TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGE
I swear on my honor that I did not use any inappropriate aid, nor
give such to others, in accomplishing this coursework. I understand
that cheating and/or plagiarism is a major offense, as stated in
T.I.P. Memorandum No. P-04, s.2017-2018, and that I will be sanctioned
appropriately once I have committed such acts.
Submitted by:
GROUP 1
Abeleda, Nicel Rose L.
Bartolome, Kaira Mae M.
Burgonio, Ma. Mauren
Ann C.
Member 1
Cortes, Jelo B.
Member 2
Magpoc, Vandelrhine G.
Member 3
Melgarejo, Francheska
Nicole U.
Member 4
Member 5
Member 6
Pana, Gerry Victor Q.
Member 7
Submitted to:
ENGR. GIVEN DAVE P. LAYOS
CE023 Fluid Mechanics Instructor
Major Design of Experiment (DoE) Experience Information
CE 023 FLUID MECHANICS
1st Semester, SY 2023-2024
Group Number
1
Group Members
ABELEDA, NICEL ROSE L.
BARTOLOME, KAIRA MAE M.
BURGONIO, MA. MAUREN ANN C.
CORTES, JELO B.
MAGPOC, VANDELRHINE G.
MELGAREJO, FRANCHESKA NICOLE U.
PANA, GERRY VICTOR Q.
DoE Title
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT
VISCOSITY OF OIL-WATER EMULSION IN PIPES
Experimental Design [1] To compare and analyze the variations in the density and viscosity of
Objectives
oil-water emulsion when they are subject and maintained at different
temperatures (cold and hot).
[2] To determine the relationship between temperature, density, and
viscosity of oil-water emulsion with varying concentration.
[3] To gain insights about the practical engineering applications and
benefits of understanding the fluid properties of oil-water emulsions,
focusing on density and viscosity in real-world problems.
Input Factors
Emulsion
A fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid in another in
which it is not soluble or miscible.
ii
Temperature
A physical quantity that expresses hot and cold.
Concentration
A measure of the amount of solute that has been dissolved in a
given amount of solvent or solution.
Output Sources
Density
Viscosity
A physical property that measures how closely packed together a
substance's particles are.
A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
iii
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to the
successful completion of this research project. First and foremost, We would like to
thank our supervisor, Engr. Given Dave Layos, for his guidance, support, and valuable
insights throughout this journey. His expertise and mentorship were instrumental in
shaping this research.
We extend our thanks to my colleagues and friends who provided invaluable feedback,
encouragement, and moral support during the various phases of this project. Your
input was truly valuable.
We want to acknowledge the support of our family for their unwavering encouragement
and understanding during the demanding periods of this research. Lastly, we would
like to express our appreciation to the academic community and the resources
provided by the Technological Institute of the Philippines, which played a vital role in
the successful completion of this research.
This work would not have been possible without the contributions of these individuals
and organizations, and We, researcher sincerely grateful for their support.
iv
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
DEDICATION
To our respected professor and our esteemed institution,
We dedicate our research to you with profound appreciation and esteem. The
continuous support, guidance, and mentorship you have provided have been the
primary motivation for our quest for knowledge. Your insight and passion are
continuously inspiring and shaping our academic adventure as we venture into new
frontiers in study.
We dedicate this work to our school, a symbol of wisdom and originality. Within these
revered chambers, we have refined our abilities, cultivated our inquisitiveness, and
promoted a mindset of exploration. The research we perform clearly demonstrates
your dedication to achieving excellence and seeking truth.
Let this tribute serve as evidence of the significant influence you, our professor, and
our school have had on our academic and scientific pursuits. We humbly showcase
our work as a token of our profound gratitude towards you.
v
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Comprehensive Study of Temperature-Dependent Density and Viscosity of Oilwater Emulsion in Pipes
In partial fulfillment in the course CE023 Fluid Mechanics
Group 1 Members:
Abeleda, Nicel Rose L.
Bartolome, Kaira M.
Burgonio, Ma. Mauren Ann C.
Cortes, Jelo B.
Magpoc, Vandelrhine G.
Melgarejo, Francheska Nicole U.
Pana, Gerry Victor Q.
November 6, 2023
Submitted to:
ENGR. GIVEN DAVE P. LAYOS
CE016 Instructor
vi
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page ............................................................................................................. i
Acknowledgment...........................................................................................................
...... iii
Dedication.............................................................................................. iv
Title Page ..................................................................................................... v
Table of
Contents.................................................................................................................. vi
Abstract............................................................................................................ vii
Chapter I: Introduction........................................................1
Background of the Study ................................................................. 1
Statement of the Problem............................................................. 2
Research Objectives..................................................................2
Significance of the Study .................................................................2
Scope and Limitations................................................................ 3
Definition of Terms............................................................... 4
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature........................................... 5
Research Questions..................................................................5
Local...............................................................................................6
Foreign ............................................................................. 8
Summary and Analysis..................................................................13
Gaps and Rationale..................................................................15
Chapter III: Methodology............................................................ 16
Method of Research ................................................................. 16
Source of Data....................................................................... 16
Research Locale.................................................................... 18
Data Gathering Procedure...................................................... 18
Simulations .........................................................................21
vii
Conceptual Framework.......................................................... 22
Chapter IV: Analysis and Results.................................................. 23
Results of the Study.................................................................. 23
Analysis of the Results............................................................... 29
Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation ..................... 33
Conclusion........................................................................................ 33
Recommendation.............................................................................. 33
References .................................................................. 35
Appendices ..................................................37
viii
Chapter 1
Introduction
This chapter will present the background of the study, statement of the problem,
research objectives, significance of the study, scope and delimitations, and definition
of terms. .
1.1. Background of the Study
The clogging of household pipelines due to oil-water emulsions is a tangible real-world
problem, affecting the daily lives of individuals by disrupting essential water flow in
homes and necessitating practical solutions for maintenance and prevention. This
study aims to explore the factors that contribute to the formation of oil-water emulsions.
It specifically focuses on the effects of temperature variations (both hot and cold),
viscosity, and density in clogging of pipeline. Oil-water emulsions causing clogs in
household pipelines pose a major obstacle in residential plumbing systems, negatively
affecting the smooth and dependable flow of water in homes. This phenomenon
occurs when pipelines become obstructed or blocked due to the presence of stable
mixtures of oil and water, causing a range of operational problems.
Various factors lead to the occurrence of clogging in household pipelines resulting
from oil-water emulsions. The water content is a crucial factor that influences the
stability and characteristics of the emulsion, as it represents the ratio of water to oil.
The dynamics of emulsion formation and subsequent pipeline clogging are influenced
by temperature variations within the plumbing system, which include both hot and cold
conditions.
It is essential to ensure the seamless operating of household pipelines by effectively
managing and preventing the clogging caused by oil-water emulsions. Having a
consistent water flow is crucial for everyday tasks, and any interruption can cause
inconvenience and higher expenses for maintenance. Therefore, it is essential to gain
a comprehensive understanding of the factors and mechanisms that contribute to
pipeline clogging in order to effectively implement proactive measures and targeted
1
interventions. This research aims to thoroughly examine these factors, offering
valuable insights about clogging problems in residential plumbing systems.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
How does the ratio of water to oil significantly influence the stability and
characteristics of oil-water emulsions in household pipelines?
How does temperature variation, ranging from hot and cold, influence the
formation and stability of oil-water emulsion?
What is the impact of temperature-induced variations on the viscosity of oilwater emulsion in pipelines, and how do these viscosity changes contribute to
potential clogging or flow-related issues?
1.3. Research Objectives
This study aims to investigate the issue of clogging in household pipelines resulting
from oil-water emulsions. The study seeks to gain insights into the specific conditions
and factors that contribute to the formation of these emulsions within household
plumbing systems. The research aims to understand how certain factors, such as
temperature (hot and cold), viscosity,density can affect the clogging of household
pipelines. The main objective is to gain a deeper understanding about clogging
problems in residential plumbing systems caused by oil-water emulsions.
1.4. Significance of the Study
This study gives importance to the following:
Residents. This study about the clogging of household pipelines due to oil-water
emulsions is beneficial for residents, as it directly impacts their daily routines,
jeopardizing water flow and possibly escalating maintenance expenses. Effectively
2
dealing with this real-world issue is essential to uphold a dependable and efficient
plumbing system, ensuring residents' comfort and overall well-being.
Students. Studying the clogging of residential pipelines caused by oil-water
emulsions is of utmost importance for students. It facilitates practical experience,
promoting the development of multidisciplinary knowledge and problem-solving
abilities.
