Questions for class discussion
Units: Conflicts, Rights and protests
1. To what extent can war be prevented and peace be established and
maintained?
● Supranational organizations after WW2 (UN) and how it prevented further wars.
● The League of Nations tried to limit armaments because it wasn’t completely
supranational. USSR and Germany were not allowed to join initially. No standing
army and relied on economic sanctions. It was seen as the ‘victors club’ and too
European. Example of the Abyss vs Italy (1935), LON weak response.
● How the peace treaties made by LON (Versailles) failed after WW1.
● Examples of wars prevented or being prevented by the UN:
○ Korean War
○ `Persian Gulf War
● Policy of appeasement, how it failed to appease an alternate view point in a conflict.
Churchill failed to appease Hitler despite offering him rewards.
● How the UNSC (United Nations Security Council) fails to deal with non state acts
and actors (fighting terrorism) with the Peace army.
● How war can be created by non - state actors (US vs Afghanistan)
● How the League of Nations made embargos extremely ineffective, vs. the
UNSC’s implementation of embargoes
● Violent aggressors were created by violent acts to stop war, the pearl
harbor bombing for example.
● Colonization, indian mutiny wars
●
2. Can wars be justified? Discuss/To what extent
● Done in mid - terms
3. Explain why some nations resort to waging wars.
● Ideologies and competing perspectives- Darwin's theory of survival
of the fittest
● International crisis
● Alliances - with the security of an alliance, nations were more
confidently able to wage wars.
● Fascism
● Imperialism
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● Military causes(Militarism)
○ Countries started to double their spendings on the army.
Example the naval race- part of a wider armistice
○ Competition: Example- Britain vs Germany navy races
○ obilization
○
● Nationalism
○ Spread of nationalistic views of different countries
○ One example is of Wilhelm II- wanting to make Germany a
world power.
● Colonialism/imperialism - countries/lands being disputed
● Economic motives
○ Resources
○ Trade with other countries
● Ideologies such as facism being promoted
● Resource gathering● Clash of ideologies- Cold war- Communism vs socialism
Structuring:
● Give umbrella ideas
● Specific case studies for umbrella reasons
● 2 or more case studies, to show context
Structure
● Give an umbrella of reasons, (list given here)
● Specific case studies for those umbrella points (examples from a few
war case studies)
● ‘Explain’ - no debate involved.
4. To what extent is a non-violent protest effective? (Civil Rights
Movement, Salt March, Quit India Movement)
● What protests aim to achieve
● Umbrella reasons:
○ Freedom from oppression
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● Case studies: successful and unsuccessful
○ The Quit India movement
○ Civil rights movement
■ Lead to the dismantling of the jim crow laws
■ Many segregation laws were made unconstitutional
● Such as segregation in vehicles
● Non-violent protests - the black panther group
● Civil rights movement
○ March in selma
■ Incident was televised
■ Violence towards protestors was televised, drawing
sympathy and international pressure.
■
○ Montgomery Bus boycott - segregation was unconstitutional
after.
○ Greensboro sit-in
○ Oliver Brown sued the school, a case where the NAACP lawyer
Thurgood won the case. 300,000 black children attended school
which were previously not allowed to.
○ The freedom riders
○ Hong Kong protests, how invariably publicity did not solve the
core problem - violent protests, it turned violent eventually
○ Responses to Jalianwallah Bagh again
○ Successful non - violent movements - farmer’s protests, the
three laws were eventually repealed.
● Politicians are more likely to support non-violent protests
● Violent movements that were successful:
○ Caribbean revolutions
○ Russian revolution, bolsheviks vs the royals.
○ The french revolution, how ideological differences for the last 2
points. Both were successful
○ Kaveri protests
○
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5. Protests can bring about a change. Discuss. Black Power in the 1960s In
tandem with the civil rights movement but took a violent form.
6. To what extent do you agree with this statement: ‘ Civil rights and
social protest groups are irrelevant in the 21st century’?
● How black lives matter protests fail to bring overall change.
● How farmer’s protest was in FACT relevant
● Climate change - Greta Thunburg - problems of irrelevance and how the
ativism has failed to achieve significant world wide changes
● Stop Asian Hate: COVID Related Asian Hate Crimes - effective in creating
momentum for the movement.
● Protests are important because the people should have more power than the
government, but the social protest groups today are not ding a very good job
7. Significant individuals are more successful than propaganda at
influencing a society’s perspective on peaceful conflict resolution. To
what extent do you agree with this claim?
● Ex- Martin Luther King's speech and its influence- civil rights
movement.
● By organising large scale marches, Martin Luther King Jr. attracted
media attention globally
● Practically, it is not even possible to exist as propaganda is created as
political material.
● Propaganda - WW1 & WW2, very
● HOWEVER, theoretically, it is entirely possible. An interesting
example is Stalin, Stalin created propaganda to promote Germany in
order to create alliances and avoid a conflict. Propaganda was used to
forge alliances, before 1939, there was musical appraisals of Germans,
operas and dramas in order to make
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● For this question - what all is considered propaganda?
