2018/9/15 討論大綱 運輸對經濟活力的重要性 從環境、社會及政治角度看運輸的 意義 CHAPTER 2 運輸的經濟學 運輸與經濟 Transportation: A Global Supply Chain Perspective (8e) Coyle, Novack, and Gibson © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 交通運輸對GDP的重要性 2 經濟意義：貨物運輸 運輸營業服務對國內生產總值的貢獻(2011年) 某地區專門從事商品及(或) 服務的大規模生產 交通運輸彌合以大量生產為 導向方法的固有供需缺口 交通運降低生產要素的到岸 價格 地區 A 地區 B 地區 C 地區 D Source: Freight Facts and Figure 2013, Figure 4-1 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 經濟意義之外 經濟意義：旅客運輸 勞動力機動性 郊區的成長 土地及財產價值增 加 環境面 (社會成本) 觀光旅遊 汙染：空氣、噪音、 水 安全：受傷、生命損 失、危險事故（例如 漏油，氣體爆炸） 能源：石化燃料 attend to life cycle electronic automobiles did pollute © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4 5 社會面 政治面 健康與福利 國家團結 教育傳播系統 國防安全 社交互動 人道救援 生活模式 政府干預：治理、系 統維護與發展 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 管 solid+gas/liquid -> uid 1 2018/9/15 Economics of Transportation 交通運輸經濟 衡量單位 貨物運輸按運具(重量) (Millions of Tons, 2012) Multiple modes & mail 1,588 8.08% Other & unknown 338 1.72% Pipeline 1,546 7.86% Air, air & truck 15 0.08% Water 975 4.96% Truck 13,182 67.04% Rail 2,018 10.26% Source: Freight Facts and Figure 2013, Table 2-1. Weight of shipments by mode © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Water 339 2% © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 貨物運輸按運具(價值) 交通運輸經濟：旅客運輸按運具分類 (Billions of 2007 dollars, 2012) (Passenger-Mile 2012) Multiple modes Pipeline 768 & mail 5% 3,023 17% Air, air & truck 1,182 7% 9 Other & unknown 359 2% Rail 37,757 1% 10 Transit 55,169 1% Air 580,501 12% Truck 11,130 64% Rail 551 3% Highway 4,273,876 86% Source: Freight Facts and Figure 2013, Table 2-2. Value of shipments by mode © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11 Source: National Transportation Statistics by Research and Innovative Technology (RITA), updated July 2014 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12 2 2018/9/15 需求彈性 %deltaQ/ %deltaP 百分比的價格改變與顧客需求量 貨物運輸的衍生需求 顧客對價格變化的敏感度 對特定運輸方式或 特定承運人的需 求，通常是具彈性 或價格敏感。降低 特定運具的費率， 通常會導致該運具 的貨運量增加。 模式 承運人 交通運輸的總需求缺乏彈 性。降低運費不會大幅增加 貨運需求。 S tra ns po rt Q © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14 到岸成本對貨物價值的影響 運輸服務的價值 運輸成本及服務對產品需求的影響 以到岸成本為例 1 2 3 海外供應商 海外倉儲及 出口關稅 的生產成本 運輸成本 4 5 國際貨物 運輸成本 進口關稅 6 7 買方倉儲及 買方 到岸成本 運輸成本 Adapted based on image courtesy of Transways © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15 Adapted based on image courtesy of Transways © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 交通運輸的效用 貨物需求的服務要素 地點效用 安全 區位理論 location theory 時空收斂 轉運時間 4 1 3 2 可及性 Utility 16 時間效用 Timely Just in time 數量效用 Wholesale vs. retail Bulk buying can bargain ! 可靠性 大規模生產的成本效用 Eg. 福特拼裝⾞ © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18 3 2018/9/15 Summary 總結 Transportation expenditures are an important part of the gross domestic product in the United States. Transportation provides one of the necessary ingredients for geographic and labor specialization. Transportation contributes to the value of goods by providing time and place utility that enhance the possibility of scale economies and increased market areas. While transportation provides many benefits, it creates social costs due to the impacts on environment. © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19 交通運輸支出是美國國內生產總值的重要成分。 運輸為地區及勞動力專業化的必要因素。 交通運輸透過提供時間及地點效用來增加商品 價值，進而強化規模經濟及增加市場範圍的可 能性。 雖然交通運輸提供許多好處，但也會因為對環 境的影響而產生社會成本。 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20 4