Future Researchers. Future researchers can gain advantages by comprehending
the practical implications of their study, implementing it to actual issues, and
advancing the field's comprehension of sustainable fluid distribution systems. This
offers a chance to enhance current understanding and make progress in the fields of
fluid dynamics, environmental engineering, and infrastructure management.
Government. This research provides government agencies with an important
academic foundation for informing laws, regulations, and response plans for sectors
that handle oil-water mixes. Its consequences include environmental preservation,
safety, and efforts to manage resources in a sustainable manner.
1.5. Scope and Limitations
Scope
The research scope focuses on comprehending the clogging of residential pipes
caused by oil-water emulsions, with a specific concentration on investigating the
influence of viscosity variations in both hot and cold temperatures.
Limitation
The research may be limited by variations in household plumbing, which can differ in
design and materials. The study seeks to examine the correlation between
temperature variations and the viscosity of emulsions, which may result in possible
issues in pipelines. This involves investigating variables such as viscosity, density
3
and fluid flow rates, and the general effectiveness of residential plumbing systems
under varying temperature conditions.
The study will not be able to test conditions where there are occurring changes in
temperature and concentrations of emulsion and limited only to situations where the
variables are at constant.
The study will not be able to consider other factors affecting density and viscosity
such as pressure and only considers temperature and level of concentration.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Emulsion. Emulsions are colloidal systems where one liquid phase, which is not
soluble in another liquid phase, is dispersed as minute droplets throughout the
second liquid phase. Emulsifying agents are commonly used to stabilize these
droplets, preventing them from merging together and ensuring the mixture remains
stable. Emulsions can exist in many configurations, such as oil-in-water or water-inoil, depending on the unique liquids and system conditions.
Viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation or flow. It
quantifies the internal friction within the fluid as it moves. High viscosity indicates a
thick, resistant flow, while low viscosity denotes a thinner, more easily flowing
substance.
Fluid resistance. It is often referred to as drag or fluid friction, is the force that
opposes the motion of an object through a fluid. It arises due to the interaction
between the object's surface and the molecules of the surrounding fluid (Batchelor,
2016).
4
Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
It is common knowledge that oil and water do not mix. When putting both liquids in the
same container, it is noticeable that the oil always rises up and stays at the top of the
water. This is the expected outcome even if oil was put first before the water. Closing
the container and shaking it to mix the liquids also do not work. The color might change
for a short moment, but after letting it rest for seconds, it is observable that the liquid
slowly separates, the oil goes up at the top and the water sinks at the bottom.
These phenomena can be explained with science. Oil and water have a different
molecular structure, it has something to do with the polarity of their molecules. Water
with a chemical symbol H2O has a polar hydrogen bond which causes its particles to
reject bonding with a nonpolar molecule like what oils have. On the other hand, the
reason why oil rises up above while water rests at the bottom is the distinction of the
two liquids in terms of density property. Now that a sound and comprehensible
explanation was given, it will be easy to accept that oil and water will never mix.
However, it might be a surprise to find out that the two liquids can actually be
combined. This is where the process of emulsion can be used.
In this chapter, the aim is to explore existing studies that have dealt with the problems
aligned with the objectives of this research such as understanding the effect of
temperature to viscosity and its relationship between the variation in concentration of
oil-water emulsion.
2.1. Research Questions
●
What is emulsion?
●
How does temperature affect viscosity of oil-water emulsion?
●
How does the difference in concentration between oil and water affect
viscosity?
●
Why is it important to know the effects of temperature and concentration to
viscosity?
●
What are the applications of emulsified liquids in reality?
5
2.2. Local
Investigating the effect of different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol
(PEG) on the viscosity of the continuous phase in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions
using fluorescence microscopy and emulsion tracking technique
Hannah A. Yuson
The most basic examples of heterogeneous liquids that don't typically mix are water
and oil. Yet, they can be combined to create a homogenous combination under the
right circumstances. An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids in which a
discrete volume of one component is distributed into the continuous phase of the other
component. The dispersed phase of an oil-in-water emulsion is the oil, and the
continuous phase, or dispersion medium is the water. An emulsifier is needed to lower
the emulsion droplet sizes and improve emulsion stability, which is caused by the
presence of an interfacial barrier that inhibits the dispersed water droplets from
coalescing, in order to generate stable emulsions. Emulsion droplets may experience
phase separation and other thermodynamic and breakdown processes during storage,
such as creaming. Emulsifier additions may cause these processes to take longer.
This study looked at the impact of using different molecular weights of the hydrophilic
linear polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a co-emulsifier in the continuous phase
of an O/W emulsion. (Yuson H., 2023)
Method
An “emulsion tracking algorithm and fluorescence microscopy” are used for measuring
the diffusibility and viscosity of individual droplets in the continuous phase. Emulsion
tracking sheds light on the system's local mechanical behavior. With the help of this
innovative method, the physicochemical characteristics of emulsion are better
understood. (Yuson H., 2023)
6
Result
PEG viscosities of 500 000 (PEG 0.5M), 2 000 000 (PEG 2M), and 4 000 000 (PEG
4M) were applied to the oil-in-water droplets. There is a noticeable outcome during the
experiment even if the selected PEG molecular weights do not have a consistent
relationship. By monitoring the emulsion droplets, the results demonstrate how altering
the continuous phase's properties affects the phase's viscosity. An emulsion tracking
algorithm and fluorescence microscopy were used to develop a novel method for
measuring the diffusibility and viscosity of individual droplets in the continuous phase.
Emulsion tracking shed light on the system's local mechanical behavior. The
continuous phase becomes more viscous in higher molecular weight PEG solutions,
which reduces the diffusibility of the droplets, according to the results. The droplets in
the O/W emulsion with PEG 4.0M showed the least diffusibility. The scattered droplets
in this emulsion travel more slowly because of the continuous phase, which functions
as a "slow" fluid. By calculating the mean squared displacements of the droplets, the
diffusibility was reported. (Yuson H., 2023)
Development and physico-chemical characterization of virgin coconut oil-inwater emulsion using polymerized whey protein as emulsifier for Vitamin A
delivery
Erin Jasse Tanglao, Arun Bryan Nanda Kumar, Ronald Ryan Noriega, Mark Emile Punzalan, and Philipina
Marcelo
Emulsion systems have become an essential component of food production. During
the process of transporting goods, sensitive lipophilic nutrients like Vitamin A are
carried on vehicles for delivery. As a result, it is critical to produce emulsions that are
stable enough to protect essential nutrients. To encapsulate Vitamin A, a virgin
coconut oil (VCO)-in-water emulsion was created with polymerized whey protein as
an emulsifier, with VCO droplets scattered in the water phase and Vitamin A dissolved
in the oil phase. The study's goal was to create a VCO-in-water emulsion to
encapsulate and preserve Vitamin A in the form of retinyl acetate, as well as to
determine the emulsion's physicochemical properties. (Kumar et al., 2018)
7
Three emulsions were created at varied homogenization speeds: 720, 846.7, and
955.8 rpm, to test the stability of the emulsion in encapsulating Vitamin A. The
emulsion formed at 846.7 rpm has the finest visual features, equivalent to dairy butter.
Thermal analyses using a differential scanning calorimeter revealed that the emulsion
increased the energy required to degrade Vitamin A at simulated stomach pH, and
microscopy results revealed that the emulsion has an average particle diameter of
about 10 m, which remained stable in the acidic environment of simulated digestion.
As a result, the emulsion is thermodynamically stable and exhibits little coalescence.
(Kumar et al., 2018)
Most of the main chemical industries make extensive use of emulsions. It is used in
the pharmaceutical industry to make medications more pleasant and to increase
overall efficacy by adjusting the amount of active chemicals. They are also used to
improve the appearance of topical medications like ointments. Out of many
significance of emulsifying oil-water, the study presented a solid attestation of its use.
2.3. Foreign
Numerical and Experimental Study of the Impact of Temperature on Relative in
an Oil and Water System
Yukubu Balogun
Relative permeability is affected by several flow parameters, predominantly operating
temperature and fluid viscosity. Fluid viscosity changes with temperature, which
correspondingly affects the relative permeability. Temperature is believed to have
considerable effect on oil-water relative permeability, thus a vital input parameter in
petroleum reservoir development modeling. The actual effect of temperature on oilwater relative permeability curves has been a subject of debate within the scientific
community.
The experimental and numerical approaches used in the literature to determine the
influence of temperature on oil-water relative permeability. This study looks at how
temperature affects multiphase flow mechanics in porous media at different
8
temperatures. A pore-scale analysis of the temperature effect on oil recovery factor
under water and oil conditions was conducted using computational fluid dynamics
technique. A series of core flooding experiments were carried out with well sorted
unconsolidated silica sand packs to investigate oil-water relative permeability using
the unsteady-state relative permeability method. The studies were carried at various
temperatures ranging (40 to 80 degrees celsius). The investigation employed three
injection flow rates (0.5-0.75 and 1.0mL/min) and two oil viscosities (43 cP motor and
25 cP mineral oil- at 60 degree celsius).
