016. New Daily Life Star.
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/26 world/ 28 MIDE.html
5. An Editorial
“Political Dynasty in the Philippines. 7 July 2016.” Editorial. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
http://www.a-pinq.com/ed/2016/24/po4.html.
6. Online Books
Litchten, F. D. 2016. American pragmatics. http: AMPRA 2 etext2014/14w0310txtz
De Gracias. J. G. 15-20, May 2017. “Collaborative language activities” dialog ERIC
AED23376.
NEWSPAPERS
Abad, C. S. “Gated subdivisions in Caloocan City,” 2016. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 7 May.
Manila Bulletin. 2017. Editorial, 2 December.
INTERVIEWS
Ballesteros, F. April 2016. “K-12 curriculum: Interview with Felicitas Ballesteros.” April 2016.
Interview by Anabelle De La Cruz. The Manila Bulletin.
Templo, E. May 2017. “High-school dropouts: Interview with Dr. Juan Barrameda.” Interview
by Lucy Amarillo. The Daily Tribune.
Sta. Lucia Academy Inc.
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