Section 1: Vertebrate Origins Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT All vertebrates share common characteristics. VOCABULARY chordate endoskeleton notochord MAIN IDEA: The phylum Chordata contains all vertebrates and some invertebrates. 1. Circle the letters for the three groups that make up the phylum Chordata. a. arachnids b. crustaceans c. lancelets d. trilobites e. tunicates f. vertebrates Choose the correct term from the box below to fit the description. notochord hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits tail ____________________ 2. extends beyond the anal opening, and contains segments of muscle tissue used for movement ____________________ 3. runs along the animal’s back, forms from a section of ectoderm ____________________ 4. slits through the body wall in the pharynx ____________________ 5. flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the animal’s back © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 0 Vertebrate Diversity Section 1: Vertebrate Origins Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: All vertebrates share common features. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 6. An endoskeleton is an external / internal skeleton built of bone or cartilage. 7. The growth of an animal differs depending on the type of skeleton it has. An endoskeleton / exoskeleton can grow as the animal grows, but an endoskeleton / exoskeleton must be shed in order for the animal to grow. Write the letter of the description that completes the chart for each vertebrate class. a. able to live on land and in water b. bony fish (skeletons made of bone) c. can retain moisture; live mainly on land d. cartilaginous fish (skeletons made of cartilage) e. have feathers f. have hair, mammary glands, and three middle ear bones g. jawless fish Class Description Examples 8. Agnatha lamprey 9. Chondrichthyes shark 10. Osteichthyes parrotfish 11. Amphibia frog, salamander, caecilian 12. Reptilia lizard, crocodile, turtle, alligator 13. Aves raven 14. Mammalia tiger © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 1 Vertebrate Diversity Section 1: Vertebrate Origins Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Fossil evidence sheds light on the origins of vertebrates. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 15. Most of the early vertebrate fossil evidence has been found in the _____________________ in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. 16. _____________ are the animals recognized as the first vertebrates. 17. The two groups of jawless fish that still exist today are the ________________ and the ____________________. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the phrase that best completes the sentence. 18. The prefix endo- means “inside,” while the prefix exo- means “outside.” Therefore, an ______skeleton is on the inside of an animal’s body, and an ______skeleton is on the outside of an animal’s body. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 2 Vertebrate Diversity Section 1: Vertebrate Origins Section 2: Fish Diversity Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT The dominant aquatic vertebrates are fish. VOCABULARY gill lateral line countercurrent flow operculum MAIN IDEA: Fish are vertebrates with gills and paired fins. Use words from the box below to complete the sentence. blood circulatory gills capillaries countercurrent flow opposite tissue 1. Fish use specialized organs called ___________ to take in oxygen dissolved in water. Gills are large sheets of frilly _____________ filled with __________________. 2. Fish ______________________ systems pump blood in a single loop through a heart with two main chambers. 3. _______________________________ is the ________________ movement of water against the flow of _________________ in the fish’s gills. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 4. Countercurrent flow works because carbon dioxide / oxygen dissolved in the water is at a greater concentration than in the fish’s blood. Therefore, countercurrent flow maximizes the amount of oxygen the fish can pull from the water by diffusion. Blood is always passing by water that contains more / less oxygen than found in the blood. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 3 Vertebrate Diversity Section 2: Fish Diversity Study Guide A continued 5. Draw a simple sketch of a fish and label the five main types of fins on its body: dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, anal, and caudal. MAIN IDEA: Jaws evolved from gill supports. Circle the word or phrase that best completse the statement. 6. Gill arches are structures made of bone or cartilage that function as a pump / support for a fish’s gills. Jaws developed from gill arches located near the mouth. 7. An animal with / without jaws is a less effective predator than an animal with / without jaws. Therefore, it is an advantage to have jaws. MAIN IDEA: Only two groups of jawed fish still exist. Use the words in the box below to complete the sentence. cartilage electroreceptive lateral line sensory chimeras Holocephali muscular sharks Elasmobranchs internal rays skates 8. Members of phylum Chondrichthyes have skeletons made of ___________________. 9. The two groups within phylum Chondrichthyes are the _________________ and the ______________. The Holocephali include ________________, also called ratfish. The Elasmobranchs include _____________, ______________, and _________________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 4 Vertebrate Diversity Section 2: Fish Diversity Study Guide A continued 10. While the cartilaginous fish as a group may be ancient, they have many advanced features. They have _______________ fertilization, and many species give birth to live young. 11. Fish can sense their prey’s movements at a distance with a sensory system called the _____________________. 12. Many fish also have _____________ organs that detect the electrical currents made by ________________ contractions in other animals. These sensory organs are called _________________________ cells because they receive electrical signals. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 13. The term operculum comes from a Latin word which means “to cover.” An operculum is a bony cover over a fish’s ______________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 5 Vertebrate Diversity Section 2: Fish Diversity Section 3: A Closer Look at Bony Fish Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Bony fish include ray-finned and lobe-finned fish. VOCABULARY ray-fin lobe-fin swim bladder MAIN IDEA: Ray-finned fish have a fan of bones in their fins. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 1. A ray-fin is shaped like a fan and helps a ray-finned fish to maneuver in the water. Ray-fins are light / heavy, rigid / collapsible, and easy to move / detach. 2. Ray-finned fish are the least / most diverse group of living vertebrates. They make up nearly / over half of all vertebrate species. 3. The swim bladder is a buoyancy / urinary organ that helps a fish float higher or lower in the water. MAIN IDEA: Lobe-finned fish have paired rounded fins supported by a single bone. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 4. The lobe-finned fish are significant in evolution, because they include the ____________________ of all terrestrial vertebrates. 