The outcomes of all the experiment results demonstrated that the oil-water relative
permeability is a function of temperature, water injection flow rate, and oil viscosity are
all factors to consider. Furthermore, the experimental results reveal that the residual
oil saturation as the injection flow rate increases, and the viscous fluid becomes more
viscous at the water-relative endpoint. Permeability varies slightly across the collection
of trials, with greater values for under same flow rate conditions, the less viscous oil.
In general, the oil profile and water relative permeability curves change when oil
viscosity and water temperature change. At the same operational conditions, the
injection flow rate is the same. This behavior demonstrates that when choosing
displacement, oil viscosity is an important thing to consider. Flow rate ensures
maximum oil production. In addition, an increase in temperature outcomes as well as
increase in the relative permeability of both oil and water.
According to (Mohammadmoradi, 2016) a knowledge of the heat transfer mechanics
in a porous medium is needed for accurate operation of thermal enhanced oil recovery
methods. Thermal enhanced oil recovery mainly involves changing the reservoir
makeup or rock fluid properties due to operating thermal gradients. An effective
transfer of heat aids fluid viscosity reduction, fluid mobility and ultimate recovery. Two
core parameters used to ascertain how efficiently thermal energy can be transported
in a porous medium are the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) and effective thermal
diffusivity (ETD). In a porous medium, factors such as morphology, porosity, and fluid
saturation generally affect the effective thermal conductivity. Several research efforts
have been made to predict the thermal properties of porous media via experimental,
theoretical, and numerical or through a coupling effort both (Arthur, 2015).
9
Effect of Oil Viscosity on the Flow Structure and Pressure Gradient in
Horizontal Oil-Water Flow
N. Yusuf a, Y. Al-Wahaibia, T. Al-Wahaibi a, A. Al-Ajmi a.,A.S. Olawale b, I.A Mohammed b
When an oil-water mixture flows in a channel at the same time, two fluids can arrange
themselves in a variety of configurations that are mostly determined by the physical
properties of the fluids and the operational conditions. For instance, differences
between two liquids with high-density differences are likely to differ from those two
liquids with modest or identical density variations in flow configurations.
The flow pattern and pressure of the experimental set-up were carried out at the
depicted liquid-liquid flow. The parameters of oil and water as test fluids. Each fluid
moved from its storage tank to the test portion via a pump. The liquid phase was
permitted to enter from the bottom, while the oil joined from the top in order to limit the
effect mixing. Two flow meters with a maximum capacity of 20,000 I/h and a maximum
flow rate of 30 I/min were linked to each of the regulated flow lines (water and oil) via
pin. The flow meters were calibrated with the fluids to a full-scale accuracy of 0.5%.
The mixture is reintroduced via a PVC pipe connected to a separator tank, allowing
the two phases to separate. The flow patterns and transitions between them were
identified using a high speed camera (Fastec Troubleshooter) and ocular observation.
The camera was placed 6.5 meters away from the first 8 meters to the test area. As
early examination revealed, the flow is completely formed at this point. The images
were transferred and processed using MiDAS 4.0 express software. In the test
segment, a pressure gradient experiment was carried out by measuring the pressure
drop between two points 1m apart along the flow line 7m from the entry point. A Dywer
490 digital differential manometer was used to measure the pressure drop.
One of the major findings, which is related to differences in oil viscosity. At increasing
oil velocities, the disparities between the results become more pronounced. The
greatest pressure differential was noticed in the flow zone where oil is in the continuous
plane. On the contrary, the pressure gradient values recorded at the same conditions
for dispersed oil in water (Do/w) are almost the same. In this environment,a simple
correlation was created to predict the pressure gradient. New experimental data was
10
used to validate the correlation. Finally, using a two-flow model for stratified flow and
the homogenous model for oil dispersed in water,the influence of oil viscosity on
pressure gradient prediction was explored. Both models performed better when
predicting low oil viscosities.
The effect of oil viscosity on pressure gradient was also investigated by comparing the
results with (Angeli and Hewitt, 1998) and (Chakrabarti et al, 2005), observed
dispersed flow patterns. Compared to this study, early formation of Do/w was noticed
in both works which may be attributed to the lower oil viscosity implemented in both
studies. For the Do/w. This is likely due to the entry condition of the fluids. (Raj et al,
2005) introduced their fluids through a mixer comprising two concentric pipes with the
oil introduced through the annulus and water through the tube. This method prevented
lateral mixing of the two fluids near the entry point. On the other hand, (Angeli and
Hewitt, 2000) used a T-junction with a 90 degrees elbow immediately downstream and
before the test section to introduce their fluid into the test section. This increased the
possibility of lateral mixing of the fluids at the entry point, hence causing an early
transition.
Emulsification of Indian heavy crude oil in water for its efficient transportation
through offshore pipelines
Shailesh Kumar, Vikas Mahto
The emulsification of heavy crude oil is the most cost-effective method of transporting
heavy crude oil through offshore pipelines. In this study, different oil in water (O/W)
emulsions
were
created.
Tetramethylbutyl
phenyl-polyethylene
glycol
was
synthesized from Indian heavy crude oil. To disperse crude oil in the water phase,
ultrasonic waves with a frequency of 26 kHz were generated by Hielscher UP200Ht
ultrasonic homogenizer. The physicochemical properties of heavy crude oil was
determined using petroleum industry standard procedures, FTIR was used to examine
the functional groups in crude oil.
11
Heavy crude oils are often generated in the form of stable crude oils, (Dicharry et al.
2006) developed water in oil (o/w) emulsions. This crude oil was processed before
additional trials. Using a commercial solvent, eliminate water to obtain pure oil. PEG
200 is a demulsifier. The crude oil was first heated to 65 degrees celsius about 15
minutes to allow the links between wax crystals to break. Crude oil was treated by
adding 2% (v/v) PEG 200, 4 hours of heating with stirring, followed by 4 hours of
heating without stirring and 1 hour of stirring. Water was later separated utilizing pure
heavy crude oil (HCO) was collected through a funnel for further processing studies.
HCO’s gravity was estimated using the basis of specific gravity at 15 C. The crude
density A pycnometer (ASTM D1480-15, 2015) was used to measure the oil.
The primary goal of preparing o/w emulsion is to improve the ability of crude oil to flow
through offshore pipes. In order to examine the flow characteristics of HCO and its
numerous inlets US 200 software-assisted physica rheometer for water emulsions.
The Anton Par model MC-1 was utilized. This rheometer has two operational test
modes, one of which is universal. A controlled rate (CR) mode and a controlled stress
(CS) mode are available. The rheometer has a cone-plate, parallel plate, and Bobcylinder systems with temperature control. Cone plate system with a cone angle of 1
and a cone diameter of 35mm. The crude oil was measured using a 0.05mm gap at
the cone tip, bob cylinder to assess prepared emulsions rheology (25 C) and rheology
(at various temperatures). For emulsion I and II, parallel plate shape, 35mm diameter
with a spacing of 0.5mm was chosen.The zetasizer system examines the Brownian
motion, real time particle motion and scattering measurements. It also links the
intensity of light with an applied previously established light scattering theory to provide
droplet size distribution. System testing duration was reduced to 10 seconds to avoid
coalescence during measurement. To evaluate the stability of oil created o/w
emulsions, 10mL of emulsion samples were transferred to a separate container, after
the graded 15mL cone-shaped glass tube, the process of homogenization. The
emulsion stability has been investigated using the following equation; % Emulsion
stability = (1 − Volume of separated water (ml) / Total volume of water (ml) )× 100.
(Deshmukh and Bharambe, 2008) and development of heavy crude oil emulsion in
water (Ashrafizadeh and Kamran, 2010; Hasan et al., 2010). Due to the high viscosity
and high wax content of the heavy crude, diluents are not much effective as large
12
proportions of diluents are required and requires a costly return line as well. For heavy
crudes, especially with high asphaltic content, very large amounts of PPDs are
required. Also the dosing of PPDs at particular length intervals is necessary in
pipelines of very large length. With the use of suitable surfactant, heavy crude oil as
stable and concentrated o/w emulsion can be most effectively transported over a large
distance (Titus, 1973). Many authors previously have demonstrated the application of
this method to transport heavy crude oils through pipelines from different oil fields
(Guevara et al., 1997, Lamb and Simpson, 1963, Stockwell et al., 1988). In the
emulsification method, droplets of oil phase are dispersed in the water phase with the
aid of suitable surfactant/s to form a stable o/w emulsion. The formation of an emulsion
thereby significantly decreases pour point as well as viscosity of crude oil. Because of
the water being the continuous phase, chances of wax deposition at pipe surface,
clogging of pipeline and corrosion of pipeline are greatly avoided. For petroleum
industries, it is always a priority to optimize the economy of the transportation process.
