CHAPTER 1.
COMPUTER ABSTRACTIONS AND TECHNOLOGY
Computer Organization & Design
1. Computers and Abstraction
2
1. Computers and Abstraction
Contents
Introduction
Software
Components of a Computer
Abstractions
1.1 Introduction
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Computer Organization & Design
The Computer Revolution
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Progress in computer technology
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Underpinned by Moore’s Law
Makes novel applications feasible
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Computers in automobiles
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Cell phones
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Human genome project
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World Wide Web
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Search Engines
Computers are pervasive
Computer Architecture
Introduction
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Computer Organization & Design
Classes of Computers
1. Desktop computers
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General purpose, variety of software
Good performance to a single user at low cost
2. Servers
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Network based
High capacity, performance, reliability
Range from small servers to building sized
3. Supercomputers
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High-end scientific and engineering calculations
Highest capability but represent a small fraction of the overall
computer market
4. Embedded computers
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Hidden as components of systems
Minimum performance with stringent limitations on cost or power
Computer Architecture
Introduction
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Computer Organization & Design
The PostPC Era
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Personal Mobile Device (PMD)
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Battery operated
Connects to the Internet
Hundreds of dollars
Smart phones, tablets, electronic glasses
Cloud computing
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Warehouse Scale Computers (WSC)
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Portion of software run on a PMD and a portion run in the Cloud
Amazon and Google
Computer Architecture
Introduction
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Computer Organization & Design
What You Will Learn
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How programs are translated into the machine language
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And how the hardware executes them
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The hardware/software interface
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What determines program performance
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And how it can be improved
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How hardware designers improve performance
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What is parallel processing
Computer Architecture
Introduction
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Computer Organization & Design
Understanding Performance
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Algorithm
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Programming language, compiler, architecture
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Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation
Processor and memory system
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Determines number of operations executed
Determine how fast instructions are executed
I/O system (including OS)
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Determines how fast I/O operations are executed
Computer Architecture
1.2 Eight Great Ideas in Computer Architecture
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Design for Moore’s Law
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Use abstraction to simplify design
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Make the common case fast
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Performance via parallelism
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Performance via pipelining
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Performance via prediction
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Hierarchy of memories
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Dependability via redundancy
Computer Organization & Design
Computer Architecture
1.3 Below Your Program
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Computer Organization & Design
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Application software
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Written in high-level language
System software
Compiler: translates HLL code to
machine code
 Operating System: service code
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Handling input/output
Managing memory and storage
Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
Hardware
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Processor, memory, I/O
controllers
Computer Architecture
Below Your Program
- Chapter 1 Computer Abstractions and Technology-
Computer Organization & Design
Application
Software
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Software
Compiler
Operating
System
Assembler
Instruction Set Architecture
Hardware
Processor
Memory
I/O
Systems
Data Path & Control
Hardware
Circuits
TR
Physics
Computer Architecture
C, Assembly, Binary
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Computer Organization & Design
High Level Language
Program
Top down
view
Compiler
Assembly Language
Program
 High-level language
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Assembler
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Object machine code
Linker
Executable machine code
 Assembly language
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Loader
Machine Language
Program in Memory
Instruction
Set
Architecture
Textual representation of
instructions
 Hardware representation
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Machine Interpretation
Level of abstraction closer
to problem domain
Provides for productivity
and portability
Binary digits (bits)
Encoded instructions and
data
Control Signal
Specification
Computer Architecture
1.4 Under the Cover
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Computer Organization & Design
Computer Architecture
Components of a Computer
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Computer Organization & Design
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Same components for
all kinds of computer
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Desktop, server,
embedded
Input/output includes
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User-interface devices
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Storage devices
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Display, keyboard, mouse
Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash
Network adapters
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For communicating with
other computers
Computer Architecture
Anatomy of a Computer
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Computer Organization & Design
Computer Architecture
Touchscreen
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Computer Organization & Design
PostPC device
Supersedes keyboard
and mouse
Resistive and
Capacitive types
Most tablets, smart
phones use capacitive
 Capacitive allows
multiple touches
simultaneously
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Computer Architecture
Through the Looking Glass
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CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) display
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Refresh rate ∙∙∙ 30 to 75 times per
second
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
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Computer Organization & Design
LCD pixel is not the source of light.
Rod-shaped molecules
Active matrix LCD
Raster refresh buffer(frame buffer)
Computer Architecture
Opening the Box
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Computer Organization & Design
Capacitive multitouch LCD screen
3.8 V, 25 Watt-hour battery
Computer board
Computer Architecture
Inside the Processor (CPU)
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Computer Organization & Design
Datapath: performs operations on data
Control: sequences datapath, memory, ...
Cache memory
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Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data
Computer Architecture
Inside the Processor
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Computer Organization & Design
Computer Architecture
Abstraction
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Abstraction helps us deal with complexity
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The hardware/software interface
Application binary interface
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Hide lower-level detail
Instruction Set Architecture (=Architecture)
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Computer Organization & Design
The ISA plus system software interface
Implementation
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The details underlying and interface
Computer Architecture
A Safe Place for Data
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Volatile main memory
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Computer Organization & Design
Loses instructions and data when power off
Non-volatile secondary memory
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Magnetic disk
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Flash memory
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Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)
Computer Architecture
Networks
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Communication and resource sharing
Local area network (LAN): Ethernet
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Computer Organization & Design
Within a building
Wide area network (WAN: the Internet
Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth
Computer Architecture
Technology Trends
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Computer Organization & Design
Electronics
technology
continues to evolve
Increased capacity
and performance
 Reduced cost
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DRAM capacity
Year
Technology
Relative performance/unit cost
1951
Vacuum tube
1
1965
Transistor
35
1975
IC
900
1995
VLSI
2,400,000
2005
ULSI
6,200,000,000
2013
ULSI
250,000,000,000
Computer Architecture
Moore’s Law on DRAM Capacity
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Computer Organization & Design
Gordon Moore of Intel
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2x every 18~24 months
4x every 3 years
x 16,000 for 20 years since 1977
Computer Architecture
Semiconductor Technology
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Computer Organization & Design
Silicon: semiconductor
Add materials to transform properties:
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Conductors
Insulators
Switch
Computer Architecture
Manufacturing ICs
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Computer Organization & Design
Yield: proportion of working dies per wafer
Computer Architecture
Intel Core i7 Wafer
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Computer Organization & Design
Intel Core i7(300mm wafer, 280 chips, 32nm technology)
Each chip is 20.7 x 10.5 mm
Computer Architecture
1. Computers and Abstraction
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Computer Organization & Design
Summary
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Components of a Computer
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Abstractions
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Moore’s Law
Next Lecture
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Performance
Computer Architecture