Because a lot of the things in the media today is debatably
propaganda, do we include that too?
8. To what extent can conflict bring change to daily life?
It usually brings changes to daily routine or how a daily citizen's day is planned. In the case of
governments having conflicts.
These routines are mostly dictated by the government in order to bring changes to the economy to
continue running during an emergency or crisis.
For example, in Britain during World War 2, Dad's army, an individual voluntary army created by the
British government, introduced checks across the roads. A citizen complained what was a half an
hour journey to work became 3 hours due to the number of stops he suffered. This changed waking
times of everyday citizens, as working regulations in turn became stricter as well
In Germany as well, work ethic was taken seriously. Skipping a day in work was basically inviting a 3
month prison sentence. Daily life routines from these two facts are shown as rigorous as well as
close to unchangeable
9. To what extent are supra-national alliances and organizations forces for
peace and stability in the world?
- Answer is quite similar to the first question
10.To what extent do you agree with the fact that ideology plays a role in
causing conflict between countries or the people within countries
● Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest - aryan how does survival of
the fittest cause conflict - it is an ideology during that time
● War was good for society- this belief
● Fascism
○ Hitler and Nazi Party
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Content you need to
know:
Biomes :
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2 case studies on biomes in an answer (specific to biomes)
How have people taken measures to protect biomes?
What is a biome?
Case study:
○ Evaluate measures in terms of sustainability
■ What has it done (achieved, strengths weaknesses, appraisals)
■ For a debatable question, not evaluate (To what extent can
biomes be sustainably managed?)
● To what extent can biomes be sustainably managed? - (24 Marks)
○ Structure
■ Intro - define what is a biome; introduce the 2 biomes being
spoken about.
■ Introduce sustainability, three pillars of sustainability, is it
sustainable or not? Make a claim/thesis.
■ Body - Case studies of biomes which have been sustainability
managed, and talk about how sustainable these techniques are,
how they address or fail to address each of the pillars.
Economic viability,
■ How people have tried to manage biomes?
■ Compare the case studies analysed
■ Conclusion: suggestions on how the biome could be sustainably
managed.
■ Number of biomes you will talk about, 2 biomes at least.
○ You need to know 2 case studies in the first place
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○ What is sustainability, define it first. (Criterion D)
■ Pillars of sustainability
● People
● Profit
● Planet
○ Use material from the previous 2 case studies.
How to go about answering the 24 marker question?
● Exposition on how humans have harmed the environment, contrast with
new approach of protecting biomes (Give solid examples). “While biomes
were impacted … there are undeniable efforts going towards protecting
biomes …” then you use the two case studies on any two biomes.
● Human activities can have adverse impacts on biomes. Discuss. (24 marks)
○ Use the material of the previous two case studies
○ Human actions have created disastrous implications on biomes:
■ Give case studies and examples DUE to human activities
■ Exposition on how humans have harmed the environment,
contrast with a new approach of protecting biomes (Give solid
examples). HOWEVER, adopt an alternate stance
■ Humans have been enlightened by higher awareness and
research, they are trying to protect biomes:
● Give examples
● Include a significant individual
● Include a supranational organization such as UNEP
(united nations environmental programme), to increase
credibility,
● Thornberg for activism but it may be generic, Jane
Goodall is a more significant individual.
○ Chimpanzees studies, and anthropology and
primatology studies.
● Relate to SDGs (Sustainable development goals).
●
■ They may not have completely succeeded in protecting
environments but there are efforts still being taken to do so.
○ Approach both sides (for and against) in DISCUSS questions.
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● Supranational organizations
○ WTO
○ LON
○ UN
■ UNEP
■ UNSC
■ UNGA
■ ICJ
The big 3 :
● SDGs
● Significant individuals
● Supranational Organizations
Urbanization:
● Can urban areas be sustainably managed? (discuss, 24 marks)
○ Use case studies
■ Osaka-Kobe
■ Rio - favela
■ Manhattan
■ Curibita
■ Lille, Paris
○ Significant individuals:
■ Jaime Lerner
○ Issues in :
■ Urban problems with explanation:
■ Housing
■ Lack of scientific institutions
■ Population
■ Traffic congestion
■ Transport
■ Waste management
■ Resource management
■ Job opportunities
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■ Crime and violence
○ Solutions to these urban problems
■ Integrated traffic system
■ Waste management
■ The bullet train for Osaka-Kobe
■ BRT bus system
○ Terms:
■ Defined a megacity- A large city with a population of over 10
million people.
■ What is urbanization
■ What is urban growth
■ Rural-urban fringe
POPULATION & MIGRATION:
DTM model and population pyramid
Social Population characteristics: age, sex, educational and income level, occupation, birth and death rate, religion,
average family size.
DTM:
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China’s One Child Policy: Limited most Chinese families to one child each from 1980 to 2016 to
restrict rapid population growth. Was considered extreme measure
Aging population in Japan- Its 'super-aged' society is the oldest in the world:
28.7 % of the population are 65 or older(women forming the majority).