Considering the maximized profitability and cost effectiveness, it is relevant to
minimize the viscosity of crude oil but keep the oil content maximum at the same time
(Abdurahman et al., 2012, Ahmed et al., 1999). For the efficient transportation of heavy
crude oil, stable o/w emulsion should be prepared so that water should not be
separated before reaching the desired destination. Mechanical homogenization is the
most commonly used method to produce o/w emulsions. However, several authors
have also proposed new techniques for emulsification by using ultrasonic waves
(Abismaïl et al., 1999, Lin and Chen, 2006) and by membranes (Giorno et al., 2003).
2.4. Summary and Analysis
In the current investigation, oil is non polar, and as a result, they are not attracted to
the polarity of water molecules. Oil molecules are hydrophobic, which means they are
repelled by water molecules rather than being attracted to them. When you add oil to
water, the two do not mix. Because oil is less dense than water, it will constantly float
on top of it, forming an oily surface layer. Viscosity resists fluid motion, the motion
created by a mixer impeller in a viscous fluid may die out before moving the full
content. The oil and water can possibly be mixed using an emulsion, which is a mixing
of two immiscible liquids in which a discrete volume of one is distributed into the
13
continuous phase of the other. The oil in oil-water emulsion is the dispersed phase,
and the water is the continuous phase or dispersion medium. An emulsifier is
necessary to reduce emulsion sizes and promote emulsion stability for creating stable
emulsions.
In conducting the research, temperature has a significant influence on viscosity.
Temperature alterations impact the viscosity of both oil and water phases. Higher
temperatures generally decrease viscosity, making it easier for the phases to mix and
form emulsions.It often reduces interfacial tension, promoting emulsion stability.
Conversely,
lower
temperatures
can
increase
viscosity,
may
increase
tension,affecting the emulsion stability. These physical changes induce turbulence,
affecting the mixing of oil and water phases and influencing emulsion formation and
stability. It can also influence the kinetics and thermodynamics of these reactions,
impacting the overall emulsion formation process.
When the concentration of water increases in an oil-water emulsion, the viscosity of
the emulsion increases. The concentration of the surfactant or emulsifier remains
constant throughout all emulsion samples. At lower water concentrations or dispersed
phase, there are fewer water micro-droplets, resulting in a reduced surface or interface
area with the oil continuous phase. As the concentration of water in the emulsion
grows, a greater number of micro-droplets of water become available, resulting in a
bigger interface area and more continuous phase binding in the interfacial layer.
On the other hand, viscosity is generally pressure independent, but liquids under great
pressure frequently suffer an increase in viscosity. Because liquids are generally
incompressible, increasing the pressure does not bring the molecules any closer
together. The differences in the results grow more evident as the oil velocity increases.
The highest pressure differential was seen in the flow zone where the oil is on the
continuous plane. A dispersion of one liquid in another two immiscible liquids, like oil
and water represent oil and water soluble compounds. Understanding the relationship
of temperature, viscosity changes, and emulsion behavior is essential for predicting
and mitigating potential clogging or flow-related challenges. It enables the
development of strategies to optimize operational conditions and maintain efficient
fluid transport under varying temperature conditions. The surfactant, which is
14
composed of molecules that are both water and oil soluble, serves as an agent for
connecting others in an emulsion. The surfactants break down this surface tension,
allowing two immiscible liquids to form. Additionally, there is no yet to be undertaken
a study in determining the relationship of three parameters or variables specified in
the research, which are temperature, viscosity and the level of concentration of oilwater emulsion.
2.5. Gaps and Rationale
The current studies could have considered identifying other types of emulsifiers or if
there is any way to mix oil and water without any additional component. Moreover,
studies correlating two of the variables like temperature and viscosity of oil-water
emulsion, and effect of oil, in general, in the viscosity of the mixture is available.
However, there is no study conducted yet that has an objective to find out the
relationship between the three factors or variables that are mentioned in this research
which is temperature, viscosity, and the amount of concentration of oil-water emulsion.
Temperature is a major factor that affects the viscosity of fluids, hence this research
aspires to compare the changes in viscosity of oil-water emulsion with varying
temperatures to find out a more realistic result that is applicable to real life situations.
“Investigating the effect of different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on
the viscosity of the continuous phase in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions using
fluorescence microscopy and emulsion tracking technique” is the closest study to
changing concentrations of oil in mixture. But the researcher altered the molecular
weight of the emulsifier instead of having a variety in concentration. Despite that,
hypothetically, the results would be alike: as the molecular weight of the emulsifier
increases, the more viscous the continuous phase becomes, on the other hand, as the
oil increases, the viscosity of the fluid will increase as well. This hypothesis will be
proved in the experiment proper.
15
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
3.1. Methods of Research
The researchers incorporated the use of the experimental method of research in
conducting this study. With the use of experimental methods the researchers are able
to obtain quantitative results. This type of method of research is a study in which
makes use of the hypothesis and the variables that are manipulated by the
researchers to acquire the data needed. Experimental method of research is also
described to be a form of comparative analysis which means it studies more than one
or more variables then observing a group that would be under a specific condition or
groups that are experiencing different conditions. Hence, even if the researchers lack
experience when it comes to the subject they would break new ground and uncover
fresh information by adjusting various study variables (Indeed Editorial Team, 2023).
By utilizing this type of method of research the researchers would obtain results which
would help them determine the relationships between the factors used and how each
group has affected each one of them. This is a method wherein the researchers will
acquire numerical and measurable data. The research will also utilize the use of
empirical research. In this research, the variable that is being manipulated is the
temperature which would either be hot, cold, or at room temperature, all in which will
have three trials for more accurate results. Quantitative Research is the type of
research that is used in this study as a process in which it quantifies the gathering and
analyzing of data. It is a method that is influenced by the positivist and empiricist
philosophies through testing theories. According to the University of Southern
California, numbers, logic, and objectivity are the main topics of quantitative research.
It deals with “numeric and unchanging data and detailed, convergent reasoning rather
than divergent reasoning.
3.2. Sources of Data
It is already a known fact that water and oil are two different fluids with their own unique
different properties, most especially its viscosity. When both water and oil are put into
16
a container together they do not mix; rather the oil would just drop at the bottom of the
container because of its weight, which within itself already shows how it affects each
other. This leads to the question “what would happen to the viscosity of the mixture if
temperature is involved?”, it makes one wonder what would happen if a certain hot oil
is mixed with similarly hot water or a hot oil mixed with cold water etc. Hence, the
researchers were able to find an almost similar study as a source of information and
guidance for the researchers. A study conducted by Yukubu Balogunm entitled
“Numerical and Experimental Study of the Impact of Temperature on Relative in an Oil
and Water System” found that the result of every experiment showed that temperature,
water injection flow rate, and oil viscosity are all important variables to take into
account when determining the oil-water relative permeability. Not only that but it is also
found that the viscous fluid gets more viscous at the water-relative endpoint while the
residual oil saturation increases as the injection flow rate increases. The study was
done in trials which acquired a variety of results when it comes to permeability but it
concluded that the less viscous the oil, the bigger the permeability values at the same
flow rate settings. Additionally, another study conducted by Marco A. Farah et al. in
the year 2005 entitled “Viscosity of water-in-oil emulsions: Variation with temperature
and water volume fraction” found that emulsions' effective viscosity can be related to
both temperature and the volume percent of the dispersed phase. These two studies
showed how different factors can affect the viscosity of the liquid and its mixture, with
both studies having the temperature as one of its variables or its output it can be said
that these are the perfect source of data or material that the research will use as guide
for the researcher's experimental procedure.
The researchers will acquire the data needed in the study through the use of the falling
ball test or the falling viscometer wherein it consists of a circular cylinder with a certain
fluid and two different types of smooth ball (metal and marble). The ball is then to be
dropped on the fluid and the amount or time it takes for the ball to drop at the bottom
of the cylinder is to be recorded. This time would then be employed to solve for the
viscosity based on its relationship with velocity in accordance to Stokes’ Law and the
summation of forces. In which the gravitational force causes the ball to accelerate as
it is lowered into the fluid until it achieves its terminal velocity. When the ball's weight
and the viscous and buoyant forces are equal, terminal velocity occurs which at this
point the velocity of the ball is maximum or terminal. Hence, it is important for the
17
researchers to conduct this experiment as a replacement to a viscometer for it would
acquire the data needed for this research which is the viscosity of the oil-water mixture.