5. Lobe-fins are paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are ____________ in shape. The fins are thick and fleshy, and they are arranged in a branching series of _______________ struts. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 6 Vertebrate Diversity Section 3: A Closer Look at Bony Fish Study Guide A continued 6. For each of the following characteristics, place a check mark in the appropriate column to indicate whether it is a characteristic of ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish, or both. Characteristic Ray-Finned Fish Lobe-Finned Fish Both a. bony fish b. fins arranged in branching series of bony struts c. fins a fan-shaped array of bones d. the most diverse group e. a less diverse group f. ancestors of terrestrial vertebrates 7. The two types of lobe-finned fish that still exist today are the _____________________ and the _____________________. Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 8. A ___________________________ is a buoyancy organ that fish use to float ______________ and ______________ in the water. In a similar manner, scuba divers use a buoyancy compensator to control their buoyancy and help them float higher or lower in the water. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 7 Vertebrate Diversity Section 3: A Closer Look at Bony Fish Section 4: Amphibians Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish. VOCABULARY tetrapod tadpole amphibian MAIN IDEA: Amphibians were the first animals with four limbs. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. A tetrapod is a vertebrate that has ____________ limbs. 2. Amphibians are animals that can live both on __________________ and in _________________. 3. Amphibians can use different methods to breathe. Some breathe through their _______________, while others breathe with the use of __________ or lungs. 4. Use the following words and phrases to complete the following concept map about amphibian adaptations. a. food b. large shoulder and hip bones c. middle ear d. mobile, muscular tongue e. more weight f. outside of water © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 8 Vertebrate Diversity Section 4: Amphibians Study Guide A continued Amphibians have to support to capture to hear MAIN IDEA: Amphibians return to the water to reproduce. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 5. Amphibians cannot travel too far away from a source of water, because they risk drying out. Water is constantly evaporating from their thin / thick and dry / wet skin. Circle the letters for all of the statements that are true about amphibians. 6. Amphibians use several strategies to keep their eggs moist. a. Some carry eggs in pouches on their backs. b. Some carry eggs in special sacs called tetrapods. c. Some lay eggs directly in another amphibian’s nest. d. Some lay eggs directly in water or on moist ground. e. Some wrap eggs in leaves. 7. The following sentences describe the changes a tadpole goes through during metamorphosis into an adult frog. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. The gills are developed / reabsorbed and the lungs develop. The circulatory system is reorganized to send blood / lymph to the lungs. The tail fin is created / reabsorbed. The limbs / gills grow and the skeleton, muscle, and nervous system are reorganized. The digestive system is rebuilt to handle a carnivorous / herbivorous diet. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 9 Vertebrate Diversity Section 4: Amphibians Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Modern amphibians can be divided into three groups. Write the letters for the descriptions of each amphibian group in the chart below. 8. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. are legless burrowing amphibians. are the largest group of amphibians. have a long body. have banded bodies. have bodies adapted for jumping. have four walking limbs and a tail. live in nearly every environment. live in the tropics. walk side to side. Group Description Salamanders are carnivorous. _______ Frogs _______ _______ have a tailless body, long muscular hind limbs, webbed feet, exposed eardrums, and bulging eyes in their adult form. _______ Caecilians _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ are predators. _______ _______ Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 9. If the suffix -pod means “foot,” then the term tetrapod means having __________ feet. 10. A(n) ___________________ can live both on land and in the water. In a similar manner, an amphibious vehicle can be driven both on the road and in the water. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 10 Vertebrate Diversity Section 4: Amphibians Section 5: Vertebrates on Land Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Reptiles, birds, and mammals are adapted for life on land. VOCABULARY amniote amniotic egg keratin placenta MAIN IDEA: Amniotes can retain moisture. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 1. An amniote is a vertebrate that has a thin, tough, membranous sac that encloses the embryo or fetus during birth / development. 2. Humans are / are not amniotes, because they are mammals / people. 3. Keratin is a protein that binds to lipids inside the cell. Keratin creates a permeable / waterproof layer that keeps water inside / outside the animal from reaching the skin. Therefore, keratin helps an amniote to retain moisture. 4. An amniote’s kidneys and intestines contain tissues that reabsorb / release water. These organs are bigger in amniotes than in amphibians, so the smaller / larger surface area of their tissues lets amniotes absorb more water internally. 5. List three examples of familiar animals that are amniotes. _________________, ____________________, _____________________ MAIN IDEA: Amniotes do not need to return to water to reproduce. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes sentence. 6. The amniotic egg allows amniotes to live permanently on land, because it is an almost completely waterproof container that keeps the ___________________ from drying out as it develops. 7. Rattlesnakes retain their eggs until they hatch. Rattlesnakes use this method to protect the eggs from being eaten by ____________________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 11 Vertebrate Diversity Section 5: Vertebrates on Land Study Guide A continued 8. The placenta is a membranous organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy. Its function is to carry __________________ from the mother to the embryo and to remove _____________________ from the embryo. Vocabulary Check Choose a term from the box below that best fits the description. amniote ________________ amniotic egg keratin placenta 9. a vertebrate that has a thin, tough, membranous sac that encloses the embryo or fetus during development ________________ 10. a protein that binds to lipids inside a skin cell, forming a water-repellent layer that keeps water from escaping ________________ 11. an almost completely waterproof container that keeps the embryo within from drying out ________________ 12. a membranous organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy Be Creative 13. Draw a cartoon that illustrates the benefits of the amniotic egg. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 12 Vertebrate Diversity Section 5: Vertebrates on Land