- home to a record 80 000 centenarians.
- By 2036- aged 65 (third of the population).
- Japan's population is shrinking due to low fertility rates- the aging population is increasing rapidly.
Factors such as improved nutrition, advanced medical and pharmacological technologies, and improved
living conditions have contributed to the longer-than-average life expectancy.
Migration is the movement from one country, place or locality to another. It's linked to
urbanization. Migration can be caused: Climate, Refugees, Economic reasons, Social
reasons, Safety, Cultural reasons, Education, Jobs, Closer to loved ones, Better quality of
life, Religion. There are push and pull factors to destinations. Push factors can includePolitical reasons, Environmental factors, Spiritual purposes. Pull factors can includeJobs, Tourism, Cultural safety. Due to migration the phenomenon of Brain drain (due to
people immigrating the country losing people will also lose talent) can occur.
Case study- Pune: Struggles with housing demand, slums, poor migrant education, less
doctors, not advanced public transport, less sanitation in slums.
Solved struggle through slum rehabilitation, education insurance, community clinics for
slum people, rapid bus system, smart city plan.
These are not to be a priority (Unless marks):
● Population momentum
● Population explosions
● One child policy - policies regarding population
● Population Growth
● Dependency Ratio
● Population Pyramid
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● Population density
● Population distribution
● Anti-natalist & pro-natalist. pro-natalist - encourage more BR (Canada).
anti-natalist - discouraging more BR (China).
Case studies:
● Questions give a case study or exposition, they give snippets of them:
○ One about aging population
■ Japan
■ Italy
○ One about youthful population
○ One about population distribution
○ Anti natalists policies
○ Pro natalist policy
○ Density and distribution
○ Calculations:
■ Natural increase (BR - DR)
■ Dependency Ratio
○ Interpret Pyramids
○ DTM stages and how population representation (the pyramid )
looks like
○ What is the shape of the pyramid given the stage of development
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it is in. IE: If the country is in stage 3, the country will be in
pyramid A/B/C. Its the stationary one
MIGRATION
What is a supranational organization regarding migration:
Helpful link
To what extent do you think migration impacts the sustainability in urban
areas:
● First thoughts:
○ Migration from anywhere, impacts on the DESTINATION,
NOTHING to do with where they migrated from
○ Mainly: Housing problem/property prices increase.
○ Unemployment
○ Waste Management
○ Traffic
○ Crime and Violence proportional to unemployment theorem
■ Use Rio Case Study
● Impacts of migration
●
■ Mexicans in California case study is for international migration
○ Where I am getting my content from (A), and what am I doing with
my content (D)
○ A - Where do I Acquire my content
○ C - How do I Communicate this content
○ D - What do I Do with my content
● Supranational Organizations:
● UNSCER *
● UNESCO
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
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Resource extraction:
● Only the first part that we have learnt
● Concepts of sustainability are linked as well, do not focus on this
particular unit.
● For 24 markers do not think about this unit
● can be ignored
ECONOMICS
Types of economies:
● Discussions about globalization
● Best system for fair trade to function in, justify
● BEST TO SAY MIXED ECONOMY
● What is a shared economy?
● Why do you think it couldn’t have functioned in another system?
● You could find some other additional cases in the paper, it will provide
context assuredly.
● Assign stakeholders and how are they benefited
○ Banks
○ Firms
○ Producers
○ Consumers
● Evaluating economies, for example how sharing economies are better for
sustainability
○ Talk about the three pillars and who it impacts- share holders,
consumers etc.
○ Example - solid example to support the above(using guardian as a
source- credible, just find some from the textbook and remember
them)
■ Airbnb
■ Uber
○ Economic agents
○ Mixed economy: best economic system for fair trade.
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GLOBALIZATION
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Has globalization impacted the natural environment?
Biomes link with Globalization
Refugees, remittance
Case study on fairtrade and its implementation
Connection of globalization and migration
Case studies on cultural divergence, cultural imperialism and cultural
convergence
● Disadvantages:
○ Connect to the three economic agents.
○ Worker exploitation:
■ Sweatshops
● You need to talk about sweatshops and link them to third world countries
● Worker exploitation
● Globalization connected with the economic agents
● Examples about protectionist policies, who do they benefit, stakeholders.
Evaluate:
● Three marks for strengths
○ What is expected:
○ Method strengths
○ Reliability and validity
○ Sources
● Three for weakness
○ What is expected:
○ Method strengths
○ Reliability and validity
○ Sources
● Two for overall appraisal
○ What is expected:
○ Method strengths
○ Reliability and validity
○ Sources
In the case of 6 marks, the three mark strands reduce to two
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To what extent:
Conclusion:
While xyz happens, this is also happening,
Methods of data collection
● Questionnaires
● Surveys
● Interviews
● Collection of data via equipments (Use of instruments)
● Observations, field, Taking pictures
● Government surveys are not methods they are sources of information
●
______________________________
DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
● HDI: This is the most important
○ 3 components of the HDI
● GDP
○ Pros and cons
● BJP
● JNI
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