Temperature is also a main source of data for this study revolves around how the
temperature affects the viscosity of the oil-water’s emulsion. In the study the
researchers would use three (3) different temperatures such as hot at the water’s
burning point, room temperature, and cold at five (5) degrees celsius. Same as
temperature, concentration is also an important source of data for it considers how
much oil and water considered in the mixture which would obtain various viscosity,
hence, the researchers uses 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration in this
study.
3.3. Research Locale
The study was conducted at Technological Institute of the Philippines, Cubao at 938Aurora Boulevard, Quezon City. A laboratory setting can be used where controlled
experiments with representative oil-water mixtures are conducted. This provides the
advantage of precise control over experimental conditions.
3.4. Data Gathering Procedure
Falling-ball Viscosity Test measures the time it takes a spherical ball to fall a specific
distance under gravity through a tube filled with the fluid whose viscosity is to be
calculated.
Materials:
● Graduated cylinder
● Test Fluids
○ oil
○ water (cold, hot, room temperature)
18
● Emulsifier ( Dish Soap)
● Scale
● Several Small Spheres (with Weight and Diameter to be measured)
● Stopwatch
● Hot plates
● Electric Blender
● Clear Container
● Ice
Preparation:
1. Weigh each sphere on an electronic scientific scale and record on a
sheet of paper the mass of each sphere (in kilograms). Measure each
sphere for diameter then divide that by two to equal the radius. Record
each radius value on the paper.
2. Calculate the volume of each sphere using the formula 𝐴 =
4
3
𝜋𝑟 3, where
"A" represents volume and "r" represents the sphere's radius.
3. Determine the density of each sphere by dividing the mass found in
Step 1 by the volume found in Step 2. Record the density of each
sphere.
4. Preparing water samples: Using a hot plate, boil around 30 ml of water
reaching its boiling point, of 100 degree celsius. Also, secure around
30 ml of cold water with about 5 degree celsius. Lastly, prepare a water
sample with room temperature or approximately 25 degree celsius.
note: temperature variations are applied to water since it is the
continuous phase of the emulsion.
5. Prepare three emulsified liquid samples with 10% concentration of oil
in water emulsion having a 10 ml volume. In each sample, use the
water samples with 3 variations of temperatures (cold, hot, room
temperature).
19
(for cold samples: put the cylinder in the middle of a clear container
and surround it with ice. This step is to maintain the temperature of the
liquid sample)
6. Repeat the last step with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration of
oil in water emulsion. So there should be 15 samples in total.
7. Place an empty beaker on the scale and record its weight. Remove the
beaker and fill it with 10 ml of the liquid. Subtract the weight of the
empty beaker from the weight of the full beaker and divide the answer
by 10 to calculate the density of 1 ml of that liquid.
Determine Viscosity
1. Prepare your workstation with a graduated cylinder, the spheres,
liquids, paper, stopwatch and tape. Carefully pour liquid into a
graduated cylinder until it is nearly full. Leave about a half inch of
space between the liquid and the top of the cylinder.
2. Mark off a spot, using the tape, about 2 cm below the liquid's surface
and another about half an inch from the bottom of the cylinder. These
marks will help determine the distance of the sphere's fall. Use either
the top or the bottom of the tape as a guide, but remain consistent.
Measure the exact distance between the tape marks and record it.
3. Hold the sphere on the surface of the liquid. Simultaneously start the
stopwatch and drop the sphere. Stop the watch when the sphere
reaches the second tape mark. Record the data. Repeat the drop using
the other spheres and record their data. Repeat Steps 1 through 4 with
the other liquid.
20
4. Calculate the velocity of the spheres by dividing the distance between
the tape marks by the time it took for the sphere to reach the second
mark.
4
5. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid using equation: 3 𝜋𝑟𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑔 −
4
3
𝜋𝑟𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔 − 6𝜇𝜋𝑉𝑟 = 0
Table. 1 Density and viscosity of oil-water emulsion with varying temperature and
concentration
Concentration
Temperature
10%
Cold
Density
Room Temperature
Hot
25%
Cold
Room Temperature
Hot
50%
Cold
Room Temperature
Hot
75%
Cold
Room Temperature
Hot
21
Viscosity
100%
Cold
Room Temperature
Hot
3.5. Conceptual Framework
The framework gives an overview of the observed relationship and effect to viscosity
of temperature and varying concentration of an oil-water emulsion. Eliminating one of
the variables does not affect the output factors, however with an observable
difference in the numbers that will be calculated.
Both changes in temperature and concentration affect both density and viscosity.
Given that viscosity is the fluid property as the focal point of the study, the framework
below shows that an emulsion with varying concentrations and temperature
influences density and viscosity.
Given the above mentioned hypothesis, the experiment ought to prove that viscosity
changes together with change in concentration, temperature, and density.
Variation in oilwater
concentration
Density
Variation in
Temperature
Viscosity
Emulsion
22
Chapter 4
Analysis and Results
4.1. Results of the Study
VISCOSITY (Pa-s)
HOT TEMP GROUP A
10% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.36695976
ND
2 TRIAL
0.093873427
RD
3 TRIAL
0.196280802
HOT TEMP GROUP B
25% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.320624427
ND
2 TRIAL
0.430552801
RD
3 TRIAL
0.439713499
HOT TEMP GROUP C
505% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.800165207
ND
2 TRIAL
0.661006041
RD
3 TRIAL
0.400082604
HOT TEMP GROUP D
75% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.296431125
ND
2 TRIAL
0.444646687
RD
3 TRIAL
0.279962729
HOT TEMP GROUP E
100% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.424149051
ND
2 TRIAL
0.568540218
RD
3 TRIAL
0.523417978
Table 4.1 – Obtained result of Viscosity for Hot Temperature with a marble as its
sphere at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration
23
VISCOSITY (Pa-s)
HOT TEMP GROUP F
10% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
10.05909071
ND
2 TRIAL
0.838257559
3RD TRIAL
1.362168533
HOT TEMP GROUP G
25% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
0.959285114
ND
2 TRIAL
1.918570227
3RD TRIAL
1.279046818
HOT TEMP GROUP H
505% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
0.736771524
ND
2 TRIAL
0.684144986
3RD TRIAL
1.157783823
HOT TEMP GROUP I
75% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
0.623513489
ND
2 TRIAL
0.675472946
3RD TRIAL
1.039189148
HOT TEMP GROUP J
100% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
1.805312192
2ND TRIAL
1.43363027
RD
3 TRIAL
1.380532853
Table 4.2 – Obtained result of Viscosity for Hot Temperature with a metal sphere at
10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration
VISCOSITY (Pa-s)
ROOM TEMP GROUP A
10% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
2ND TRIAL
3RD TRIAL
ROOM TEMP GROUP B
25% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
2ND TRIAL
3RD TRIAL
ROOM TEMP GROUP C
0.426697395
0.443765291
0.785123207
0.421392104
0.384749312
0.421392104
24
505% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.382687708
ND
2 TRIAL
0.782770311
RD
3 TRIAL
0.434872395
ROOM TEMP GROUP D
75% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.452880885
ND
2 TRIAL
0.345836312
RD
3 TRIAL
0.288196927
ROOM TEMP GROUP E
100% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.55951577
ND
2 TRIAL
0.406100156
RD
3 TRIAL
0.541466874
Table 4.3 – Obtained result of Viscosity for Room Temperature with a marble as its
sphere at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration
VISCOSITY (Pa-s)
ROOM TEMP GROUP F
10% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
2ND TRIAL
3RD TRIAL
ROOM TEMP GROUP G
25% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
2ND TRIAL
3RD TRIAL
ROOM TEMP GROUP H
505% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
2ND TRIAL
3RD TRIAL
ROOM TEMP GROUP I
75% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
2ND TRIAL
3RD TRIAL
ROOM TEMP GROUP J
100% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
2ND TRIAL
3RD TRIAL
2.305208287
1.466950728
1.676515118
1.119165966
1.385634053
1.065872348
1.736675735
2.105061497
2.262941109
0.675472946
1.039189148
0.519594574
3.026552793
2.070799279
2.654870871
25
Table 4.4 – Obtained result of Viscosity for Room Temperature with a metal sphere
at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration
VISCOSITY (Pa-s)
COLD TEMP GROUP A
10% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.955802165
ND
2 TRIAL
0.631512145
RD
3 TRIAL
0.358425812
COLD TEMP GROUP B
25% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.439713499
ND
2 TRIAL
0.476356291
RD
3 TRIAL
0.824462811
COLD TEMP GROUP C
505% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.426174947
ND
2 TRIAL
0.547939218
RD
3 TRIAL
0.695795832
COLD TEMP GROUP D
75% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.757546207
ND
2 TRIAL
1.02104054
RD
3 TRIAL
0.477583478
COLD TEMP GROUP E
100% - MARBLE
1ST TRIAL
0.306831229
ND
2 TRIAL
0.505369083
RD
3 TRIAL
0.694882489
Table 4.5 – Obtained result of Viscosity for Cold Temperature with a marble as its
sphere at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration
VISCOSITY (Pa-s)
COLD TEMP GROUP F
10% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
2ND TRIAL
3RD TRIAL
COLD TEMP GROUP G
25% - METAL SPHERE
1.466950728
1.362168533
1.309777436
26
1ST TRIAL
1.065872348
ND
2 TRIAL
1.43892767
RD
3 TRIAL
1.012578731
COLD TEMP GROUP H
505% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
1.578796123
ND
2 TRIAL
1.736675735
RD
3 TRIAL
2.473447259
COLD TEMP GROUP I
75% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
2.909729616
ND
2 TRIAL
3.481283647
RD
3 TRIAL
1.61074318
COLD TEMP GROUP J
100% - METAL SPHERE
1ST TRIAL
1.168143183
ND
2 TRIAL
1.911507027
RD
3 TRIAL
1.805312192
Table 4.6 – Obtained result of Viscosity for Cold Temperature with a metal sphere at
10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentration
Tables 4.1 to 4.16 consists of the calculated viscosity of the various variable
the researchers used to obtain their wanted results such as the temperature variations
of cold, hot, and room temperature, they also have the variation of concentration at
10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, and the type of sphere used in conducting the falling
ball test which are the marble and metal sphere. The results grouped based on its
temperature, concentration, and type of sphere to further organize the data. The
experimental procedure also consists of three trials for a much accurate result. The
data gathered is in Pascal per second (Pa-s).
MARBLE
Concentration
Temperature
Density (x10^6 g/m^3)
Viscosity (Pas)
10%
25%
Cold
0.9597
0.648580041
Room Temperature
0.9831
0.551861964
Hot
0.9431
0.219037996
Cold
0.9164
0.43513315
Room Temperature
0.9197
0.30688338
Hot
0.7897
0.297722682
27
50%
75%
100%
Cold
0.9097
0.424831867
Room Temperature
0.9164
0.530421541
Hot
0.9031
0.315819343
Cold
0.9597
0.752056742
Room Temperature
0.9431
0.362304708
Hot
1.0164
0.340346847
Cold
0.9697
0.502360933
Room Temperature
1.0431
0.502360933
Hot
0.8231
0.505369083
Table 4.7 – Result of the Average Viscosity in consideration of its Concentration,
Temperature, and Marble as the Type of Sphere
METAL SPHERE
Concentration
Temperature
Density (x10^6 g/m^3)
Viscosity (Pas)
10%
Cold
0.9597
1.379632232
Room
0.9831
1.816224711
Hot
0.9431
4.086505599
Cold
0.9164
0.879344687
Room
0.9197
0.892668092
Hot
0.7897
1.03922554
Cold
0.9097
0.556636666
Room
0.9164
0.533443471
Hot
0.9031
0.62041795
Cold
0.9597
2.667252148
Room
0.9431
0.744752223
Hot
1.0164
0.779391861
Cold
0.9697
1.628320801
Temperature
25%
Temperature
50%
Temperature
75%
Temperature
100%
28
Room
1.0431
2.584074315
0.8231
1.539825105
Temperature
Hot
Table 4.8 – Result of the Average Viscosity in consideration of its Concentration,
Temperature, and Metal Sphere as the Type of Sphere
Tables 4.7 and 4.8 show the result of the average viscosity based on its
concentration, temperature, and type of sphere. Both tables also include its density.
Unlike the previous tables where the researchers grouped the data into different
groups which would yield 3 different viscosities because of its trials, this table is now
simplified by solving the average of those 3 trials of different viscosity.
4.2. Analysis of the Results
A. Temperature Variations
COLD
HOT
ROOM
1.181711638
1.073305885
1.072931707
Table 4.9 – Table of comparison between the means of the Temperature Variations
Table 4.9 shows the Mean or the Average between the temperature variations
of Cold Temperature, Hot Temperature, and Room Temperature. The researchers
used the statistical tool, Mean, to determine the average viscosity of each temperature
variation without considering the type of sphere and concentration yet. Based on the
table above the average viscosity of the cold temperature is at 1.181711638 Pa-s, the
hot temperature obtained an average viscosity of 1.073305885 Pa-s, and the room
temperature obtained an average viscosity of 1.072931707Pa-s. Hence, in hindsight
the cold temperature would have the highest viscosity while the room temperature
would have the lowest viscosity which means that in an oil-water emulsion both fluids
should be at room temperature to be able to obtain the lowest viscosity because the
lower the viscosity the faster the flow rate.
29
B. Concentration at Cold Temperature
10%
25%
50%
75%
100%
1.014106136
0.876318559
1.243138186
1.709654445
1.065340867
Table 4.10 – Table of comparison between the means of the Concentration at Cold
Temperature
Table 4.10 shows the Mean or the Average between the Concentration at Cold
Temperature at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The researchers used the statistical
tool, Mean, to determine the average viscosity of each concentration variation in
consideration of its temperature, specifically the cold temperature, while not
considering the type of sphere that is used. Based on the table above the average
viscosity of the 10% concentration is at 1.014106136 Pa-s, at 25% concentration the
average viscosity obtained is at 0.876318559 Pa-s, at 50% concentration
1.243138186 Pa-s average viscosity is obtained, at 75% concentration the average
viscosity obtained is 1.709654445 Pa-s, and at 100% concentration 1.065340867 Pas average viscosity is obtained. Basing on the table above it is clear to see that at Cold
Temperature the 75% concentration results to the highest viscosity while the 25%
concentration yields the lowest viscosity in hindsight the cold temperature would have
the highest viscosity this means that when an oil-water emulsion occur the
concentration of the fluids should be at 25% at cold temperature for it to yield the
lowest viscosity for a faster flow rate.
C. Concentration at Hot Temperature
10%
25%
50%
75%
100%
2.152771798
0.891298814
0.739992364
0.559869354
1.022597094
Table 4.11 – Table of comparison between the means of the Concentration at Hot
Temperature
Table 4.11 shows the Mean or the Average between the Concentration at Hot
Temperature at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The researchers used the statistical
tool, Mean, to determine the average viscosity of each concentration variation in
consideration of its temperature, specifically the cold temperature, while not
30
considering the type of sphere that is used. Based on the table above the average
viscosity of the 10% concentration is at 2.152771798 Pa-s, at 25% concentration the
average viscosity obtained is at 0.891298814 Pa-s, at 50% concentration
0.739992364 Pa-s average viscosity is obtained, at 75% concentration the average
viscosity obtained is 0.559869354 Pa-s, and at 100% concentration 1.022597094 Pas average viscosity is obtained. By only basing at the table above it is clear to see that
at Hot Temperature the 10% concentration results to the highest viscosity while the
75% concentration yields the lowest viscosity, this means that when an oil-water
emulsion occur the concentration of the fluids should be at 75% when it’s in hot
temperature for it to yield the lowest viscosity for a faster flow rate.
D. Concentration at Room Temperature
10%
25%
50%
75%
100%
7.104260025
4.798205886
7.705008755
3.321170792
9.259305743
Table 4.12 – Table of comparison between the means of the Concentration at Room
Temperature
Table 4.12 shows the Mean or the Average between the Concentration at Room
Temperature at 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The researchers used the statistical
tool, Mean, to determine the average viscosity of each concentration variation in
consideration of its temperature, specifically the cold temperature, while not
considering the type of sphere that is used. Based on the table above the average
viscosity of the 10% concentration is at 7.104260025 Pa-s, at 25% concentration the
average viscosity obtained is at 4.798205886 Pa-s, at 50% concentration
7.705008755 Pa-s average viscosity is obtained, at 75% concentration the average
viscosity obtained is 3.321170792 Pa-s, and at 100% concentration 9.259305743 Pas average viscosity is obtained. The table above clearly shows that at Room
Temperature the 100% concentration results to the highest viscosity while the 75%
concentration yields the lowest viscosity, this means that when an oil-water emulsion
occur the concentration of the fluids should be at 75% when it’s in hot temperature for
it to yield the lowest viscosity for a faster flow rate.
31
E. Type of Sphere
MARBLE
METAL SPHERE
0.446339414
1.449847693
Table 4.13 – Table of comparison between the means of Type of Sphere
Table 4.13 shows the Mean or the Average between the Type of Sphere such
as the Marble and the Metal Sphere. Both spheres serve as the object that would pass
through a pipe because different objects have different size, shapes, and weight. The
researchers used the statistical tool, Mean, to determine the average viscosity of each
type of sphere without considering its temperature and concentration. Based on the
table above the average viscosity of marble is at 0.446339414 Pa-s while the metal
sphere yields an average viscosity of 1.449847693 Pa-s. The table above clearly
shows that the marble results to a higher viscosity while the marble obtains the lowest
viscosity, which means that the smaller the object that is passing through a pipe the
lower the viscosity to be obtained and the bigger it gets the higher its viscosity.
Additionally, when an oil-water emulsion occurs only a small object or in this case a
marble can pass through a pipe for it to obtain the lowest viscosity.
32
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1. Conclusion
In conclusion, this experiment plays a crucial role in enhancing stability, lowering
viscosity, and facilitating faster flow rates in household pipelines, thereby reducing the
risk of clogging. Temperature variation, when maintained at room temperature, proves
essential for achieving the lowest viscosity and ensuring efficient flow rates. Higher
temperatures, especially at 75%, contribute to lower viscosity, mitigating the risk of
clogging and flow-related issues. Emulsions, defined as mixtures of immiscible liquids,
find diverse applications, and understanding the impact of temperature and
concentration on viscosity is pivotal for managing oil-water emulsions in pipelines
effectively. This knowledge is vital for predicting and preventing potential issues,
ensuring optimal performance in various industries utilizing emulsified liquids.
The research was able to confirm the difference in viscosity between emulsions that
are subject to varying temperatures and concentrations. As the temperature increases,
the less viscous the emulsion becomes. on the other hand, as the level of oil increases
the more viscous the emulsion is. This knowledge is an important concept to
understand especially in the field.
5.2. Recommendation
Understanding the density and viscosity of oil-water emulsions in pipelines as a
function of temperature is essential for a number of industrial applications, especially
in the oil and gas sector. To begin, thoroughly study the literature to understand the
techniques and information available regarding the density and viscosity of oil-water
emulsions as a function of temperature. Identify key experimental ideas, designs, and
strategies that previous researchers have used in related studies. Create a well-tuned
experimental setup that allows the measurement of viscosity and density as a function
of temperature. Consider variables such as flow rate, pressure, and emulsion
composition. Make sure your arrangement can accurately simulate real-world settings
33
and use top-of-the-line tools. Choose the appropriate temperature range for your
intended use case. Determine density and viscosity at different temperatures to fully
understand temperature-dependent behavior. Implement quality control procedures to
ensure that data from each test is accurate and reliable. Test your results for
reprehensibility and repeatability to ensure your results are consistent.
34
References
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glycol (PEG) on the viscosity of the continuous phase in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions using
fluorescence microscopy and emulsion tracking technique | Proceedings of the Samahang
Pisika Ng Pilipinas.
https://proceedings.spp-online.org/article/view/SPP-2023-PA-11.
Tanglao, E. J., Nanda Kumar, A. B., Noriega, R. R., Punzalan, M. E., & Marcelo, P. (2019).
Development and physico-chemical characterization of virgin coconut oil-in-water emulsion
using polymerized whey protein as emulsifier for vitamin A delivery. MATEC Web of
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https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926801002
BALOGUN, Y. 2021. Numerical and experimental study of the impact of temperature on
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N. Yusuf, Y. Al-Wahaibi, T. Al-Wahaibi, A. Al-Ajmi, A.S. Olawale, I.A. Mohammed, Effect of oil
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Volume 115, Part A, 2016, Pages 34-43, ISSN 0263-8762.
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Marco A. Farah a, R. C. (2005, June 25). Viscosity of water-in-oil emulsions: Variation with
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171, 2018,Pages 928-937, ISSN 0920-4105,
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Tathagata Adhikary, Piyali Basak, Chapter 27 - Extraction and separation of oils: the journey
from distillation to pervaporation, Papita Das, Suvendu Manna, Jitendra Kumar Pandey,
Advances in Oil-Water Separation, Elsevier, 2022, Pages 511-535, ISBN 9780323899789,
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A.L. SMITH,. The Influence of the Disperse Phase on the Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions,
Theory and Practice of Emulsion Technology, Academic Press, 1976, Pages 325-346, ISBN
9780126512502,
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E. Mileva, B. Radoev, Chapter 6 - Hydrodynamic interactions and stability of emulsion films,
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Abubakar A. Umar, Ismail M. Saaid, Aliyu A. Sulaimon, Rashidah M. Pilus, “Predicting the
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https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6215352
Lambda Geeks, Viscosity of Emulsion: Understanding its Impact and Measurement
https://lambdageeks.com/viscosity-of-emulsion/
36
Appendices
Table 1.1.
Table 1.2. Data sheet (Hot Temperature)
37
Table 1.3. Data sheet (average for hot temperature)
Table 2.1 Data sheet (Room Temperature)
38
Table 2.1 Data Sheet (average for room temperature)
Table 3.1 Data sheet (Cold Temperature)
39
Table 3.2 Data Sheet (average for cold temperature)
Table 4.1 Data Sheet (Computation of density and viscosity of marble)
Table 4.2 Data Sheet (Computation of density and viscosity of metal sphere)
40
Table 5.1. Calculations
Table 5.2.
41
Table 6.1.
42
Table 6.2.
43
CURRICULUM VITAE
NICEL ROSE L. ABELEDA
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), Quezon City
S.Y. 2022 - 2023
11 Kroner St. Bankers Village,
Guitnang Bayan 1, San Mateo,,Rizal
qnrlabeleda@tip.edu.ph
+639565746277
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
College: Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Senior High: Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Junior High: Batasan Hills National High School
Elementary: Pres. Corazon C. Aquino Elementary School
RESEARCH/ES UNDERTAKEN
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
(2021-2022) The Efficiency of Waste Crumb Tire Rubber as an Alternative Fine
Aggregate for Concrete Paving Blocks – 2nd Year, Technological Institute of the
Philippines
(2019-2020) Polyethylene Terephthalate as an Alternative Building Block) – Grade 12,
TIP QC
(2018 – 2019) Brace Chair: An Ergonomic Chair Designed for Scoliosis Patients –
Grade 12, TIP QC
(2018 – 2019) The Lived Experience of Introverts in our Society-Qualitative Research –
Grade 11, TIP QC
TECHNICAL SKILLS
⚫ Microsoft Office (MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
⚫ Adobe Creative Suite (Photoshop, After Effects, Light Room)
PERSONAL SKILLS
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
Capacity to work autonomously or collaboratively within a team
Leadership skills with the capability to inspire others
Quick comprehension of new concepts and ideas
Highly organized and efficient
44
CURRICULUM VITAE
KAIRA MAE M. BARTOLOME
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), Quezon City
S.Y. 2022 - 2023
230 Taurus St. Villarica Subd. Brgy Sto. Domingo, Cainta, Rizal
qkmbartolome1@tip.edu.ph
+639565586912
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
College: Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Senior High: Technological Institute of the Philippines – Quezon City
Junior High: Cainta Catholic College
Elementary: Cainta Catholic College
RESEARCH/ES UNDERTAKEN
⚫
⚫
(2019-2020) DETERMINING THE GAPS ON ILLITERACY: FACTORS THAT
EMPLOYERS CONSIDER IN HIRING FUNCTIONAL ILLITERATE EMPLOYEES IN
CUBAO, QUEZON CITY – Grade 11, Technological Institute of the Philippines
(2020-2021) WATER TURBINE: ALTERNATIVE WATER FILTER AND ELECTRIC
GENERATOR – Grade 12, Technological Institute of the Philippines
TECHNICAL SKILLS
⚫ Microsoft Office (MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
⚫ Adobe Creative Suite (Photoshop, After Effects, Light Room)
⚫ Photographer
PERSONAL SKILLS
⚫
⚫
⚫
Excellent communication skills
Longer Patient
Work independently or as part of a team.
45
CURRICULUM VITAE
MA. MAUREN ANN C. BURGONIO
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), Quezon City
S.Y. 2022 - 2023
35 Imperial St., Cubao, Quezon City
qmmacburgonio@tip.edu.ph
+639062433722
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
⚫
⚫
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Sta. Mesa, Manila
RESEARCH/ES UNDERTAKEN
⚫
(2021-2022) EFFECT OF COFFEE HUSK ASH ON SOIL PROPERTIES Technological Institute of the Philippines
SKILLS AND INTEREST
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
Emotional Intelligence
Self Motivation
Adaptability
Time Management
PERSONAL QUALITIES
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
Hardworking
Softhearted
Reliable
Creativity
46
CURRICULUM VITAE
JELO B. CORTES
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), Quezon City
S.Y. 2022 - 2023
10 Dakila St.
Batasan Hills, Quezon City
qjb-cortes@tip.edu.ph
+639453902104
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
College: Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Senior High: Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Junior High: Batasan Hills National High School
Elementary: San Diego Elementary School
RESEARCH/ES UNDERTAKEN
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
(2021-2022) The Efficiency of Waste Crumb Tire Rubber as an Alternative Fine
Aggregate for Concrete Paving Blocks – 2nd Year, Technological Institute of the
Philippines
(2019-2020) Polyethylene Terephthalate as an Alternative Building Block) – Grade 12,
TIP QC
(2018 – 2019) Brace Chair: An Ergonomic Chair Designed for Scoliosis Patients –
Grade 12, TIP QC
(2018 – 2019) The Lived Experience of Introverts in our Society-Qualitative Research –
Grade 11, TIP QC
TECHNICAL SKILLS
⚫ Microsoft Office (MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
⚫ Adobe Creative Suite (Photoshop, After Effects, Light Room)
PERSONAL SKILLS
⚫ Optimism
⚫ Hardworking
47
CURRICULUM VITAE
VANDELRHINE G. MAGPOC
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), Quezon City
S.Y. 2022 - 2023
22 Villalon St. Sto Niño Marikina City
qvgmagpoc@tip.edu.ph
+639263050926
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
⚫
⚫
⚫
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Sta. Elena High School - Marikina City
Sto. Niño High School
RESEARCH/ES UNDERTAKEN
⚫
⚫
⚫
(2020-2021) A Correlational Study: The Association of Screen time Duration on body
weight in Selected Grade 12 STEM Students in Technological Institute of the
Philippines-- Quezon City
(2021-2022) The Effectiveness of Pedal Powered-Powered Bicycle Light with
Automated Sensory- Technological Institute of the Philippines
(2019-2020) Experiences of Grade 11 STEM students of Technological Institute of the
Philippines Quezon City about Cyberbullying.
SKILLS AND INTEREST
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
Microsoft Word, PowerPoint
Skill in Photo Editing
Knowledge in HTML
Computer literate
PERSONAL QUALITIES
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
Creativity
Graphic Design
Optimism
Hardworking
48
CURRICULUM VITAE
FRANCHESKA NICOLE U. MELGAREJO
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), Quezon City
S.Y. 2022 - 2023
Lot 4A Francis II Street, Kingsville Executive Village,
Barangay Mayamot, Antipolo City
qfnumelgarejo@tip.edu.ph
+639275747423
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
⚫
⚫
⚫
College: Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Senior High: FEU Roosevelt Cainta
Junior High: FEU Roosevelt Cainta
Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College
⚫ Elementary: Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College
Santa Isabel College
RESEARCH/ES UNDERTAKEN
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
(2021-2022) The Effect of Grounded Mussel Shells on Loam Type of Soil’s Bearing
Capacity – 3rd Year, Technological Institute of the Philippines
(2021-2022) Incorporating Permeable Pavement with Filtration Layer of Different
Activated Charcoal Made from Banana peel, Corn Cob, and Water Lily – 3rd Year,
Technological Institute of the Philippines
(2019-2020) Cigarette Butts as an Insecticide for Periplaneta americana (Cockroach) –
Grade 12, FEU Roosevelt Cainta
(2018 – 2019) Factors That Affect the Development of The Plant ‘Solanum
Lycopersicum’ – Grade 11, FEU Roosevelt Cainta
TECHNICAL SKILLS
⚫ Microsoft Office (MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
⚫ Adobe Creative Suite (Photoshop, After Effects, Light Room)
PERSONAL SKILLS
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
Excellent written and verbal communication skills
Highly organized and efficient
Ability to work independently or as part of a team.
Proven leadership skills and ability to motivate.
Ability to grasp new concepts and ideas quickly.
49
CURRICULUM VITAE
GERRY VICTOR PANA
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.), Quezon City
S.Y. 2022 - 2023
B21 L3, Dolmar 2, Brgy 168, Caloocan City
qgvqpana@tip.edu.ph
+639959074047
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
⚫
⚫
Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City
Systems Technology Institute - Naga City
RESEARCH/ES UNDERTAKEN
⚫
(2021-2022) EFFECTS OF SAWDUST AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE
AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE - Technological Institute of the Philippines
SKILLS AND INTEREST
⚫
⚫
⚫
⚫
Average Tech Savvy
Skill in Photo Editing
Language Proficient
Computer literate
PERSONAL QUALITIES
⚫
⚫
⚫
Creativity
Optimism
Team Player
50
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF
THE PHILIPPINES
RUBRIC FOR CONDUCT OF
EXPERIMENTS (ENGINEERING
PROGRAMS)
2018 - T.I.P. SO 6. develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use
engineering judgment to draw conclusions
2021 - T.I.P. SO 6. develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use
engineering judgment to draw conclusions.
Program: BSCE
Course: CE023
Section: CE31S13
Semester: 1ST SEM
School Year 2023-2024
Performance Indicator Very Poor 1
Poor 2
Unsatisfactory 3 Satisfactory 4
Good 5
Excellent 6
Score
develop appropriate
The students are The students are The students are The students are
experimentation
unable to develop able to partially able to develop
a basic
develop
component of a
able to develop a able to develop able to develop a
basic component of components of a lab
component of a
components of a laboratory
a laboratory
laboratory
experiment/activity
laboratory
laboratory
experiment but
experiment (i.e.
experiment
appropriate to the
experiment.
experiment.
has no
title, outcome, brief appropriate to the chosen topic and
presentations of
discussion of
1
The students are The students are
chosen topic and aligned to the
analysis of data
concepts, materials aligned to the
engineering
yet has presented needed,
engineering
conclusion or
principles learned in the previous
procedures/
recommendation instructions, data in the previous
results/analysis/inte experiments
principles learned
experiments. The
developed lab
rpretation,
experiment/activity
summary/conclusio
has a complete
n/recommendation)
presentation of
appropriate to the
chosen topic
2
block/schematic
diagram, provided
the use of modern
tools and
techniques, and
integrated
principles/discussio
ns that were based
on proven studies.
conduct appropriate
experimentation
The students are The students
unable to conduct inappropriately
a laboratory
conduct the
experiment/activit laboratory
y.
experiment/activ
ity.
.
The students
conduct some
laboratory
experiments/activ
ities but did not
arrive at the
correct results
The students
conduct laboratory
experiment/activity
with correct
methods/procedure
s but insufficient
results to draw
conclusion
.
3
The students
are able to
conduct
appropriate
laboratory
experiment/activ
ity with sufficient
results and able
draw a valid
conclusion
The students are
able to conduct a
precise laboratory
experiment/activity
with excellent
results and
conclusions. The
developed lab
experiment/activity
has a complete
presentation of
block/schematic
diagram, provided
the use of modern
tools and
techniques, and
integrated
principles/discussio
ns that were based
on proven studies.
Ability to analyze
and interpret data
The students
failed to
determine the
objectives of
the experiment
or test to be
performed.
The students
are able to
determine the
objectives of the
experiment or
test to be
performed but
fail to identify r
The students
are unable to
provide
analysis and
interpretation of
data.
The students
provide
irrelevant and
inaccurate
analysis and
interpretation of
data.
Develop a protocol
to conduct an
experiment
exceeding the
requirements
The students
provide limited
analysis of data
with no
interpretation.
The students use
appropriate data
analysis techniques.
Data analysis is
reported with
insufficient
interpretation.
4
Members follow good
and safe laboratory
practice at all times in
the conduct of
experiments.
The students use The students use
adequate data
multiple data analysis
analysis techniques techniques appropriate
appropriate for data for data collected,
collected,
informative with
informative with
respect to the
respect to the
experimentation/act
experimentation/act ivity being conducted.
ivity being
Data analysis is
conducted. Data
reported with
analysis is reported comprehensive
with sufficient
interpretation.
interpretation.
Use engineering
judgment to draw
conclusions
The student
failed to use
engineering
judgement to
draw
conclusions.
The student was The student was The student was able
able to use
able to use
to use engineering
engineering
engineering
judgement sufficient
judgement
judgement
to draw correct
but
but insufficient to conclusions.
inappropriate for draw correct
the topic and
conclusions.
failed to draw
correct
conclusions.
The student was
able to use
engineering
judgement more
than sufficient to
draw correct
conclusions.
The student was able
to use engineering
judgement* more than
sufficient to draw
correct conclusions
and was able to
provide new insights.
Total Score
Evaluated by:
Printed Name and Signature of Faculty Member
Date: December 17, 2023
5
1